DNMT1
DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups to specific CpG sites in DNA, a process called DNA methylation. In humans, it is encoded by the DNMT1 gene.[5] Dnmt1 forms part of the family of DNA methyltransferase enzymes, which consists primarily of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B.
Function
This enzyme is responsible for maintaining DNA methylation, which ensures the fidelity of this
See also
Interactions
DNMT1 has been shown to
DNMT1 is highly transcribed during the S phase of the cell cycle when it is required for methylation of the newly generated hemimethylated sites on daughter DNA strands.[18] Its interaction with PCNA and UHRF1 has been implicated in localizing it to the replication fork.[19] The direct co-operation between DNMT1 and G9a coordinates DNA and H3K9 methylation during cell division.[17] This chromatin methylation is necessary for stable repression of gene expression during mammalian development.
Model organisms
Knockout experiments have shown that this enzyme is responsible for the bulk of methylation in mouse cells, and it is essential for embryonic development.[20] It has also been shown that a lack of both maternal and zygotic Dnmt1 results in complete demethylation of imprinted genes in blastocysts.[21]
Clinical significance
DNMT1 plays a critical role in Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance. HSCs with reduced DNMT1 fail to self-renew efficiently post-transplantation.[22] It has also been shown to be critical for other stem cell types such as Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and Mammary stem cells (MaSCs). Conditional deletion of DNMT1 results in overall intestinal hypomethylation, crypt expansion and altered differentiation timing of ISCs, and proliferation and maintenance of MaSCs.[23]
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000130816 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000004099 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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- ^ "Entrez Gene: DNMT1 DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1".
- ^ S2CID 26149386.
- ^ PMID 12145218.
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- ^ PMID 17085482.
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Further reading
- Smith SS, Kaplan BE, Sowers LC, Newman EM (May 1992). "Mechanism of human methyl-directed DNA methyltransferase and the fidelity of cytosine methylation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 89 (10): 4744–8. PMID 1584813.
- Bestor T, Laudano A, Mattaliano R, Ingram V (October 1988). "Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding DNA methyltransferase of mouse cells. The carboxyl-terminal domain of the mammalian enzymes is related to bacterial restriction methyltransferases". Journal of Molecular Biology. 203 (4): 971–83. PMID 3210246.
- Smith SS (1994). "Biological implications of the mechanism of action of human DNA (cytosine-5)methyltransferase". Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology. 49: 65–111. PMID 7863011.
- Hijmans EM, Voorhoeve PM, Beijersbergen RL, van 't Veer LJ, Bernards R (June 1995). "E2F-5, a new E2F family member that interacts with p130 in vivo". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 15 (6): 3082–9. PMID 7760804.
- Yoder JA, Yen RW, Vertino PM, Bestor TH, Baylin SB (December 1996). "New 5' regions of the murine and human genes for DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (49): 31092–7. PMID 8940105.
- Chuang LS, Ian HI, Koh TW, Ng HH, Xu G, Li BF (September 1997). "Human DNA-(cytosine-5) methyltransferase-PCNA complex as a target for p21WAF1". Science. 277 (5334): 1996–2000. PMID 9302295.
- Kho MR, Baker DJ, Laayoun A, Smith SS (January 1998). "Stalling of human DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase at single-strand conformers from a site of dynamic mutation". Journal of Molecular Biology. 275 (1): 67–79. PMID 9451440.
- Baylin SB (September 1997). "Tying it all together: epigenetics, genetics, cell cycle, and cancer". Science. 277 (5334): 1948–9. S2CID 40894549.
- Robertson KD, Uzvolgyi E, Liang G, Talmadge C, Sumegi J, Gonzales FA, Jones PA (June 1999). "The human DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) 1, 3a and 3b: coordinate mRNA expression in normal tissues and overexpression in tumors". Nucleic Acids Research. 27 (11): 2291–8. PMID 10325416.
- Michaelson JS, Bader D, Kuo F, Kozak C, Leder P (August 1999). "Loss of Daxx, a promiscuously interacting protein, results in extensive apoptosis in early mouse development". Genes & Development. 13 (15): 1918–23. PMID 10444590.
