Düsseldorf

Coordinates: 51°14′N 6°47′E / 51.233°N 6.783°E / 51.233; 6.783
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Düsseldorf
Benrath Palace
Flag of Düsseldorf
Coat of arms of Düsseldorf
Location of Düsseldorf
Rhine-Ruhr)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes
40210-40629
Dialling codes0211, 0203, 02104
Vehicle registrationD
Websitewww.duesseldorf.de

Düsseldorf (

seventh-largest city in Germany,[b] with a population of 653,253.[7]

The

Rhine-Ruhr, the second biggest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union, that stretches from Bonn via Cologne and Düsseldorf to the Ruhr (from Duisburg via Essen to Dortmund
).

The -dorf suffix means "village" in German (English cognate: thorp); its use is unusual for a settlement as large as Düsseldorf. Linguistically, Düsseldorf is the largest city in the German part of the Low Franconian area, dialects that are closely related to Dutch. Düsseldorf Airport is Germany's fourth-busiest airport, serving as the most important international airport for the population of the densely populated Ruhr, Germany's largest urban area.

Rhenish Carnival celebrations every year in February/March, the Düsseldorf carnival celebrations being the third most popular in Germany after those held in Cologne and Mainz.[14]

There are 22 institutions of higher education in the city including the

world city
.

History

Early development

When the Roman Empire was strengthening its position throughout Europe, a few Germanic tribes clung on in marshy territory off the eastern banks of the Rhine.[15] In the 7th and 8th centuries, the odd farming or fishing settlement could be found at the point where the small river Düssel flows into the Rhine. It was from such settlements that the city of Düsseldorf grew.

Düsseldorf in 1647
View of Düsseldorf with the church of St. Andrew in the centre, 1667. The architectural elements were painted by Jan van der Heyden and the figures by Adriaen van de Velde.
Bond of the town Düsseldorf, issued 26. July 1899[16]

The first written mention of Düsseldorf (then called Dusseldorp in the local

Berg, culminating in the Battle of Worringen.[citation needed
]

The state parliament, seen from the top of the Rheinturm
Rheinturm Düsseldorf 70th Anniversary of the NRW state, illumination with Rheinkomet
Various scenes around Düsseldorf in December, 2014

The Archbishop of Cologne's forces were wiped out by the forces of the count of

Berg who were supported by citizens and farmers of Cologne and Düsseldorf, paving the way for Düsseldorf's elevation to city status, which is commemorated today by a monument on the Burgplatz. The custom of turning cartwheels is credited to the children of Düsseldorf. There are variations of the origin[citation needed] of the cartwheeling children. Today the symbol (Der Radschläger)[citation needed] represents the story and every year the Düsseldorfers celebrate by having a cartwheeling contest. After this battle the relationship between the four cities deteriorated, because they were commercial rivals; it is often said that there is a kind of hostility between the citizens of Cologne and Düsseldorf. Today, it finds its expression mainly in a humorous form (especially during the Rhineland Karneval) and in sports.[citation needed
]

A

Electorate of the Palatinate, in 1685, becoming now Prince-electors as Electors Palatine.[citation needed
]

Under the art-loving

Munich. With him he took the art collection, which became part of what is now the Alte Pinakothek in Munich. Destruction and poverty struck Düsseldorf after the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon made Berg a Grand Duchy and Düsseldorf its capital. Johann Devaranne, a leader of Solingen's resistance to Napoleon's conscription decrees, was executed here in 1813. After Napoleon's defeat, the whole Rhineland including Berg was given to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1815. The Rhine Province's parliament was established in Düsseldorf.[when?] By the mid-19th century, Düsseldorf enjoyed a revival thanks to the Industrial Revolution
as the city boasted 100,000 inhabitants by 1882; the figure doubled in 1892.

World War I

During

Entente strategic bombing missions on 22 September 1914, when it bombed the Zeppelin bases in Düsseldorf.[17]

Weimar Republic

In 1920, Düsseldorf became the centre of the General Strike. On 15 April 1920, 45 delegates of the German Miners Union were murdered by the Freikorps.[18]

World War II

The Rabbi of the Düsseldorf Jewish Community fled to the Netherlands and died in KZ

the campaign against German oil facilities, the RAF raid of 20–21 February on the Rhenania Ossag refinery in the Reisholz district of the city halted oil production there. The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Düsseldorf in mid-April 1945. The United States 97th Infantry Division easily captured the city on 18 April 1945,[20] after the local German Resistance group launched Aktion Rheinland
.

German Federal Republic

In 1946, Düsseldorf was made capital of the new federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The city's reconstruction proceeded at a frantic pace and the economic transformation guided Düsseldorf's economic growth.[citation needed]

Geography

Physical geography

The course of the Düssel from its source in the Düssel Hill Country (Düsselhügelland) (de) through the Neandertal to Düsseldorf, where it forms three bifurcations, dividing into the four branches (from north to south) Kittelbach, Nördliche Düssel, Südliche Düssel and Brückerbach
Düsseldorf skyline

Düsseldorf lies at the centre of the

Lörick
). Across the Rhine, the city of
Rhine-Ruhr
metropolitan region.

