Dülük
Dülük | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 37°09′N 37°22′E / 37.150°N 37.367°E | |
Country | Turkey |
Province | Gaziantep |
District | Şehitkamil |
Elevation | 950 m (3,120 ft) |
Population (2022) | 2,826 |
Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
Postal code | 27630 |
Area code | 0342 |
Dülük (Armenian: Տլուք, romanized: Tlukʿ) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Şehitkamil, Gaziantep Province, Turkey.[1] Its population is 2,826 (2022).[2] It is about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Gaziantep city center. Its ancient name was Doliche (Greek: Δολίχη).
History
Finds in Tell Dülük include stone tools from 30 to 40 thousand years ago. These tools are from a Neolithic culture, unofficially dubbed the "Dulicien culture" by researchers.
Hittite period
During the Hittite period, it was a stop on the road connecting the Mediterranean to Mesopotamia. It was also a religious center. The sanctuary of the Hittite god Teshub was just to the north of the village.[3]
Hellenistic period
In the literary sources, the existence of the Hellenistic colony is not attested before the 2nd century BC. It is speculated that part of the original colonial population of Doliche came from the homonymous
Doliche was at one time considered to belong to the ancient region of
Roman period
Commagene was definitively annexed to the Roman Empire in 72 CE.
The worship of Jupiter Dolichenus became widespread from the mid-second to the mid-third century CE, particularly though not exclusively in the Roman army.[9] A number of religious monuments of Jupiter Dolichenus refer to him as the "god of the Commagenians".[10]
Doliche struck its own coins from the reign of Marcus Aurelius to Caracalla.[11] Archaeological finds in Doliche include an underground Mithraic temple, rock graves and stone quarries from which giant rock blocks are produced.
The Marcianus (
In 2014, a team of German archaeologists from the University of Münster announced the excavation of a relief depicting an Iron Age deity previously unknown to them on a stele among the remains of Mar Solomon,[13] a medieval monastery uncovered during 2010 excavations in Doliche. The monastery had been known only through writings indicating that it had been used through the era of the crusades. The University of Münster's Asia Minor Research Centre has been conducting excavation work at the main sanctuary of Jupiter Dolichenus under the direction of Engelbert Winter and Michael Blömer and is supported by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft, DFG). The international group consists of archaeologists, historians, architects, conservators, archaeozoologists, geoinformation scientists, and excavation workers. Winter's field work at the sanctuary dates back to 2001.
Medieval history
The town, of strategic importance due to its location at the intersection of roads linking the major cities of the region, was conquered by
In the middle of the 10th century, it played a role in the conflict between resurgent Byzantium and the
During the Crusades, the town was called Tulupa, and part of the Crusader County of Edessa.
Ecclesiastical history
Doliche was an
The names of eight of its Byzantine bishops are known:
- Archelaus, present at the Synod of Antioch (341)
- Olympius attended the schismatical synod of Philippopolis held in 347 by Arian bishops opposing the decisions of the canonical Council of Serdica(344)
- Cyrion at the Council of Seleucia (359)
- Maris, during whose consecration circa 330 an Arian woman fatally stabbed Eusebius of Samosata, a bitter adversary of that heresy; he attended the First Council of Constantinople (381)
- Abibus, a Nestorian, too old in 431 to attend the Council of Ephesus, which deposed him as heretic in 434
- Athanasius, his successor elected by the council
- Timothy, a correspondent of Gennadius I of Constantinople against simony
- Philoxenus, a nephew of the celebrated Philoxenus of Hierapolis, deposed as a Severian Encratite in 518 for Monophysitism, reinstated in 533 after recanting that heresy in Constantinople[11][15][16]
The see figures in the first Notitiae Episcopatuum,[17] about 840. There is a dubious claim that Doliche later took the place of Hierapolis as metropolis.[18]
Although the Arab conquest wiped the Byzantine institutions, Christianity persisted. Fourteen Jacobite Bishops are known from the eighth to ninth century.[11][19]
Titular see
The diocese was nominally restored in the eighteenth century by the
It has had only Episcopal rank bishops, and as of 2022[update], it is vacant.
References
- ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ Ministry of Culture and Tourism page Archived 2011-08-18 at the Wayback Machine (in Turkish)
- ISBN 0-520-24148-7, p. 156.
- ^ a b c Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition, 1911, s.v. Aintab, p. 441.
- ISBN 978-9944-483-35-3.
- ISBN 0-674-77885-5.
- ^ Ewald, Heinrich (1886). The history of Israel, Volume 8. Longmans, Green, & Co. p. 23.
- ^ Michael Speidel (1978). The Religion of Jupiter Dolichenus in the Roman Army. Leiden: Brill.
- ^ CIL III, 07834; CIL III, 07832; AE 1988, 00962.
- ^ a b c d Catholic Encyclopedia, 1907-1912
- ^ Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, §2.26.1
- ^ Cluster of Excellence, Unique Roman relief discovered: Depiction of unknown god in Turkey; Relics from 2,000 years of cult history excavated, ScienceDaily, 10 November 2014. (with image of the deity)
- ^ ISBN 90-04-07026-5.
- ^ Brooks, The Sixth Book of Select Letters of Severus, London, 1904, II, 89, 90, 345-350, 352)
- ^ Lequien (Or. Christ., II, 937)
- ^ ed. Parthey
- ^ Vailhe, in Échos d'Orient, X, 94 sqq. and 367 sqq.)
- ^ "Revue de l'Orient chretien", VI, 195
Sources and external links
- Bibliography - ecclesiastical history
- Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 436
- Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, vol. II, coll. 937-940
- Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 3, p. 187; vol. 6, p. 198
- Franz Cumont, Etudes syriennes, Paris 1917, pp. 173 seq.
- Raymond Janin, lemma 'Doliché', in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XIV, Paris 1960, coll. 578-580