Electra complex
In
The idea of the Electra complex is not widely used by mental health professionals today. There is little empirical evidence for it, as the theory's predictions do not match scientific observations of child development. It is not listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Background
As a
In forming a discrete sexual identity (
Characteristics
The psychodynamic nature of the daughter–mother relationship in the Electra complex derives from
In both sexes,
Case studies
A 1921 study of patients at a New York state mental hospital, On the Prognostic Significance of the Mental Content in Manic-Depressive Psychosis, reported that of 31
In culture
Some purported examples of the Electra complex in literature come from psychoanalytic literary criticism and archetypal literary criticism, which flourished in the mid-twentieth century. These theories attempt to identify universal symbols in literature theorized to represent patterns in the human psyche. Psychoanalytic literary critics have claimed to discover the Electra complex in fairy tales and other historic sources. In addition, some authors who were conversant in Freud and Jung's work, such as Sylvia Plath, made intentional use of the Electra complex symbol.[10]: 150
Fiction
According to psychoanalytic literary criticism, fiction affords people the opportunity to
Portrayals of Electra in Ancient Greece did not generally present her devotion to her father as sexually motivated; however, since the early twentieth century, adaptations of the Electra story have often presented the character as exhibiting incestuous desires.[19]
Poetry
American poet Sylvia Plath (1932–1963) acknowledged that the poem Daddy (1962) is about a woman, afflicted with an unresolved Electra complex, who conflates her dead father and derelict husband in dealing with having been emotionally abandoned.[20] Her biographers noted a psychologic irony about the life of the poet Plath: she knew her father for only eight years, before he died; she knew her husband for eight years, before she killed herself. Her husband was her substitute father, psychosexually apparent when she addresses him (the husband) as the "vampire father" haunting her since his death. In conflating father and husband as one man, Sylvia Plath indicates their emotional equality in her life; the unresolved Electra complex.[21]
Music
On their self-titled album, the alternative music group Ludo have a song titled, "Electra's Complex".
Welsh singer
In 2021, electronic musician Arca released Electra Rex as a preview for her album Kick iii. The song is a combination of the Electra complex and Oedipus complex in "a nonbinary psychosexual narrative".[22]
Criticism
Because of their similarity, the Electra complex is exposed to much of the criticism that the Oedipus complex has faced, including a lack of empirical evidence and an apparent inapplicability to single parent or same-sex parent households. In addition, it was later rejected by Freud himself, and some of its implications are regarded as sexist toward women.[23]
Lack of evidence
There is very little scientific evidence for the reality of the Electra complex. The predictions of the theory are not substantiated by experiment.[24][25] The Electra complex is not widely accepted among modern mental health professionals and is not listed in current versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.[26]
As cover for sexual abuse
Author Florence Rush has accused the female Oedipus complex of being a tool to cover up sexual abuse of children by their parents, particularly by their fathers. Rush writes that when Freud's female patients told him of being abused as children, he first took them seriously, resulting in Freud's seduction theory that mental illness is caused by sexual abuse. Then, however, Freud became uncomfortable with the implication of widespread sexual abuse that this theory implied. He replaced it with the Oedipus complex theory, which allowed Freud to dismiss women's stories of childhood abuse as imaginary, writing "I was able to recognize in this phantasy of being seduced by the father the typical Oedipus complex in women."[27] Rush refers to this dismissal as the Freudian coverup.
Criticism by Freud
Freud was critical of the premise behind Jung's idea, writing in 1931 "It is only in the male child that we find the fateful combination of love for the one parent and simultaneous hatred for the other as a rival."[10]: 9 Though at other times he seems to accept the premise of the Electra complex. Freud never made clear his view of the applicability of the Oedipus complex to girls or women.[28]
As sexist
A number of authors have observed that Freud's theories were based on men and then extended to women as an afterthought, with the result that they fit women poorly. For example, the idea that women want to have a penis or believe they have been castrated appears to assume that women feel like defective men. This phallocentrism has been described as sexist. The idea that women must give up clitoral sexual stimulation to be psychologically healthy is contradicted by evidence.[25]
Some
See also
- Feminism and the Oedipus complex
- Genetic sexual attraction
- Triad (sociology)
References
- ^ Jung, C. G. (1915). The Theory of Psychoanalysis. Nervous and mental disease monograph series, no. 19. New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Co. p. 69.
- ^ OCLC 741058.
- ^ A55. TREASURE ISLAND: CASE REPORTS IN AVMs AND ECMO. American Thoracic Society. May 2022.
- ^ Murphy, Bruce (1996). Benét's Reader's Encyclopedia (4th ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 310.
- ^ Bell, Robert E. (1991). Women of Classical Mythology: A Biographical Dictionary. California: Oxford University Press. pp. 177–178.
- ^ Hornblower S, Spawforth A (1998). The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. pp. 254–255.
- ^ Freud, Sigmund (1956). On Sexuality. Penguin Books Ltd.
- ^ Jung, Carl (1913). The Theory of Psychoanalysis.
- ^ Jung, Carl (1970). Psychoanalysis and Neurosis. Princeton University Press..
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8014-4261-2.
- ^ Freud, Sigmund (1991). On Sexuality. London: Penguin Books. p. 375.
- ^ "Sigmund Freud 1856–1939". Encyclopaedia of German Literature. London: Routledge. 2000. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
- doi:10.2307/3177630.
- ^ Bullock A, Trombley S (1999). The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought. London: Harper Collins. pp. 259, 705.
- ^ Bullock, A., Trombley, S. (1999) The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought Harper Collins: London pp. 205, 107
- ^ Levin, Hyman L. (1921). "On the prognostic significance of the mental content in manic-depressive psychosis". The State Hospital Quarterly. VII: 594–95. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
- ^ Berger, Arthur Asa. Media Analysis Techniques, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks:Sage Press (2005)
- ^ Berger, Arthur Asa Media Analysis Techniques 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Press (2005)
- ISSN 1759-5142.
- ^ Van Dyne, Susan R. Sylvia Plath’s Ariel Poems Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993.
- ^ Plath, Sylvia "Daddy" Ariel Harper & Row:New York (1966).
- ^ "Arca Shares New Song "Electra Rex": Listen". Stereogum. 2021-11-09. Retrieved 2021-11-16.
- ^ Freud, Sigmund (1931). ""Female Sexuality"" (PDF). The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. 11: 8 – via University of Pennsylvania.
- OCLC 749483878.
- ^ ISBN 9780534175801.
- ^ Tantry, Tanya. "Oedipus Сomplex in Children: What Parents Need to Know". Flo Health. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
- ISBN 9780130747815.
- ISBN 9780191726828. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
- JSTOR 3684315.
Further reading
- Breuer J., Freud S. (1909). Studies on Hysteria. Basic Books.
- De Beauvoir, S. (1952). The Second Sex. New York: Vintage Books.
- Freud, S. (1905). Dora: Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
- Freud, S. (1920). "A Case of Homosexuality in a Woman". The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. New York: Hogarth Press.
- Lauzen, G. (1965). Sigmund Freud: The Man and his Theories. New York: Paul S. Eriksson, Inc.
- Lerman, H. (1986). A Mote in Freud's Eye. New York: Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 9780826154200.
- Mitchell, J. (1974). Psychoanalysis and Feminism. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 9780394714424.
- Tobin, B. (1988). Reverse Oedipal Complex Analysis. New York: Random House Publishing Company.