Düsseldorf is built entirely on

Wittlaer
borough where the Schwarzbach enters the Rhine, with an average elevation of 28 metres (92 ft).

Adjacent cities and districts

The following districts and cities border Düsseldorf (clockwise starting from the north): the City of Duisburg, the District of Mettmann (Ratingen, Mettmann, Erkrath, Hilden, Langenfeld, and Monheim), and the District of Neuss (Dormagen, Neuss, and Meerbusch).

Climate

The city has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb, mild in relation to East Germany).[21] Like the rest of the lower Rhineland, Düsseldorf experiences moderate winters with little snowfall and mild to warm summers. The average annual temperature is 11.0 °C (52 °F) with an average yearly precipitation of 751 millimetres (30 in). The dominant wind direction is from the west with velocities in the range of 3 to 4 m/s (7–9 mph), with gusts of 3.5 −4.8 m/s (8–10.7 mph). The wind is calm (defined as being under 2 m/s or 4.5 mph) about 35% of the time, more frequently at night and in the winter.[22][23]

Climate data for Düsseldorf (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.4
(61.5)
21.0
(69.8)
23.8
(74.8)
28.8
(83.8)
33.8
(92.8)
36.8
(98.2)
40.7
(105.3)
38.5
(101.3)
34.0
(93.2)
27.7
(81.9)
20.4
(68.7)
16.3
(61.3)
40.7
(105.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8)
7.2
(45.0)
11.1
(52.0)
15.6
(60.1)
19.4
(66.9)
22.5
(72.5)
24.7
(76.5)
24.2
(75.6)
20.1
(68.2)
15.2
(59.4)
10.0
(50.0)
6.6
(43.9)
15.2
(59.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1)
4.0
(39.2)
6.9
(44.4)
10.5
(50.9)
14.3
(57.7)
17.3
(63.1)
19.4
(66.9)
18.9
(66.0)
15.3
(59.5)
11.2
(52.2)
7.1
(44.8)
4.2
(39.6)
11.0
(51.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.5
(32.9)
0.7
(33.3)
2.6
(36.7)
5.0
(41.0)
8.7
(47.7)
11.7
(53.1)
14.0
(57.2)
13.7
(56.7)
10.7
(51.3)
7.5
(45.5)
3.9
(39.0)
1.5
(34.7)
6.7
(44.1)
Record low °C (°F) −20.8
(−5.4)
−15.4
(4.3)
−16.1
(3.0)
−6.3
(20.7)
−1.1
(30.0)
2.4
(36.3)
4.8
(40.6)
5.0
(41.0)
0.7
(33.3)
−6.2
(20.8)
−9.4
(15.1)
−15.3
(4.5)
−20.8
(−5.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 61.5
(2.42)
56.5
(2.22)
54.1
(2.13)
46.4
(1.83)
61.1
(2.41)
65.7
(2.59)
73.2
(2.88)
77.0
(3.03)
60.3
(2.37)
61.2
(2.41)
63.8
(2.51)
70.0
(2.76)
750.7
(29.56)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 17.5 15.9 16.1 12.5 13.9 14.1 14.6 14.7 14.2 15.5 17.2 18.8 185.1
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 3.4 2.3 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 1.8 8.5
Average
relative humidity
(%)
81.6 78.6 73.5 68.2 68.5 69.3 68.8 70.8 76.5 80.5 83.6 84.3 75.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 56.9 73.1 125.0 172.6 202.0 199.3 208.2 193.9 149.5 109.8 62.5 47.1 1,610.6
Source 1:
NOAA[24]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst [25]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
15553,500—    
17037,000+100.0%
180012,102+72.9%
187169,365+473.2%
1895175,985+153.7%
1905253,274+43.9%
1919407,338+60.8%
1925432,633+6.2%
1933498,600+15.2%
1939541,410+8.6%
1950500,516−7.6%
1956654,850+30.8%
1961703,255+7.4%
1970662,809−5.8%
1980590,479−10.9%
1990575,794−2.5%
2000569,364−1.1%
2010588,735+3.4%
2015612,178+4.0%
2019621,877+1.6%
2022653,253+5.0%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. Source:[26]
Largest groups of foreign residents

[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]

Nationality Population (31.12.2022)
 Turkey 12,707
 Greece 10,388
 Poland 9,316
 Japan 8,329
 Italy 7,799
 Ukraine 7,566
 Syria 5,230
 Romania 4,856
 Morocco 4,741
 Spain 4,477
 Russia 4,430
 China 4,175
 North Macedonia 3,842
 Croatia 3,720
 France 3,328
 Iran 3,162
 Iraq 2,879
 Netherlands 2,542
 United Kingdom 2,469
 Serbia 2,308

With a population of 653,253 within the city boundaries (31 December 2022),[35] Düsseldorf is Germany's sixth largest city. Its population surpassed the threshold of 100,000 inhabitants during the height of industrialisation in 1882, and peaked at just over 705,000 in 1962. The city then began to lose residents with many moving into neighbouring municipalities. However, since the late 1990s, the city's population has been slowly rising again.

