Dahlia
Dahlia | |
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Dahlia flower | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Asterales |
Family: | Asteraceae |
Subfamily: | Asteroideae |
Tribe: | Coreopsideae |
Genus: | Dahlia Cav.[1] |
Type species | |
Dahlia pinnata Cav.[1]
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Sections | |
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Synonyms[2] | |
Dahlia ( commonly grown as garden plants.
Dahlias were known to the Aztecs until their Spanish conquest, after which the plants were brought to Europe. The (high in sugar) tubers of some varieties are of value to humans.
Description
Dahlias are perennial plants with tuberous roots, though they are grown as annuals in some regions with cold winters. While some have herbaceous stems, others have stems which lignify in the absence of secondary tissue and resprout following winter dormancy, allowing further seasons of growth.
The stems are leafy, ranging in height from as low as 30 centimetres (12 inches) to more than 1.8–2.4 metres (6–8 feet). Flower forms are variable, with one head per stem; these can be as small as 5 cm (2 in) in diameter or up to 30 cm (1 ft) ("dinner plate"). The majority of species do not produce scented flowers. Like most plants that do not attract pollinating insects through scent, they are brightly colored, displaying most hues, with the exception of blue.
The great variety in species results from garden dahlias being
Taxonomy
Taxonomic history
Early history
Spaniards reported finding the plants growing in Mexico in 1525, but the earliest known description is by
Hernandez described two varieties of dahlias (the pinwheel-like
European introduction
In 1787, the French botanist
In 1798, Cavanilles sent D. pinnata seeds to Parma, Italy. That year, the Marchioness of Bute, wife of the Earl of Bute, the English Ambassador to Spain, obtained a few seeds from Cavanilles and sent them to Kew Gardens, where they flowered but were lost after two to three years.[14]
In the following years Madrid sent seeds to Berlin and Dresden in Germany, and to Turin and Thiene in Italy. In 1802, Cavanilles sent tubers of "these three" (D. pinnata, D. rosea, D. coccinea) to Swiss botanist
In 1804, a new species, Dahlia sambucifolia, was successfully grown at
The dahlia you brought to our isle
Your praises for ever shall speak;
Mid gardens as sweet as your smile,
And in colour as bright as your cheek.[20]
In 1805, German naturalist
Classification
Since 1789 when Cavanilles first flowered the dahlia in Europe, there has been an ongoing effort by many growers, botanists and taxonomists, to determine the development of the dahlia to modern times. At least 85 species have been reported: approximately 25 of these were first reported from the wild; the remainder appeared in gardens in Europe. They were considered hybrids, the results of crossing between previously reported species, or developed from the seeds sent by Humboldt from Mexico in 1805, or perhaps from some other undocumented seeds that had found their way to Europe. Several of these were soon discovered to be identical with earlier reported species, but the greatest number are new varieties. Morphological variation is highly pronounced in the dahlia. William John Cooper Lawrence, who hybridized hundreds of families of dahlias in the 1920s, stated: "I have not yet seen any two plants in the families I have raised which were not to be distinguished one from the other.[21] Constant reclassification of the 85 reported species has resulted in a considerably smaller number of distinct species, as there is a great deal of disagreement today between systematists over classification.[22]
In 1829, all species growing in Europe were reclassified under an all-encompassing name of D. variabilis, Desf., though this is not an accepted name.[23] Through the interspecies cross of the Humboldt seeds and the Cavanilles species, 22 new species were reported by that year, all of which had been classified in different ways by several different taxonomists, creating considerable confusion as to which species was which. As of now Dahlias are classified into 15 different species by botanist Liberty Hyde Bailey.[24]
In 1830 William Smith suggested that all dahlia species could be divided into two groups for color, red-tinged and purple-tinged. In investigating this idea Lawrence determined that with the exception of D. variabilis, all dahlia species may be assigned to one of two groups for flower-colour: Group I (ivory-magenta) or Group II (yellow-orange-scarlet).[citation needed]
Modern classification
The genus Dahlia is situated in the Asteroideae subfamily of the Asteraceae, in the Coreopsideae tribe. Within that tribe it is the second largest genus, after Coreopsis,[5] and appears as a well defined clade within the Coreopsideae.[25]
Subdivision
Infrageneric subdivision
Sherff (1955), in the first modern taxonomy described three sections for the 18 species he recognised, Pseudodendron, Epiphytum and Dahlia.