- Hsu DW, Lin MJ, Lee TL, Wen SC, Chen X, Shen CK (August 1999). "Two major forms of DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase in human somatic tissues". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (17): 9751–6. PMID 10449766.
- Fuks F, Burgers WA, Brehm A, Hughes-Davies L, Kouzarides T (January 2000). "DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1 associates with histone deacetylase activity". Nature Genetics. 24 (1): 88–91. S2CID 20428600.
- Bonfils C, Beaulieu N, Chan E, Cotton-Montpetit J, MacLeod AR (April 2000). "Characterization of the human DNA methyltransferase splice variant Dnmt1b". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (15): 10754–60. PMID 10753866.
- Rountree MR, Bachman KE, Baylin SB (July 2000). "DNMT1 binds HDAC2 and a new co-repressor, DMAP1, to form a complex at replication foci". Nature Genetics. 25 (3): 269–77. S2CID 26149386.
- Robertson KD, Ait-Si-Ali S, Yokochi T, Wade PA, Jones PL, Wolffe AP (July 2000). "DNMT1 forms a complex with Rb, E2F1 and HDAC1 and represses transcription from E2F-responsive promoters". Nature Genetics. 25 (3): 338–42. S2CID 10983932.
- Tatematsu KI, Yamazaki T, Ishikawa F (August 2000). "MBD2-MBD3 complex binds to hemi-methylated DNA and forms a complex containing DNMT1 at the replication foci in late S phase". Genes to Cells. 5 (8): 677–88. S2CID 25185979.
- Mizuno S, Chijiwa T, Okamura T, Akashi K, Fukumaki Y, Niho Y, Sasaki H (March 2001). "Expression of DNA methyltransferases DNMT1, 3A, and 3B in normal hematopoiesis and in acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia". Blood. 97 (5): 1172–9. PMID 11222358.
- Fatemi M, Hermann A, Pradhan S, Jeltsch A (June 2001). "The activity of the murine DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1 is controlled by interaction of the catalytic domain with the N-terminal part of the enzyme leading to an allosteric activation of the enzyme after binding to methylated DNA". Journal of Molecular Biology. 309 (5): 1189–99. PMID 11399088.
- Dintilhac A, Bernués J (March 2002). "HMGB1 interacts with many apparently unrelated proteins by recognizing short amino acid sequences". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (9): 7021–8. PMID 11748221.
- Di Croce L, Raker VA, Corsaro M, Fazi F, Fanelli M, Faretta M, Fuks F, Lo Coco F, Kouzarides T, Nervi C, Minucci S, Pelicci PG (February 2002). "Methyltransferase recruitment and DNA hypermethylation of target promoters by an oncogenic transcription factor". Science. 295 (5557): 1079–82. S2CID 29532358.
- Pradhan S, Kim GD (February 2002). "The retinoblastoma gene product interacts with maintenance human DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase and modulates its activity". The EMBO Journal. 21 (4): 779–88. PMID 11847125.
- Rhee I, Bachman KE, Park BH, Jair KW, Yen RW, Schuebel KE, Cui H, Feinberg AP, Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Baylin SB, Vogelstein B (April 2002). "DNMT1 and DNMT3b cooperate to silence genes in human cancer cells". Nature. 416 (6880): 552–6. S2CID 4397868.
- Jair KW, Bachman KE, Suzuki H, Ting AH, Rhee I, Yen RW, Baylin SB, Schuebel KE (January 2006). "De novo CpG island methylation in human cancer cells". Cancer Research. 66 (2): 682–92. PMID 16423997.
- Ting AH, Jair KW, Schuebel KE, Baylin SB (January 2006). "Differential requirement for DNA methyltransferase 1 in maintaining human cancer cell gene promoter hypermethylation". Cancer Research. 66 (2): 729–35. PMID 16424002.
- Bestor T, Laudano A, Mattaliano R, Ingram V (October 1988). "Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding DNA methyltransferase of mouse cells. The carboxyl-terminal domain of the mammalian enzymes is related to bacterial restriction methyltransferases". Journal of Molecular Biology. 203 (4): 971–83. PMID 3210246.