A total of 109,883[36] (18%) of Düsseldorf's population are foreigners (31 December 2008), the majority of whom come from within Europe (81,742). The largest national minorities are Turks, Greeks, and Poles. Düsseldorf and its surroundings have the third-largest Japanese community in Europe and the largest in Germany (about 11,000 people).[37][38]

By 2019, the foreign population of Düsseldorf would grow to 152,255, or 23.6% of the population.[39] 272,982 people, or 42.6% of residents had a migration background as of 2019.[40]


Düsseldorf has the third-largest

Jewish community in Germany, with about 7,000 members.[41][42][43]

Government

Boroughs

Since 1975, Düsseldorf is divided into ten administrative boroughs. Each borough (

Stadtteile). There are 50 quarters in Düsseldorf.[44]

Borough 1 (Stadtbezirk 1)
Pempelfort, Stadtmitte
Borough 2 (Stadtbezirk 2)
Flingern-Süd
Borough 3 (Stadtbezirk 3)
Volmerswerth
Borough 4 (Stadtbezirk 4)
Borough 5 (Stadtbezirk 5)
Wittlaer
Borough 6 (Stadtbezirk 6)
Unterrath
Borough 7 (Stadtbezirk 7)
Ludenberg
Borough 8 (Stadtbezirk 8)
Vennhausen
Borough 9 (Stadtbezirk 9)
Wersten
Borough 10 (Stadtbezirk 10)
Hellerhof

Mayor

Results of the second round of the 2020 mayoral election

The current Mayor of Düsseldorf is Stephan Keller of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), who was elected in 2020.

The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows:

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Stephan Keller Christian Democratic Union 83,425 34.1 118,308 56.0
Thomas Geisel Social Democratic Party 64,203 26.3 92,999 44.0
Stefan Engstfeld Alliance 90/The Greens 42,463 17.4
Marie-Agnes Strack-Zimmermann Free Democratic Party 30,584 12.5
Florian Josef Hoffmann Alternative for Germany 6,564 2.7
Udo Adam Bonn The Left 5,257 2.2
Dominique Mirus Die PARTEI 3,039 1.2
Mark Schenk Volt Germany 2,255 0.9
Claudia Krüger Animal Welfare Here! 1,939 0.8
Hans-Joachim Grumbach Free Voters 1,192 0.5
Celine Coldewe Climate List Düsseldorf 954 0.4
Michael Baumeister Independent 947 0.4
Marc Olejak Pirate Party Germany 792 0.3
Markus Brakonier German Sport Party 383 0.2
Andre Maniera The Republicans 325 0.1
Valid votes 244,322 98.8 211,307 99.3
Invalid votes 3,008 1.2 1,571 0.7
Total 247,330 100.0 212,878 100.0
Electorate/voter turnout 470,511 52.6 470,312 45.3
Source: State Returning Officer

City council

Results of the 2020 city council election

The Düsseldorf city council (Düsseldorfer Stadtrat) governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:

Party Votes % +/- Seats +/-
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 81,833 33.4 Decrease 3.3 30 Decrease 1
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) 58,881 24.0 Increase 10.3 22 Increase 11
Social Democratic Party (SPD) 43,949 17.9 Decrease 11.4 16 Decrease 8
Free Democratic Party (FDP) 22,453 9.2 Increase 2.2 8 Increase 2
The Left (Die Linke) 9,951 4.1 Decrease 1.1 4 ±0
Alternative for Germany (AfD) 8,776 3.6 Increase 0.6 3 Increase 1
Volt Germany (Volt) 4,512 1.8 New 2 New
Die PARTEI (PARTEI) 4,371 1.8 New 2 New
Animal Welfare Here! (Tierschutz hier!)
3,437 1.4 New 1 New
Free Voters (FW) 2,212 0.9 Decrease 0.3 1 ±0
Climate List Düsseldorf (Klimaliste) 2,124 0.9 New 1 New
Pirate Party Germany (Piraten) 1,464 0.6 Decrease 1.1 0 Decrease 1
German Sport Party (DSP) 642 0.3 New 0 New
The Republicans (REP) 586 0.2 Decrease 0.4 0 Decrease 1
RESISTANCE 2020 We for Düsseldorf 76 0.0 New 0 New
Valid votes 245,271 99.2
Invalid votes 2,085 0.8
Total 247,356 100.0 90 Increase 8
Electorate/voter turnout 470,511 52.6 Increase 3.4
Source: State Returning Officer

Economy

Der Neue Zollhof in Hafen
Königsallee in Stadtmitte
Since 2021 the central street Immermannstraße has bilingual (German/Japanese) signs.

