Década moderada

*Década moderada*
Década moderada
3 May 1844 – 19 July 1854
Monarch(s)	Isabella II
Prime Minister(s)	The Duke of Valencia; The Marquess of Miraflores; Francisco Javier de Istúriz; The Marquess of Casa Irujo; Joaquín Francisco Pacheco; Florencio García Goyena; The Count of Clonard; Juan Bravo Murillo; The Count of Alcoy; Francisco Lersundi; The Count of San Luis; The Marquess of Mendigorría; The Duke of Rivas
Key events	Spanish tax reform of 1845; Spanish Revolution of 1854
Minority of Isabella II	Bienio progresista

In the history of Spain, the década moderada (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdekaða moðeˈɾaða], "moderate decade") was the period from May 1844 to July 1854, during which the Moderate Party continuously held power.

Rise to power

The Moderate Party, like the Progressive Party it displaced, identified itself as liberal, but it was considerably more conservative than the Progressives. Whereas the Progressives had little ground for compromise with Carlism, the Moderate Party was in more of a position to cooperate with moderate elements from among the losing side of the First Carlist War, and the Convention of Vergara had allowed many of the latter to return to participation in government and politics.

When the Moderate Party under General Ramón María Narváez first took power in May 1844, they inherited the progressive Spanish Constitution of 1837, and promptly set about revising it to be more in line with their principals. They wished to have a system that allowed certain liberties, but above all they wished to establish a centralized government and economic liberalism that they believed would lead to transformation and economic growth.

Policy

At the beginning of the década moderada, Queen

Isabella II was only 13 years old; Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies was regent. Narváez began a series of reforms to strengthen the monarchy and centralize the state. He curtailed freedom of expression, put an end to the popular election of municipal officials, and eliminated the National Militia. In October 1844, to replace the National Militia, he created the Civil Guard (Spanish: Guardia Civil), a security force that has continued down to the present day under various Spanish regimes. The system of education was reorganized along lines proposed by Claudio Moyano

.

The Moderates inherited the organization of Spain into provinces and municipalities, established by Javier de Burgos in the 1833 territorial division of the country. Each province was given a centrally appointed Civil Governor, and he, in turn, named the heads of the municipalities. In practice, this gave the Moderates a monopoly of power at all levels and control of all institutions of governance and administration. Their desire for order required a certain respect for the fueros that granted special rights to some of the provinces. Nevertheless, some of the provinces were disgruntled with the increased centralism, as shown by events such as the Solís Uprising of 1846.

Constitution of 1845

The Moderate Party established the

Senate. The Congress was elected under census suffrage

; the wealth requirements limited the franchise to less than one percent of the population. The Senate, whose size was not fixed, was appointed by the Queen. Although the constitution declared rights such as freedom of expression, these rights were subject to laws passed by the Cortes: wealthy men who intended to maintain a monopoly of power that excluded even the leaders of the Progressive Party, let alone the average citizen.

Religion

The Moderates set out to resolve the conflict with the

Bravo Murillo ultimately achieved the Concordat of 1851, under which the Pope accepted the disentailments and the state committed itself to the maintenance of the Church. The Government was confirmed in the right to present names of proposed bishops, inherited from the royal Concordat of 1753

. Thus, the government was guaranteed an ecclesiastical hierarchy appointed at its pleasure, as well.

This process of improved relations with the Church established a basis for general tranquility in religious matters, which was fundamental to establish any general civil peace.

Economy

The Moderates attempted a major reform of taxation along more rational lines. They eliminated innumerable old, narrow taxes and attempted to make those that remained more just and controllable. Finance minister

Alejandro Mon and his collaborator Ramón de Santillán attempted to establish a balanced budget under the Spanish tax reform of 1845

, also known as the Ley Mon-Santillán ("Mon-Santillán Law").

The original intent of the new system of taxation was a

Vicalvarada, ushering in a brief return to power by the Progressive Party, the bienio progresista

("Progressive Biennium").