Dagestani Russian

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Dagestani Russian (

One of the most common traits of Dagestani Russian varieties is frequent use of the constructions же есть (že jest) and есть же (jest že) and their contracted forms жиесь (žijes) and ежжи (ježži). They are used as topic markers, a concept absent from standard Russian but common in vernacular languages of the area.^{[1][unreliable source?]} These expressions are also considered iconic of the dialect and are often used as a marker of regional identity, an example being the Dagestani cuisine restaurant "Жи Есть" in Moscow.

Another common feature is the unusual handling of Russian reflexive verbs. Most vernacular languages lack the concept, so many Dagestani Russian speakers are not used to it and subsequently "misuse" such verbs, speaking from the perspective of a standard Russian speaker. On the one hand, the reflexive suffix -ся may be dropped where it is necessary in standard Russian. On the other hand, it may appear where it usually does not.^[2]

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