Düsseldorf has become one of the top telecommunications centres in Germany. With two of the four big German providers of mobile frequencies, D2 Vodafone and E-Plus, Düsseldorf leads the German mobile phone market. There are many foreign information and communication technology companies in Düsseldorf such as Huawei, NTT, Ericsson, Oppo, Vivo and Xiaomi.[45] There are 18 internet service providers located in the capital of North Rhine-Westphalia. There are two airlines with headquarters in the city: Eurowings and formerly independent LTU International.[46]

Many of the internet companies in Düsseldorf have their roots in the world of advertising: there are 400

Ogilvy & Mather, Dentsu, Hakuhodo, TBWA, and DDB. There are also about 200 publishing houses
in Düsseldorf.

Peek & Cloppenburg (fashion); Uniper (electricity generation); L'Oréal Germany (Cosmetics and Beauty); Henkel AG & Co. KGaA (Branded Consumer Goods and Industrial technologies); Metro (wholesale, retail); Ceconomy (retail); Esprit Holdings (fashion, headquarters in Ratingen near Düsseldorf); BASF Personal Care & Nutrition (formerly Cognis – chemicals, headquarters in Monheim near Düsseldorf, but production mainly in Düsseldorf).[citation needed]

Daimler AG builds the Mercedes-Benz Sprinter
light commercial vehicles in Düsseldorf. Since the 1960s, there has been a strong relationship between the city and Japan. Many Japanese banks and corporations have their European headquarters in Düsseldorf – so many that Düsseldorf has the third largest Japanese community in Europe, after London and Paris.[37][38]

The "Kö", which stands for Königsallee ("King's Avenue"), is a shopping destination. Some jewellery shops, designer labels, and galleries have their stores here. The Kö has among the highest rents for retail and office space in Germany.[47]

Financial center

The city is an important

ERGO, a subsidiary of Munich Re, and ARAG
are located in the city. Several other major financial service companies have their headquarters in the city.

Media

Important newspapers and journals such as Handelsblatt, Rheinische Post, Wirtschaftswoche, Deutsches Wirtschaftsblatt and VDI-Nachrichten are published in Düsseldorf. Almost all of these papers are available online. Renowned filmmaking companies, such as Germany's biggest cinema enterprise, the Riech Group, and TV channels such as WDR and QVC are located in Düsseldorf. The Film- und Medienstiftung NRW foundation supports the production of film and new media.[citation needed]

With regard to movies and movie theatres in Düsseldorf, moviegoers are able to view movies in a range of different languages. Many mainstream movies are shown in English, Spanish, French, and German.[50]

Transport

Düsseldorf Airport

Düsseldorf Airport

Düsseldorf Central Station, and to Cologne
as well as a few selected night services. After those of Frankfurt, Munich and Berlin, Düsseldorf Airport is Germany's fourth largest commercial airport, with 25.5 million passengers annually (2019).[51] The airport offers 180 destinations on 4 continents, and is served by 70 airlines. The airport buildings were partly destroyed by a devastating fire caused by welding works in 1996, killing 17 people. It was completely rebuilt and the Skytrain installed.

Railway

Düsseldorf Straßenbahn and Düsseldorf Stadtbahn network, part of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr

The city is a major hub in the

InterCityExpress
).

Taxi

Officially licensed taxis are always ivory coloured.

In Düsseldorf there are 1320 officially licensed Taxis. According to the regulations, the cars are always in ivory colour. On the back window you always find a black number on a yellow patch. Credit card payment has to be accepted at the Taxi stands at Airport of Düsseldorf. The supply of taxis in Düsseldorf is over the German average.[citation needed] Two taxi organisations cover the market.[citation needed] "Taxi-Düsseldorf" offers more than 1180 cabs in different sizes for max. 8 Passengers. The smaller one is "Rhein-Taxi" with more than 120 cabs. It is obligatory to carry out any journeys to destinations in the city and directly neighbouring cities.[52]

Carsharing

In addition to stationary car sharing, where vehicles must be returned to their original location after use, one-way carsharing vehicles have also been available for hire since 2012. These vehicles, which can be parked anywhere where parking is normally allowed within Düsseldorf, can be rented from Car2go, Greenwheels, Stadtmobil and DriveNow.[53]

Autobahn

North Rhine-Westphalia has the densest network of autobahns in Germany and Düsseldorf is directly accessible via the A3, A44, A46, A52, A57, A59 and A524.

Cycling

Düsseldorf is connected to some national and international cycling paths, including EV15 The Rhine Cycle Route.