To date these sectional divisions have not been fully supported
Horticulturally the sections retain some usage, section Pseudodendron being referred to as 'Tree Dahlias', Epiphytum as the 'Vine Dahlia'. The remaining two herbaceous sections being distinguished by their
Sections
Sections (including
- Epiphytum Sherff (2n = 32)
- 10 m tall climber with aerial roots 5 cm thick and up to more than 20 m long; pinnules opposite
- 1 species, D. macdougallii Sherff
- Mexico: Oaxaca
- Entemophyllon P. D. Sorensen (2n = 34)
- 6 species
- Mexico: Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Querétaro, Durango, San Luis Potosí
- Pseudodendron P. D. Sorensen (2n = 32)
- 3 species + D. excelsa of uncertain identity
- Mexico: Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Oaxaca, and Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala & Colombia
- Dahlia (2n = 32, 36 or 64)
- 24 species
- Mexico: Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Morelos, Nuevo León, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Puebla, Chiapas, México, Huehuetenango, Chihuahua, Durango, Michoacan & Guatemala
Only Pseudodendron (D. imperialis) and Dahlia (D. australis, D. coccinea) occur outside Mexico.
Species
There are currently 42 accepted species in the genus Dahlia[35] but new species continue to be described.[32]
Etymology
The naming of the plant itself has long been a subject of some confusion. Many sources state that the name "Dahlia" was bestowed by the pioneering Swedish botanist and taxonomist
Regardless of who bestowed it, the name was not so easily established. In 1805, German botanist
Distribution and habitat
Dahlia is found predominantly in
Ecology
The most common pollinators are bees and small beetles.[5]
Pests and diseases
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2022) |
Cultivation
Dahlias grow naturally in climates that do not experience frost (the tubers are hardy to
Horticultural classification
Horticulturally the garden dahlia is usually treated as the cultigen D. variabilis hort., which while being responsible for thousands of cultivars has an obscure taxonomic status.[32]: 41–42
History
The inappropriate term D. variabilis is often used to describe the cultivars of Dahlia since the correct parentage remains obscure, but probably involves
By the beginning of the twentieth century, a number of different types were recognised. These terms were based on shape or colour, and the National Dahlia Society included cactus, pompon, single, show and fancy in its 1904 guide. Many national societies developed their own classification systems until 1962 when the International Horticultural Congress agreed to develop an internationally recognised system at its Brussels meeting that year, and subsequently in Maryland in 1966. This culminated in the 1969 publication of The International Register of Dahlia Names by the Royal Horticultural Society which became the central registering authority.[23]
This system depended primarily on the visibility of the central disc, whether it was open-centred or whether only ray florets were apparent centrally (double bloom). The double-bloom cultivars were then subdivided according to the way in which they were folded along their longitudinal axis: flat, involute (curled inwards) or revolute (curling backwards). If the end of the ray floret was split, they were considered fimbriated. Based on these characteristics, nine groups were defined plus a tenth miscellaneous group for any cultivars not fitting the above characteristics.[43] Fimbriated dahlias were added in 2004,[44] and two further groups (Single and Double orchid) in 2007.[45] The last group to be added, Peony, first appeared in 2012.[46]
In many cases the bloom diameter was then used to further label certain groups from miniature to giant.[23] This practice was abandoned in 2012.[46]
Modern system (RHS)
There are now more than 57,000 registered
- Flower type
The official RHS classification lists fourteen groups, grouped by flower type, together with the abbreviations used by the RHS;[50][47][51]
- Group 1 – Single-flowered dahlias (Sin) – Flower has a central disc with a single outer ring of florets (which may overlap) encircling it, and which may be rounded or pointed.
