DNA and RNA codon tables
A codon table can be used to translate a
There are 64 different codons in the genetic code and the below tables; most specify an amino acid.
The first table—the standard table—can be used to translate nucleotide triplets into the corresponding amino acid or appropriate signal if it is a start or stop codon. The second table, appropriately called the inverse, does the opposite: it can be used to deduce a possible triplet code if the amino acid is known. As multiple codons can code for the same amino acid, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry's (IUPAC) nucleic acid notation is given in some instances.
Translation table 1
Standard RNA codon table
Amino-acid biochemical properties
|
Nonpolar (np) | Polar (p) | Basic (b) | Acidic (a) | Termination: stop codon * | Initiation: possible start codon ⇒ |
1st base |
2nd base | 3rd base | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U | C | A | G | ||||||
U | UUU | (Phe/F) Phenylalanine (np) | UCU | (Ser/S) Serine (p) | UAU | (Tyr/Y) Tyrosine (p) | UGU | (Cys/C) Cysteine (p) | U |
UUC | UCC | UAC | UGC | C | |||||
UUA | (Leu/L) Leucine (np) | UCA | UAA | Stop (Ochre) *[note 2] | UGA | Stop (Opal) *[note 2] | A | ||
UUG ⇒ | UCG | UAG | Stop (Amber) *[note 2] | UGG | (Trp/W) Tryptophan (np) | G | |||
C | CUU | CCU | (Pro/P) Proline (np) | CAU | (His/H) Histidine (b) | CGU | (Arg/R) Arginine (b) | U | |
CUC | CCC | CAC | CGC | C | |||||
CUA | CCA | CAA | (Gln/Q) Glutamine (p) | CGA | A | ||||
CUG | CCG | CAG | CGG | G | |||||
A | AUU | (Ile/I) Isoleucine (np) | ACU | (Thr/T) Threonine (p) | AAU | (Asn/N) Asparagine (p) | AGU | (Ser/S) Serine (p) | U |
AUC | ACC | AAC | AGC | C | |||||
AUA | ACA | AAA | (Lys/K) Lysine (b) | AGA | (Arg/R) Arginine (b) | A | |||
AUG ⇒ | (Met/M) Methionine (np) | ACG | AAG | AGG | G | ||||
G | GUU | (Val/V) Valine (np) | GCU | (Ala/A) Alanine (np) | GAU | (Asp/D) Aspartic acid (a) | GGU | (Gly/G) Glycine (np) | U |
GUC | GCC | GAC | GGC | C | |||||
GUA | GCA | GAA | (Glu/E) Glutamic acid (a) | GGA | A | ||||
GUG ⇒ | GCG | GAG | GGG | G |
As shown in the above table, NCBI table 1 includes the less-canonical start codons GUG and UUG.[3]
Inverse RNA codon table
Amino acid | RNA codons | Compressed | Amino acid | RNA codons | Compressed | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ala, A | GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG | GCN | Ile, I | AUU, AUC, AUA | AUH | |
Arg, R | CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG; AGA, AGG | CGN, AGR; or CGY, MGR |
Leu, L | CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG; UUA, UUG | CUN, UUR; or CUY, YUR | |
Asn, N | AAU, AAC | AAY | Lys, K | AAA, AAG | AAR | |
Asp, D | GAU, GAC | GAY | Met, M | AUG | ||
Asn or Asp, B | AAU, AAC; GAU, GAC | RAY | Phe, F | UUU, UUC | UUY | |
Cys, C | UGU, UGC | UGY | Pro, P | CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG | CCN | |
Gln, Q | CAA, CAG | CAR | Ser, S | UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG; AGU, AGC | UCN, AGY | |
Glu, E | GAA, GAG | GAR | Thr, T | ACU, ACC, ACA, ACG | ACN | |
Gln or Glu, Z | CAA, CAG; GAA, GAG | SAR | Trp, W | UGG | ||
Gly, G | GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG | GGN | Tyr, Y | UAU, UAC | UAY | |
His, H | CAU, CAC | CAY | Val, V | GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG | GUN | |