The city of Düsseldorf is a member of the German North Rhine-Westphalia District, Municipality and City Friends of Pedestrians and Cyclists Working Group, who bestowed upon Düsseldorf the title of "Friend of Cyclists City" in 2007, although the city still has a few gaps in the network of cycle paths in the eyes of many of its citizens.

Culture and recreation

Elector

Academy of Fine Arts
.

The Düsseldorf cultural scene comprises traditional and avant-garde, classical and glamorous. The world-famous state art collection of North Rhine-Westphalia, the highly acclaimed Deutsche Oper am Rhein (opera), and the Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus (theatre), artistic home of Gustaf Gründgens, are major elements of Düsseldorf's reputation as a centre of the fine arts.

Beer

Düsseldorf is well known for its

top-fermenting yeast like British pale ales.[55] Over time the Alt yeast adjusted to lower temperatures, and the Alt brewers would store or lager the beer after fermentation, leading to a cleaner, crisper beer. The name "altbier" first appeared in the 19th century to differentiate the beers of Düsseldorf from the new pale lager that was gaining a hold on Germany.[56]

Brewers in Düsseldorf used the pale malts that were used for the modern pale lagers, but retained the old ("alt") method of using warm fermenting yeasts. The first brewery to use the name Alt was Schumacher which opened in 1838.[57] The founder, Mathias Schumacher, allowed the beer to mature in cool conditions in wooden casks for longer than normal, and laid the foundation for the modern alt – amber coloured and lagered.[58] The result is a pale beer that has some of the lean dryness of a lager but with fruity notes as well.[59]

There are five pub-breweries in Düsseldorf which brew Altbier on the premises: Füchschen, Schumacher, Schlüssel, Uerige and Brauerei Kürzer. Four of the five are in the historic centre of Düsseldorf (Altstadt); the other (Schumacher), between the Altstadt and Düsseldorf Central railway station (Hauptbahnhof), also maintains an establishment in the Altstadt, Im Goldenen Kessel, across the street from Schlüssel.

Each (except Brauerei Kürzer) produces a special, secret, seasonal "Sticke" version in small quantities, though the names vary: Schlüssel spells it "Stike", without the "c", while Schumacher calls its special beer "Latzenbier", meaning "slat beer", possibly because the kegs from which it was poured had been stored on raised shelves.[60] Füchschen's seasonal is its Weihnachtsbier (Christmas beer), available in bottles starting mid-November, and served in the brewpub on Christmas Eve.[61]

Music and nightlife

Sensation White New Year's Eve party, Esprit Arena

Düsseldorf has been home to a number of influential music artists and bands, particularly in the electronic and krautrock genres, with Kraftwerk being the most prominent example. As one source describes, "This is the place where Neu! conceived the motorik beat, Harmonia dreamed up ambient, Die Krupps expanded the idea of industrial, and where those brilliant mensch-maschines Kraftwerk, declared: 'We are the robots'."[62]

Since the 1950s the "Kom(m)ödchen" has been one of the most prominent political cabarets of Germany. The city's best-known contribution to the culture of modern popular music is the influential avant-garde electronic band Kraftwerk. Formed by two Düsseldorf-born musicians, Kraftwerk is internationally known as the most significant band in the history of post-war German music and as pioneers in electronic music.[63]

Other influential musical groups originating from Düsseldorf include Neu!, formed in 1971 by Klaus Dinger and Michael Rother, after their split from Kraftwerk,[64] and La Düsseldorf, also formed by Dinger in 1976 shortly after Neu! disbanded. Both groups had a significant influence on a variety of subsequent rock, post-punk, and electronic music artists.[65]

Internationally known power metal band Warlock was formed in Düsseldorf in 1982. Its frontwoman, Doro Pesch, had a successful solo career in Europe and Asia since Warlock ended. The punk band Die Toten Hosen, the electronic act D.A.F., as well as the electronic/industrial pioneers Die Krupps, all originated in Düsseldorf.

Düsseldorf appears in several songs, including Düsseldorf by the British indie band Teleman and Wärst du doch in Düsseldorf geblieben by Danish singer Dorthe Kollo.

Fashion

Düsseldorf has been the

Soviet occupation zone. After the monetary reform of June 20, 1948, fashionable clothes trends gained importance. Igedo organised fashion shows staged in Düsseldorf starting in March 1949.[66]
There are a number of schools dedicated to fashion design in Düsseldorf, among them Akademie Mode & Design (de), Design Department, and Mode Design College.[67]

Carnival

Carnival in Düsseldorf

One of the biggest cultural events in Düsseldorf is the Karneval (also referred to as the "fifth season") which starts every year on 11 November at 11:11 a.m., and reaches its climax on Rosenmontag (Rose Monday), featuring a huge parade through the streets of Düsseldorf. Karneval ends on Aschermittwoch (Ash Wednesday).