- (e.g. 'Twyning's After Eight'[52])
-
'Twyning's After Eight' (Single)
-
Dahlia "Happy Single Wink" (Single)
- Group 2 – Anemone-flowered dahlias (Anem) – The centre of the flower consists of dense elongated tubular florets, longer than the disc florets of Single dahlias, while the outer parts have one or more rings of flatter ray florets. Disc absent.
- (e.g. 'Boogie Woogie'[53])
-
'Boogie Woogie' (Anemone)
-
Dahlia "Comet" (Anemone)
- Group 3 – Collerette dahlias (Col) – Large flat florets forming a single outer ring around a central disc and which may overlap a smaller circle of florets closer to the centre, which have the appearance of a collar.[54]
- (e.g. 'Starsister',[55] 'Lilian Alice', 'Apple Blossom')
-
'Apple Blossom' (Collerette)
-
'Fashion Monger' (Collerette)
- Group 4 – Waterlily dahlias (WL) – Double blooms, broad sparse curved, slightly curved or flat florets and very shallow in depth compared with other dahlias. Depth less than half the diameter of the bloom.
- (e.g. 'Cameo'[56])
-
'Cameo' (Waterlily)
-
'Brackenridge Ballerina' (Waterlily)
- Group 5 – Decorative dahlias (D) – Double blooms, ray florets broad, flat, involute no more than seventy five per cent of the longitudinal axis, slightly twisted and usually bluntly pointed. No visible central disc.[57]
- (e.g. 'Berliner Kleene'[58])
-
'Berliner Kleene' (Decorative)
-
'Cafe au lait' (Decorative)
-
'Woodland Merinda' (Decorative)
-
Dahlia 'David Howard' (Decorative)
- Group 6 – Ball dahlias (Ba) – Double blooms that are ball shaped or slightly flattened. Ray florets blunt or rounded at the tips, margins arranged spirally, involute for at least seventy five percent of the length of the florets. Larger than Pompons.
- (e.g. 'Barbarry Ball'[59])
-
'Barbarry Ball' (Ball)
-
Dahlia "Mary's Jomanda" (Ball)
- Group 7 – Pompon dahlias (Pom) – Double spherical miniature flowers made up entirely from florets that are curved inwards (involute) for their entire length (longitudinal axis), resembling a pompon.
- (e.g. 'Small World'[60])
-
'Small World' (Pompon)
-
Dahlia 'Franz Kafka' (Large Pompon)
- Group 8 – Cactus dahlias (C) – Double blooms, ray florets pointed, with majority revolute (rolled) over more than fifty percent of their longitudinal axis, and straight or incurved. Narrower than Semi cactus.
- (e.g. 'Nuit d'Eté'[61])
-
'Nuit d'Eté' (Cactus)
-
'Karma Sangria' (Cactus cultivar)
-
'Jaldec Joker' (small Cactus)
-
Dahlia 'Alfred Grille' (Cactus)
- Group 9 – Semi cactus dahlias (S–c) – Double blooms, very pointed ray florets, revolute for greater than twenty five percent and less than fifty percent of their longitudinal axis. Broad at the base and straight or incurved, almost spiky in appearance.
- (e.g. 'Mick's Peppermint'[62])
-
Dahlia 'Mick's Peppermint' (Semi-cactus)
-
Dahlia 'Bridge view aloha' (Semi-cactus)
- Group 10 – Miscellaneous dahlias (Misc) – not described in any other group.
- (e.g. 'Akita')
- (e.g.
-
Dahlia 'Akita' (Miscellaneous)
-
'Ragged Robin' (Miscellaneous)
- Group 11 – Fimbriated dahlias (Fim) – ray florets evenly split or notched into two or more divisions, uniformly throughout the bloom, creating a fimbriated(fringed) effect. The petals may be flat, involute, revolute, straight, incurving or twisted.
- (e.g. 'Marlene Joy'[63])
-
'Marlene Joy' (Fimbriated)
-
'Nargold' (Fimbriated)
- Group 12 – Single Orchid (Star) dahlias (SinO) – single outer ring of florets surround a central disc. The ray florets are either involute or revolute.