START | AUG, CUG, UUG | HUG | STOP | UAA, UGA, UAG | URA, UAG; or UGA, UAR |
Standard DNA codon table
Amino-acid biochemical properties
|
Nonpolar (np) | Polar (p) | Basic (b) | Acidic (a) | Termination: stop codon * | Initiation: possible start codon ⇒ |
1st base |
2nd base | 3rd base | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | C | A | G | ||||||
T | TTT | (Phe/F) Phenylalanine (np) | TCT | (Ser/S) Serine (p) | TAT | (Tyr/Y) Tyrosine (p) | TGT | (Cys/C) Cysteine (p) | T |
TTC | TCC | TAC | TGC | C | |||||
TTA | (Leu/L) Leucine (np) | TCA | TAA | Stop (Ochre) *[note 2] | TGA | Stop (Opal) *[note 2] | A | ||
TTG ⇒ | TCG | TAG | Stop (Amber) *[note 2] | TGG | (Trp/W) Tryptophan (np) | G | |||
C | CTT | CCT | (Pro/P) Proline (np) | CAT | (His/H) Histidine (b) | CGT | (Arg/R) Arginine (b) | T | |
CTC | CCC | CAC | CGC | C | |||||
CTA | CCA | CAA | (Gln/Q) Glutamine (p) | CGA | A | ||||
CTG | CCG | CAG | CGG | G | |||||
A | ATT | (Ile/I) Isoleucine (np) | ACT | (Thr/T) Threonine (p) | AAT | (Asn/N) Asparagine (p) | AGT | (Ser/S) Serine (p) | T |
ATC | ACC | AAC | AGC | C | |||||
ATA | ACA | AAA | (Lys/K) Lysine (b) | AGA | (Arg/R) Arginine (b) | A | |||
ATG ⇒ | (Met/M) Methionine (np) | ACG | AAG | AGG | G | ||||
G | GTT | (Val/V) Valine (np) | GCT | (Ala/A) Alanine (np) | GAT | (Asp/D) Aspartic acid (a) | GGT | (Gly/G) Glycine (np) | T |
GTC | GCC | GAC | GGC | C | |||||
GTA | GCA | GAA | (Glu/E) Glutamic acid (a) | GGA | A | ||||
GTG ⇒ | GCG | GAG | GGG | G |
Inverse DNA codon table
Amino acid | DNA codons | Compressed | Amino acid | DNA codons | Compressed | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ala, A | GCT, GCC, GCA, GCG | GCN | Ile, I | ATT, ATC, ATA | ATH | |
Arg, R | CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG; AGA, AGG | CGN, AGR; or CGY, MGR |
Leu, L | CTT, CTC, CTA, CTG; TTA, TTG | CTN, TTR; or CTY, YTR | |
Asn, N | AAT, AAC | AAY | Lys, K | AAA, AAG | AAR | |
Asp, D | GAT, GAC | GAY | Met, M | ATG | ||
Asn or Asp, B | AAT, AAC; GAT, GAC | RAY | Phe, F | TTT, TTC | TTY | |
Cys, C | TGT, TGC | TGY | Pro, P | CCT, CCC, CCA, CCG | CCN | |
Gln, Q | CAA, CAG | CAR | Ser, S | TCT, TCC, TCA, TCG; AGT, AGC | TCN, AGY | |
Glu, E | GAA, GAG | GAR | Thr, T | ACT, ACC, ACA, ACG | ACN | |
Gln or Glu, Z | CAA, CAG; GAA, GAG | SAR | Trp, W | TGG | ||
Gly, G | GGT, GGC, GGA, GGG | GGN | Tyr, Y | TAT, TAC | TAY | |
His, H | CAT, CAC | CAY | Val, V | GTT, GTC, GTA, GTG | GTN | |
START | ATG, CTG, UTG | HTG | STOP | TAA, TGA, TAG | TRA, TAR |
Alternative codons in other translation tables
This section is missing information about start codon in these tables, aka the "sncbieaa" row in NCBI data.(December 2023) |
The genetic code was once believed to be universal:[16] a codon would code for the same amino acid regardless of the organism or source. However, it is now agreed that the genetic code evolves,[17] resulting in discrepancies in how a codon is translated depending on the genetic source.[16][17] For example, in 1981, it was discovered that the use of codons AUA, UGA, AGA and AGG by the coding system in mammalian mitochondria differed from the universal code.[16] Stop codons can also be affected: in ciliated protozoa, the universal stop codons UAA and UAG code for glutamine.[17][note 4] The following table displays these alternative codons.