Düsseldorf's cartwheeler

The Düsseldorfer Radschläger (boy who does cartwheels) is said to be the city's oldest tradition. The symbol of the cartwheeler can be found on souvenirs and various things in Düsseldorf have cartwheelers to thank for their names.[citation needed]

Legends of its origin and history

The tradition cannot be linked to one specific historical event. Instead, there are several stories surrounding the beginnings of the Düsseldorf cartwheelers. Probably the most well known version is the Battle of Worringen. In the battle of 1288, Count Adolf devastatingly defeated the Archbishop of Cologne. As a consequence of this victory, Düsseldorf obtained town privileges. Inhabitants, especially children, ran joyfully on the streets and performed cartwheels.

Another story talks about a wedding procession during which one of the wheels of the wedding carriage broke. In order to fend off the threat of bad luck, a boy supposedly jumped up to the carriage, took hold of the wheel and thus became a living part of the wheel. Whether the story is about the marriage of Jan Wellem and Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici or the wedding of Margravine Jakobea of Baden and Johann Wilhelm is debatable.

Another story gives an account of the wedding between Margrave Jacobe von Baden and Johann Wilhelm, in 1585. According to legend, she felt miserable about her marriage, but the cartwheelers who displayed their skills next to her carriage were able to make her smile. Numerous travelers were attracted to the city by great exhibitions – the forerunner of today's fairs – between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. During this time the children who did cartwheels found out that it was a profitable source of income. The bourgeoisie accepted this in good humour as a symbolic act of local patriotism. In the beginning the lads shouted "för eene Penning schlage ich das Rad“ (a cartwheel for a penny). The Jan Wellem monument returned to Düsseldorf at the end of the Second World War. The procession was accompanied by torches, fanfares and cartwheeling boys.

Cartwheelers in the cityscape

Cartwheelers can be found at several fountains within the city and near many small landmarks. The most famous is Cartwheeler's Fountain in Burgplatz (de) with an inscription of a quote by Hans Müller-Schlösser: "Radschläger wolle mer blieve, wie jeck et de Minschen och drieve" (We will always remain cartwheelers, however crazy it drives people.) The fountain was designed by Alfred Zschorsch in 1954 and donated by Heimatverein Düsseldorfer Jonges, which is a club devoted to the maintenance of local and regional traditions. There are other cartwheelers that decorate storm drains and the door knocker on the Church of Lambertus, designed by Friedrich Becker. He created the cartwheeler in front of the Schadow Arcades.[citation needed]

The tradition has been kept alive by the Alde Düsseldorfer Bürgergesellschaft von 1920 e. V., a society founded in 1920, which organized the first cartwheeler competition on 17 October 1937. This event has been held annually since 1971

Königsallee, it has taken place since 2006 on the Rheinwerft, near the old part of town. This is a fixed date in the city's calendar of events. About 500 boys regularly participate in the event and girls have also taken part since 1971. In an art project Radschläger-Kunst (Cartwheeler Art) launched in 2001, over 100 cartwheeler sculptures were designed by various artists. The door knocker on the Church of Lambertus[69][circular reference] served as a model for the sculptures that are 2 metres (6 feet 7 inches) high, 2 metres (6 feet 7 inches) wide and 30 cm (12 in) deep. They were positioned around the city centre. Some of the sculptures have been auctioned off to companies and private owners.[citation needed
]

Christmas market

Every Christmas, the city of Düsseldorf uses the city centre to host one of the largest Christmas gatherings in Germany. The Christmas festival occurs every year from 17 November until 23 December. This Christmas fest brings Düsseldorf a large portion of tourism every year as many people from nearby areas come to the city to drink mulled wine and hot chocolate and watch craftsman blow glass and create art. The event contains many small wooden buildings all clustered in the middle of the city for all the citizens to enjoy. The event, to many visitors, has an old European feel, but is very lively.

Cuisine

Himmel un Äd, "Heaven and Earth"

Traditional meals in the region are Rheinischer

Heaven and Earth (Himmel und Äd; black pudding with stewed apples mixed with mashed potatoes). In winter the people like to eat Muscheln Rheinischer Art (Rhenish-style mussels) as well as Reibekuchen
(fried potato pancake served with apple sauce). Also a special meal: Düsseldorfer Senfrostbraten (Steaks roasted with Düsseldorf mustard on top).

Düsseldorf is known for its strong Dijon-like mustard served in a traditional pot called "Mostertpöttche", which was eternalised in a still life by Vincent van Gogh in 1884.[70]

The Rhine Metropolis is one of the most diverse areas in terms of culinary diversity. Düsseldorf, with the third largest Japanese community in Europe, not only provides a wide range of culinary cuisine but also has a solid foundation of Authentic Asian food in the city. Düsseldorf's exceptional culinary cuisine has been recognized and visited by the Worldwide leading travel guide of Lonely Planet. Along with a broad range of diverse cultural cuisine, Düsseldorf is also home to various Michelin starred restaurants that are world renowned.[71]

Halve Hahn – this dish is made from a half a double rye roll, which is another of the specialties of Düsseldorf, buttered, with a thick slice of aged Gouda cheese, onions, mustard, ground paprika and sour pickles.