- (e.g. 'Marie Schnugg')
-
'Marie Schnugg' (Single orchid (Star))
-
'Honka Fragile' (Single orchid (Star))
- Group 13 – Double Orchid dahlias (DblO) – Double blooms with triangular centres. The ray florets are narrowly lanceolate and are either involute or revolute. The central disc is absent.
-
'Pink Giraffe' (Double Orchid)
-
Dahlia "Julie one" (Double Orchid)
- Group 14 – Peony-flowered dahlias (P) – Large flowers with three or four rows of rays that are flattened and expanded and arranged irregularly. The rays surround a golden disc similar to that of Single dahlias.
- (e.g. 'Bishop of Llandaff'[66])
-
Dahlia "Fascination" (Peony)
- Flower size
Earlier versions of the registry subdivided some groups by flower size. Groups 4, 5, 8 and 9 were divided into five subgroups (A to E) from Giant to Miniature, and Group 6 into two subgroups, Small and Miniature. Dahlias were then described by Group and Subgroup, e.g. 5(d) ‘Ace Summer Sunset’.[43] Some Dahlia Societies have continued this practice, but this is neither official nor standardised. As of 2013 The RHS uses two size descriptors[67]
- Dwarf Bedder (Dw.B.) – not usually exceeding 600 mm (24 in) in height, e.g. 'Preston Park' (Sin/DwB)[68]
- Lilliput dahlias (Lil) – not usually exceeding 300 mm (12 in) in height, with single, semi-double or double florets up to 26 mm (1.0 in) in diameter. ("baby" or "top-mix" dahlias), e.g. 'Harvest Tiny Tot' (Misc/Lil)[69]
Sizes can range from tiny micro dahlias with flowers less than 50mm to giants that are over 250mm in diameter. The groupings listed here are from the New Zealand Society:[70]
- Giant-flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter over 250 mm.
- Large-flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter of 200–250 mm.
- Medium-flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter of 155–350 mm.
- Small-flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter of 115–155 mm.
- Miniature-flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter of 50–115 mm.
- Pompom-flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter less than 50 mm.
In addition to the official classification and the terminology used by various dahlia societies, individual horticulturalists use a wide range of other descriptions, such as 'Incurved' and abbreviations in their catalogues, such as CO for Collarette.[71]
Branding
Some plant growers include their brand name in the cultivar name. Thus Fides[72] (part of the Dümmen Orange Group[73]) in the Netherlands developed a series of cultivars which they named the Dahlinova series,[74] for example Dahlinova 'Carolina Burgundy'.[75] These are Group 10 Miscellaneous in the RHS classification scheme.[76]
Double dahlias
In 1805, several new species were reported with red, purple, lilac, and pale yellow coloring, and the first true double flower was produced in Belgium. One of the more popular concepts of dahlia history, and the basis for many different interpretations and confusion, is that all the original discoveries were single-flowered types, which, through hybridization and selective breeding, produced double forms.[77] Many of the species of dahlias then, and now, have single-flowered blooms. D. coccinea, the third dahlia to bloom in Europe, was a single. But two of the three drawings of dahlias by Dominguez, made in Mexico between 1570 and 1577, showed definite characteristics of doubling. In the early days of the dahlia in Europe, the word "double" simply designated flowers with more than one row of petals. The greatest effort was now directed to developing improved types of double dahlias.
During the years 1805 to 1810 several people claimed to have produced a double dahlia. In 1805 Henry C. Andrews made a drawing of such a plant in the collection of Lady Holland, grown from seedlings sent that year from Madrid.[78] Like other doubles of the time it did not resemble the doubles of today. The first modern double, or full double, appeared in Belgium; M. Donckelaar, Director of the Botanic Garden at Louvain, selected plants for that characteristic, and within a few years secured three fully double forms.[79] By 1826 double varieties were being grown almost exclusively, and there was very little interest in the single forms. Up to this time all the so-called double dahlias had been purple, or tinged with purple, and it was doubted if a variety untinged with that color was obtainable.