Amino-acid biochemical properties
|
Nonpolar (np) | Polar (p) | Basic (b) | Acidic (a) | Termination: stop codon * |
Code | Translation table |
DNA codon involved | RNA codon involved | Translation with this code |
Standard translation | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standard | 1 | Includes translation table 8 (plant chloroplasts ).
| ||||||
Vertebrate mitochondrial | 2 | AGA | AGA | Stop * | Arg (R) (b) | |||
AGG | AGG | Stop * | Arg (R) (b) | |||||
ATA | AUA | Met (M) (np) | Ile (I) (np) | |||||
TGA | UGA | Trp (W) (np) | Stop * | |||||
Yeast mitochondrial | 3 | ATA | AUA | Met (M) (np) | Ile (I) (np) | |||
CTT | CUU | Thr (T) (p) | Leu (L) (np) | |||||
CTC | CUC | Thr (T) (p) | Leu (L) (np) | |||||
CTA | CUA | Thr (T) (p) | Leu (L) (np) | |||||
CTG | CUG | Thr (T) (p) | Leu (L) (np) | |||||
TGA | UGA | Trp (W) (np) | Stop * | |||||
CGA | CGA | absent | Arg (R) (b) | |||||
CGC | CGC | absent | Arg (R) (b) | |||||
Mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial + Mycoplasma / Spiroplasma | 4 | TGA | UGA | Trp (W) (np) | Stop * | Includes the translation table 7 (kinetoplasts). | ||
Invertebrate mitochondrial | 5 | AGA | AGA | Ser (S) (p) | Arg (R) (b) | |||
AGG | AGG | Ser (S) (p) | Arg (R) (b) | |||||
ATA | AUA | Met (M) (np) | Ile (I) (np) | |||||
TGA | UGA | Trp (W) (np) | Stop * | |||||
Ciliate, dasycladacean and Hexamita nuclear | 6 | TAA | UAA | Gln (Q) (p) | Stop * | |||
TAG | UAG | Gln (Q) (p) | Stop * | |||||
Echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial | 9 | AAA | AAA | Asn (N) (p) | Lys (K) (b) | |||
AGA | AGA | Ser (S) (p) | Arg (R) (b) | |||||
AGG | AGG | Ser (S) (p) | Arg (R) (b) | |||||
TGA | UGA | Trp (W) (np) | Stop * | |||||
Euplotid nuclear
|
10 | TGA | UGA | Cys (C) (p) | Stop * | |||
Bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid | 11 | See translation table 1. | ||||||
Alternative yeast nuclear | 12 | CTG | CUG | Ser (S) (p) | Leu (L) (np) | |||
Ascidian mitochondrial | 13 | AGA | AGA | Gly (G) (np) | Arg (R) (b) | |||
AGG | AGG | Gly (G) (np) | Arg (R) (b) | |||||
ATA | AUA | Met (M) (np) | Ile (I) (np) | |||||
TGA | UGA | Trp (W) (np) | Stop * | |||||
Alternative flatworm mitochondrial | 14 | AAA | AAA | Asn (N) (p) | Lys (K) (b) | |||
AGA | AGA | Ser (S) (p) | Arg (R) (b) | |||||
AGG | AGG | Ser (S) (p) | Arg (R) (b) | |||||
TAA | UAA | Tyr (Y) (p) | Stop * | |||||
TGA | UGA | Trp (W) (np) | Stop * | |||||
Blepharisma nuclear | 15 | TAG | UAG | Gln (Q) (p) | Stop * | As of Nov. 18, 2016: absent from the NCBI update. Similar to translation table 6. | ||
Chlorophycean mitochondrial | 16 | TAG | UAG | Leu (L) (np) | Stop * | |||
Trematode mitochondrial | 21 | TGA | UGA | Trp (W) (np) | Stop * | |||
ATA | AUA | Met (M) (np) | Ile (I) (np) | |||||
AGA | AGA | Ser (S) | Arg (R) (b) | |||||
AGG | AGG | Ser (S) (p) | Arg (R) (b) | |||||
AAA | AAA | Asn (N) (p) | Lys (K) (b) | |||||
Scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial | 22 | TCA | UCA | Stop * | Ser (S) (p) | |||
TAG | UAG | Leu (L) (np) | Stop * | |||||
Thraustochytrium mitochondrial | 23 | TTA | UUA | Stop * | Leu (L) (np) | Similar to translation table 11. | ||
Pterobranchia mitochondrial | 24 | AGA | AGA | Ser (S) (p) | Arg (R) (b) | |||
AGG | AGG | Lys (K) (b) | Arg (R) (b) | |||||
TGA | UGA | Trp (W) (np) | Stop * | |||||
Candidate division SR1 and Gracilibacteria | 25 | TGA | UGA | Gly (G) (np) | Stop * | |||
Pachysolen tannophilus nuclear | 26 | CTG | CUG | Ala (A) (np) | Leu (L) (np) | |||
Karyorelict nuclear | 27 | TAA | UAA | Gln (Q) (p) | Stop * | |||
TAG | UAG | Gln (Q) (p) | Stop * | |||||
TG | UGA | Stop * | or | Trp (W) (np) | Stop * | |||
Condylostoma nuclear | 28 | TAA | UAA | Stop * | or | Gln (Q) (p) | Stop * | |
TAG | UAG | Stop * | or | Gln (Q) (p) | Stop * | |||
TGA | UGA | Stop * | or | Trp (W) (np) | Stop * | |||
Mesodinium nuclear | 29 | TAA | UAA | Tyr (Y) (p) | Stop * | |||
TAG | UAG | Tyr (Y) (p) | Stop * | |||||
Peritrich nuclear | 30 | TA | UAA | Glu (E) (a) | Stop * | |||
TAG | UAG | Glu (E) (a) | Stop * | |||||