Himmel un Aad – a dish of mashed potatoes and apples along with slices of blutwurst. Caramelized onions are usually served with this meal.

Reibekuchen is another famous dish from Düsseldorf; this dish is usually drizzled with Rübensyrup (beet syrup) and is served on pumpernickel slices along with applesauce.[72]

Literature

The

Northrhine-Westphalia.[73] The Prize for Literature in support of the City of Düsseldorf is awarded since 1972 by the Council of the City due to the decisions of the courts.[74]

The Förderpreis für Literatur der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf is given once a year to artists and groups, especially to the areas of poetry, writing, review and translation.[75]

Rivalry with Cologne

Düsseldorf and Cologne have had a "fierce regional rivalry".[76] The rivalry includes carnival parades, football, ice hockey and beer.[76] People in Cologne prefer Kölsch while people in Düsseldorf prefer Altbier.[76] Some Waiters and patrons will "scorn" and make a "mockery" of people who order Alt beer in Cologne and Kölsch in Düsseldorf.[76] The rivalry has been described as a "love-hate relationship".[76]

Theatres

Düsseldorf Schauspielhaus
Düsseldorf Tonhalle

Museums, arts and history institutes, and other attractions

Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen – K20 (Grabbeplatz)
Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen – K21 (Ständehaus)
Düsseldorf AquaZoo
Rheinturm
Building of the Folk high school (Volkshochschule) and the central library (Zentalbibliothek der Stadtbibliothek) of Düsseldorf
  • Akademie-Galerie (exhibition space of the Art Academy Düsseldorf)
  • Andreaskirche
  • Aquazoo-Löbbecke-Museum (aquarium and zoological museum)[77]
  • TvTower[78]
  • BRAUSE – Vereinsheim des Metzgerei Schnitzel Kunstvereins e.V.
  • Film museum[79]
  • Filmstiftung NRW (NRW Film Foundation)
  • Forum NRW
  • Goethe-Museum
  • Heinrich-Heine-Institut
  • Heinrich Heine Birth-house
  • Hetjens Museum (German museum of ceramics)
  • Imai – inter media art institute
  • Institut Français Düsseldorf
  • Institut für Kunstdokumentation und Szenografie[80] (Institute for Art Documentation and Scenography)
  • Julia Stoschek Collection[81] (video art)
  • KAI 10|Raum für Kunst[82]
  • Kulturbahnhof Eller[83]
  • Kunstarchiv Kaiserswerth (works of Bernd and Hilla Becher/Kahmen Collection)
  • Kunst im Tunnel (KIT)[84]
  • Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen (Art Collection Northrhine-Westphalia) – K20 (Grabbeplatz) and K21 (Ständehaus)
  • Kunsthalle Düsseldorf
  • Kunstverein für die Rheinlande und Westfalen (Society for the Promotion of the Fine Arts)
  • Museum Kunstpalast
  • Mahn- und Gedenkstätte für die Opfer des Nationalsozialmus (Memorial museum for victims of Nationalsocialism)
  • Onomato[85]
  • Polnisches Institut Düsseldorf[86]
  • Puppentheater an der Helmholtzstraße
  • Rathaus
  • Reinraum e.V. – Verein zur Förderung von Kunst und Kultur
  • Rheinturm
    (Rhine Tower; highest building and landmark of Düsseldorf)
  • Collegiate Church of St Lambertus [de]
  • Schiffahrt Museum
  • Schloss Jägerhof
  • Schlossturm
  • Schloss und Park Benrath (palace and park of Benrath)
  • Stadtbibliothek
  • Stadtmuseum (City history museum)
  • Statue of
    Jan Wellem
  • Theatermuseum, Düsseldorf
  • Triton Museum
  • Volkshochschule
  • Zakk[87] – cultural centre with concerts, readings, debates and party
Königsallee

Parks and gardens

Sports and live events

Düsseldorf's main

European Cup Winners Cup in 1979. They currently play in the 2. Bundesliga, after being relegated from the Bundesliga in 2020. They play their matches in the Merkur Spiel-Arena (formerly known as the 'ESPIRIT arena'), a multi-functional stadium with a capacity of 54,500. Düsseldorf was one of nine host cities for the 1974 FIFA World Cup, and will be one of ten venues to stage the 2024 UEFA European Championship. The Rochusclub Düsseldorf has hosted the tennis World Team Cup from 1978 till 2012.[88]
Düsseldorf also held the Grand Départ for the Tour de France in July 2017.[89]

Other sports in Düsseldorf are

NFL Europe and won the World Bowl two times in 1998 and 2000. Düsseldorf has a successful rugby union team (Düsseldorf Dragons), who as of 2017/18 play in the western division of the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German rugby.[90]

Düsseldorf Giants), baseball (Düsseldorf Senators) and dancing (Rot-Weiß Düsseldorf). Düsseldorf also has a Cricket team, the Düsseldorf Blackcaps, who play in the regional NRW league.[91]

The city hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2011.