In 1843, scented single forms of dahlias were first reported in Neu Verbass, Austria.[80] D. crocea, a fragrant variety grown from one of the Humboldt seeds, was probably interbred with the single D. coccinea. A new scented species would not be introduced until the next century when the D. coronata was brought from Mexico to Germany in 1907.[81]
The exact date the dahlia was introduced in the United States is uncertain. One of the first dahlias in the USA may have been the D. coccinea speciosissima grown by William Leathe, of Cambridgeport, near Boston, around 1929. According to Edward Sayers,[82] "it attracted much admiration, and at that time was considered a very elegant flower, it was however soon eclipsed by that splendid scarlet, the Countess of Liverpool". However, 9 cultivars were already listed in the catalog from Thornburn, 1825.[83] And even earlier reference can be found in a catalogue from the Linnaean Botanical Garden, New York, 1820, that includes one scarlet, one purple, and two double orange Dahlias for sale.[84]
Sayers stated that "No person has done more for the introduction and advancement of the culture of the Dahlia than George C. Thorburn, of New York, who yearly flowers many thousand plants at his place at Hallet's Cove, near Harlaem.[clarification needed][citation needed] The show there in the flowering season is a rich treat for the lovers of floriculture : for almost every variety can be seen growing in two large blocks or masses which lead from the road to the dwelling-house, and form a complete field of the Dahlia as a foreground to the house. Mr. T. Hogg, William Read, and many other well-known florists have also contributed much in the vicinity of New York, to the introduction of the Dahlia. Indeed so general has become the taste that almost every garden has its show of the Dahlia in the season." In Boston too there were many collections, a collection from the Messrs Hovey of Cambridgeport was also mentioned.[citation needed]
In 1835 Thomas Bridgeman, published a list of 160 double dahlias in his "Florist's Guide".[85] 60 of the choicest were supplied by Mr. G. C. Thornburn of Astoria, New York, who got most of them from contacts in the UK. Not a few of them had taken prizes "at the English and American exhibitions".[citation needed]
"Stars of the Devil"
In 1872 J. T. van der Berg of Utrecht in the Netherlands received a shipment of seeds and plants from a friend in Mexico. The entire shipment was badly rotted and appeared to be ruined, but van der Berg examined it carefully and found a small piece of root that seemed alive. He planted and carefully tended it; it grew into a plant that he identified as a dahlia. He made cuttings from the plant during the winter of 1872–1873. This was an entirely different type of flower, with rich, red color and a high degree of doubling. In 1874 van der Berg catalogued it for sale, calling it Dahlia juarezii to honor Mexican President
This plant has perhaps had a greater influence on the popularity of the modern dahlia than any other. Called "Les Etoiles du Diable" (Stars of the Devil)[87] in France and "Cactus dahlia" elsewhere, the edges of its petals rolled backwards, rather than forward, and this new form revolutionized the dahlia world. It was thought to be a distinct mutation since no other plant that resembled it could be found in the wild.[88] Today it is assumed that D. juarezii had, at one time, existed in Mexico and subsequently disappeared. Nurserymen in Europe crossbred this plant with dahlias discovered earlier; the results became the progenitors of all modern dahlia hybrids today.[89]
Award of Garden Merit (RHS)
As of 2015, 124 dahlia cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit,[90] including:-
Uses
The Aztecs used dahlias to treat epilepsy,[6] and employed the long hollow stem of the D. imperialis for water pipes.[7] Europeans attempted to introduce the tubers as a food crop, but this was unpopular.[103]
The dahlia is considered one of the native ingredients in Oaxacan cuisine; several cultivars are still grown especially for their large, sweet potato-like tubers. Dacopa, an intense mocha-tasting extract from the roasted tubers, is used to flavor beverages throughout Central America.[7]
Medicine
In Europe and America, prior to the discovery of insulin in 1923, diabetics—as well as consumptives—were often given a substance called Atlantic starch or diabetic sugar, derived from inulin, a naturally occurring form of fruit sugar, extracted from dahlia tubers.[104] Inulin is still used in clinical tests for kidney functionality.