Blastocrithidia nuclear | 31 | TAA | UAA | Stop * | or | Glu (E) (a) | Stop * | |
TAG | UAG | Stop * | or | Glu (E) (a) | Stop * | |||
TGA | UGA | Trp (W) (np) | Stop * | |||||
Cephalodiscidae mitochondrial code | 33 | AGA | AGA | Ser (S) (p) | Arg (R) (b) | Similar to translation table 24. | ||
AGG | AGG | Lys (K) (b) | Arg (R) (b) | |||||
TAA | UAA | Tyr (Y) (p) | Stop * | |||||
TGA | UGA | Trp (W) (np) | Stop * |
See also
Notes
- ^ Each stop codon has a specific name: UAG is amber, UGA is opal or umber, and UAA is ochre.[7] In DNA, these stop codons are TAG, TGA, and TAA, respectively.
- ^ a b c d e f The historical basis for designating the stop codons as amber, ochre and opal is described in the autobiography of Sydney Brenner[11] and in a historical article by Bob Edgar.[12]
- ^ The major difference between DNA and RNA is that thymine (T) is only found in the former. In RNA, it is replaced with uracil (U).[15] This is the only difference between the standard RNA codon table and the standard DNA codon table.
- Euplotes octacarinatus is an exception.[17]
References
- ^ a b "Amino Acid Translation Table". Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- ^ a b Bartee, Lisa; Brook, Jack. MHCC Biology 112: Biology for Health Professions. Open Oregon. p. 42. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f Elzanowski A, Ostell J (7 January 2019). "The Genetic Codes". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
- ^ "RNA Functions". Scitable. Nature Education. Archived from the original on 18 October 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ "The Genetic Codes". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- ^ "Codon". National Human Genome Research Institute. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
- ^ a b Maloy S. (29 November 2003). "How nonsense mutations got their names". Microbial Genetics Course. San Diego State University. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
- PMID 21885680.
- ^ PMID 12867081.
- ^ "The Information in DNA Determines Cellular Function via Translation". Scitable. Nature Education. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
- ISBN 9780954027803.
- PMID 15514035. see pages 580–581
- ^ a b IUPAC—IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. "Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and Their Constituents" (PDF). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
- ^ "What does DNA do?". Your Genome. Welcome Genome Campus. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ "Genes". DNA, Genetics, and Evolution. Boston University. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ PMID 8281749.
- ^ PMID 1579111.
Further reading
- Chevance FV, Hughes KT (2 May 2017). "Case for the genetic code as a triplet of triplets". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (18): 4745–4750. PMID 28416671.
- Dever TE (29 June 2012). "A New Start for Protein Synthesis". Science. 336 (6089). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1645–1646. S2CID 44326947. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
- Gardner RS, Wahba AJ, Basilio C, Miller RS, Lengyel P, Speyer JF (December 1962). "Synthetic polynucleotides and the amino acid code. VII". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 48 (12): 2087–2094. PMID 13946552.
- Nakamoto T (March 2009). "Evolution and the universality of the mechanism of initiation of protein synthesis". Gene. 432 (1–2): 1–6. PMID 19056476.
- Wahba AJ, Gardner RS, Basilio C, Miller RS, Speyer JF, Lengyel P (January 1963). "Synthetic polynucleotides and the amino acid code. VIII". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 49 (1): 116–122. PMID 13998282.
- Yanofsky C (9 March 2007). "Establishing the Triplet Nature of the Genetic Code". Cell. 128 (5): 815–818. S2CID 14249277.
- Zaneveld J, Hamady M, Sueoka N, Knight R (28 February 2009). "CodonExplorer: An Interactive Online Database for the Analysis of Codon Usage and Sequence Composition". Bioinformatics for DNA Sequence Analysis. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 537. pp. 207–232. PMID 19378146.
External links