Education

Heinrich Heine University
Düsseldorf is located in the southern part of the city. It has about 30,000 students and a wide range of subjects in
social sciences
, arts, languages, medicine, pharmacy, economy and the law.

Other academic institutions include:

International primary and secondary schools:

Notable buildings

The Neuer Zollhof at Medienhafen
Köbogen building

Notable places

Benrath Palace, Corp de Logis
  • Königsallee
    , a shopping street with luxuries shops
  • Schloss Benrath, rococo castle
  • Altstadt (Düsseldorf), literally "old town", the historic town centre with the town hall Altes Rathaus from 1573. Nowadays Düsseldorf's entertainment district with hundreds of pubs and restaurants, and proverbially known by Germans as "the longest bar in the world".
  • Düsseldorf-Hafen; the harbour is a modern build district.
  • Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
  • Schloss Heltorf, the biggest palace in Düsseldorf, since 1662 homestead of the noble family Grafen von Spee
  • Hofgarten, old city park
  • Schloss Jägerhof, an old hunting lodge at the Hofgarten, today a Goethe Museum

Twin towns – sister cities

Düsseldorf is twinned with:[99]

Friendship and cooperation

Düsseldorf also cooperates with:[102]

Notable people

Born before 1850

Heinrich Heine 1831
Johann Georg Jacobi

Born 1851–1900

Georg Wenker
  • Georg Wenker (1852–1911), linguist, founder of linguistic atlas of the German Reich (Wenkeratlas)
  • Karl Janssen (1855–1927), sculptor, professor at the Art Academy
  • Leopold Graf von Kalckreuth (1855–1928), painter
  • Maria Countess von Kalckreuth
    (1857–1897), painter
  • Fritz Reiss (1857–1915), lithographer, illustrator, graphic artist and painter
  • Bruno Schmitz (1858–1916), architect
  • Otto Hupp (1859–1949), signature graphic artist, engraver
  • Albert Herzfeld (1865–1943), painter and author
  • Agnes Elisabeth Overbeck (1870–1919), composer and pianist
  • Hanns Heinz Ewers (1871–1943), writer and filmmaker
  • Wilhelm Levison (1876–1947), historian
  • Elly Ney (1882–1968), world-famous concert pianist
  • Carl Maria Weber (1890–1953), writer
  • Willy Reetz (1892–1963), painter, "Düsseldorf School"
  • Hermann Knüfken (1893–1976), marine soldier, revolutionary, union activist, resistance fighter and secret agent
  • Ludwig Gehre (1895–1945), officer and resistance fighter
  • Hans Globke (1898–1973), jurist, National Socialist, from 1949 Assistant Secretary, then Secretary of State in the Federal Chancellery (1953–1963)
  • Karl von Appen (1900–1981), stage designer

Born after 1900

Helmut Käutner 1960

Associated with Düsseldorf

  • William Thomas Mulvany (1806–1885 in Düsseldorf), entrepreneur
  • Robert Schumann (1810–1856), composer, 1850–1854 urban music director in Düsseldorf
  • Alfred Rethel (1816–1859 in Düsseldorf), history painter
  • Christian Eduard Boettcher (1818–1889), painter who lived, worked and died in Düsseldorf
  • Clara Schumann (1819–1896), pianist and composer, wife of Robert Schumann, frequent host of Johannes Brahms in Düsseldorf (1850–1854)
  • Düsseldorf School
  • Louise Dumont (1862–1932 in Düsseldorf), actress and 1904 founder of the Schauspielhaus Düsseldorf
  • Johanna "Mother" Ey (1864–1947 in Düsseldorf), gallery owner
  • Düsseldorf Art Academy
  • Wilhelm Kreis (1873–1955), architect and director of the School of Applied Arts Düsseldorf
  • Peter Kürten (1883–1931), called "The Vampire of Düsseldorf", committed in Düsseldorf during the period between February and November 1929 series of sexual homicides
  • Adolf Uzarski (1885–1970 in Düsseldorf), writer, painter and graphic artist
  • Düsseldorf Art Academy
    1937–1945
  • Betty Knox (1906–1963), dancer with variety act Wilson, Keppel and Betty and war correspondent. She lived in the city during her later years and died there.[103]
  • Ernest Martin
    (born 1932), theatre director, theatre manager and actor in Düsseldorf

See also

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Bibliography

External links