In culture
Founded in 1936, the Bloemencorso Zundert is the largest flower parade in the world entirely made by volunteers using the dahlia. The parade takes place on the first Sunday of September in Zundert, Netherlands. The floats are large artworks made of steel wire, cardboard, papier-mâché and flowers. In the Bloemencorso Zundert, mostly dahlias are used to decorate the objects and it takes thousands of them just to cover one float. Around 8 million dahlias are needed for the entire corso. Of these, around 6 million are cultivated in Zundert.
The dahlia was declared the
See also
- List of dahlia diseases
- Dahlia symbolism
References
- ^ a b c d Cavanilles, A. J. (1791). Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum. Vol. 1. Madrid, Spain. p. 57 – via Library of Congress.
- ^ "Dahlia Cav". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ISBN 978-0582053830. entry "Dahlia"
- ^ a b "Dahlia Cav. Icon. 1: 56 (t. 80) (1791)". World Flora Online. World Flora Consortium. 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- ^ JSTOR 25063902.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link - ^ a b Harvard Arboretum
- ^ a b c Katz, Solomon H.; Weaver, William Woys Weaver, Encyclopedia of Food and Culture, The Gale Group, New York, 2002.
- ^ Safford, W.E., "Notes on Dahlias", Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 1919.
- ^ Hernandez, Francisco, Nova Plantarum Animalum et Mineralium Historia. Pg. 31-32,372. 1651.
- ^ Hernández, Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus (Rome, 1651); details of the introduction of the dahlia to European gardens are taken from Harshberger (1897)
- ^ Baltet, Charles (1906). "Comment le Dahlia est arrive du Mexique en Europe". Revue Horticole. 78: 209–212.
- ^ Menonville, Traité de la culture du nopal et de l'education de la cochenille dans les colonies françaises de l'Amérique 1787.
- ^ From the director, Sr. Vicentes Cervantes, according to Augustin Legrand and Pierre-Denis Pépin, Manuel du cultivateur de dahlias, "Introduction en Europe", Paris, 1848, p. 10.
- ^ a b Dean, Richard, The dahlia: its history and cultivation, Macmillan, 1897, p.5.
- ^ Weland 2015, p. 8.
- ^ Forbes, James; John Russell Bedford (1833). Hortus woburnensis. J. Ridgway. p. 246.
- ^ Hogg, Robert (1853). The Dahlia; Its History and Cultivation. Groombidge and Sons. p. 5.
- ^ Salisbury, R. A. (1808-04-05). "Observations on the different Species of Dahlia, and the best Method of Cultivating them in Britain". Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. 1. London: W. Bulmer & Co.: 93.
- ^ a b Weland 2015, p. 2.
- ISBN 978-0-88192-469-5.
- ^ Lawrence, W.J.C. "The Genetics and Cytologogy of Dahlia variabilis", Journal of Genetics, July 24, 1931, p. 257.
- ^ Weland 2015, p. 13.
- ^ a b c d e Bates 2015, Dahlia types and international classification of dahlias.
- ^ "Stanford Dahlia Project Dahlia Hybridization History". web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-12.
- PMID 15324843
- North American Flora. Part 2:45–59. New York Botanical Garden
- ^ Sørensen, P. D. (1969). "Revision of the genus Dahlia (Compositae, Heliantheae-Coreopsidinae)". Rhodora. 71 (309–365): 367–416.
- ^ David E Giannasi. The flavonoid systematics of the genus Dahlia (comstoopidpositae). Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, 26,2. New York Botanical Garden, 1975.
- ^ Sørensen, P. D. (1980). "New taxa in the genus Dahlia (Asteraceae, Heliantheae-Coreopsidinae)". Rhodora. 82: 353–360.
- ^ Sørensen, P. D. (1987). "Dahlia congestifolia, Section Entemophyllon (Asteraceae: Heliantheae, Coreopsidinae), new from Hidalgo, Mexico". Rhodora. 89: 197–203.
- .
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8.
- ^ National Dahlia Society: Dahlia species
- .
- ^ "Dahlia". The Plant List. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019.
- ^ Stafleu, F. A.; Cowan, R.S., Taxonomic literature, vol. 1: A–G, Utrecht, 1976.
- ^ Willdenow. Species Plantarum. Ed. 4. vol. 3. pt. 3. pp. 2124-2125. 1800.[1]
- ^ Willdenow von, The Dahlia, Enumeratio Plantarum. Hor. Reg. Bot. Berolinensis, 899, 1809.
- ^ "Dahlia (group) - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2021-10-03.
- ^ "How to Grow Dalias". BBC- Gardners World. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ Wuyts, O.F., "Le Dahlia", Ledeberg-Gana Belgium, 1926.
- ^ Dietz, Deborah. (ed.), "Dahlia Genetics: Whence and Whither?", Dahlia Society of America Newsletter, July 2009.
- ^ a b RHS 2015, The International Dahlia Register 1969. Thirteenth Supplement (2002).
- ^ RHS 2015, The International Dahlia Register 1969. Fifteenth Supplement (2004).
- ^ RHS 2015, The International Dahlia Register 1969. Eighteenth Supplement (2007).
- ^ a b RHS 2015, The International Dahlia Register 1969. Twenty Second Supplement (2012).
- ^ a b Bates 2015, Dahlia Encyclopaedia.
- ^ RHS 2015, Dahlia cultivar registration.
- ^ RHS 2015, Dahlia publications.
- ^ RHS 2015, The International Dahlia Register (1969) Twenty-fourth Supplement 2014.
- ^ NDS 2011, Dahlia Classification and Formation.
- ^ RHS 2015, Dahlia 'Twyning's After Eight' (Sin).
- ^ Dave's Garden 2015, Anemone Flowered Dahlia Dahlia 'Boogie Woogie'.
- ^ Bates 2015, Collarette Dahlias.
- ^ Van Meuwen: Dahlia 'Star Sister'
- ^ Dave's Garden 2015, Waterlily Dahlia Dahlia 'Cameo'.
- ^ Bates 2015, Decorative Dahlias.
- ^ Dave's Garden 2015, Dahlia, Decorative Dahlia Dahlia 'Berliner Kleene'.
- ^ Dave's Garden 2015, Dahlia Dahlia 'Barbarry Ball'.
- ^ RHS 2015, Dahlia 'Small World' (Pom).
- ^ Dave's Garden 2015, Cactus Dahlia Dahlia 'Nuit D'Ete'.
- ^ Dave's Garden 2015, Semi-Cactus Dahlia Dahlia 'Mick's Peppermint'.
- ^ RHS 2015, Dahlia 'Marlene Joy' (Fim).
- ^ National Dahlia Collection 2015, Double Orchid Dahlias. Pink Giraffe.
- ^ RHS 2015, Dahlia 'Pink Giraffe' (DblO).
- ^ RHS 2015, Dahlia 'Bishop of Llandaff' (P).
- ^ RHS 2015, The International Dahlia Register 1969. Twenty-fourth Supplement (2014).
- ^ RHS 2015, Dahlia 'Preston Park' (Sin/DwB).
- ^ RHS 2015, Dahlia 'Harvest Tiny Tot' (Misc/Lil) .
- ^ NDSNZ 2015, Dahlia varieties.
- ^ Linda's Dahlias 2015, Bloom Type.
- ^ Fides 2015.
- ^ Dümmen Orange 2015.
- ^ Dahlinova 2008.
- ^ Dahlinova 2008, Carolina Burgundy.
- ^ RHS 2015, Trials Report 2004. Dahlia. Miscellaneous Dahlinova Series.
- ^ Weland 2015, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Andrews, Henry C., Botanist's Repository Vol. III, Plate 483, 1805.
- ^ Wuyts, O. F., Le Dahlia. Ledeberg-Gana, Belgium. 1926.
- ^ Michigan Special Bulletin #266. Ag. Exp. Sta., Mich. State College, 1935.
- ^ Anonymous, "A Scented Dahlia", Garden Chronicles, 3rd Ser. 43, 1908, p. 128.
- )
- ^ van der Berg, J. T., "Dahlia juarezii", Gardeners Chronicle, 1879.
- ^ "Die Dahlien. Ihre Geschichte, Kultur and Verwendung", German Dahlia Society, Ch. VIII, 1926.
- ^ Michigan Special Bulletin #266. Ag. Exp. Sta. Mich. St. Col. 1935.
- ^ Weland 2015, p. 40.
- ^ RHS 2015, Search for AGM Plants: Dahlia.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'Bednall Beauty' (Misc/DwB) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
- ^ RHS 2015, Dahlia 'Bishop of Llandaff' (P).
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'Clair de Lune' (Col) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'David Howard' (MinD) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'Ellen Huston' (Misc/DwB) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'Fascination' (P) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'Gallery Art Deco' PBR (Gallery Series) (SD) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'Gallery Art Nouveau' PBR (Gallery Series) (MinD) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'Glorie van Heemstede' (SWL) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector Dahlia 'Honka' (SinO) AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-12-25. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
- ^ RHS 2015, Dahlia 'Moonfire' (Misc/DwB).
- ^ RHS 2015, Dahlia 'Twyning's After Eight' (Sin).
- ^ "Aztec Dahlias - Dahlia History". Archived from the original on 2017-06-17. Retrieved 2013-12-14.
- .
- ISBN 978-0-87982-512-6.
Bibliography
- Bates, Dave (2015). "The Growing World of Dahlias".
- "Linda's Dahlias". 2015. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
- Dave's Garden (2015). "Welcome to Dave's Garden!". Internet Brands. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
- "The National Dahlia Collection". Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
- Culbertson, Tim. "The Stanford Dahlia Project". Retrieved 2 July 2015.
- Fides (2015). "Fides: Our Roots, Your Success". Retrieved 2 July 2015.
- Dümmen Orange (2015). "One Mission". Retrieved 2 July 2015.
- Dahlinova (2008). "Welcome at Dahlinova". Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Articles
- Harshberger, John W. (December 17, 1897). "The Native Dahlias of Mexico". Science. New Series. 6 (155): 908–910. PMID 17740849.
- Sherff, Earl Edward, 1951: Epiphytum, a new section of the genus Dahlia Cav. Bot Leaflets: 4,21
- Hansen, H. V. (2004). "Simplified keys to four sections with 34 species in the genus Dahlia (Asteraceae-Coreopsideae)". Nordic Journal of Botany. 24 (5): 549–553. .
- Saar, Dayle Ellyn. A phylogenetic analysis of the genius Dahlia (asteraceae): An interdisciplinary study. Ph D Thesis, Northern Illinois University, 1999
- Whitley GR (September 1985). "The medicinal and nutritional properties of Dahlia spp". J Ethnopharmacol. 14 (1): 75–82. PMID 3910964.
- Weland, Gerald. "The Alpha-Omega of Dahlias" (PDF). American Dahlia Society. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Societies
- RHS (2015). "Royal Horticultural Society". Retrieved 19 June 2015.
- "National Dahlia Society (U.K.)". 2011. Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
- "The American Dahlia Society". Retrieved 17 June 2015.
- "National Dahlia Society Of New Zealand". Retrieved 17 June 2015.
External links
- Media related to Dahlia at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Dahlia at Wikispecies
- The dictionary definition of dahlia at Wiktionary
- D E Saar. Wild Dahlias
- The United Kingdom National Dahlia Collection Archived 2008-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
- North American Dahlia Shows
- Dahlia Flower Care
- Dahlia Pinnata Eatable Plans
- Info about care for dahlias
- Gallery of Dahlia Images
- Hans V. Hansen. Native (wild) Dahlias – taxonomy, historical review, and the derivation of cultivars, in Trial of Dahlia 2008, Final Report. Royal Horticultural Society Archived 2014-08-11 at the Wayback Machine
- A history of Dahlia, from «Oxford Junior Encyclopedia»