Daily News Building

Coordinates: 40°45′00″N 73°58′24″W / 40.75000°N 73.97333°W / 40.75000; -73.97333
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For the 1929 building in Chicago, see Riverside Plaza (Chicago).
Daily News Building
SL Green (51%), Meritz Alternative Investment Management (49%)
Height
Roof476 ft (145 m)
Technical details
Floor count36
Floor area1,009,700 sq ft (93,800 m2)
Design and construction
Architect(s)Raymond Hood and John Mead Howells (original)
Harrison & Abramovitz (annex)
DesignatedJune 29, 1989[1]
Reference no.82001191
DesignatedNovember 12, 1982[2]
Reference no.82001191
New York City Landmark
DesignatedJuly 28, 1981[3]
Reference no.1049[3]
Designated entityFacade
New York City Landmark
DesignatedMarch 10, 1998[4]
Reference no.1982[4]
Designated entityInterior: Lobby

The Daily News Building, also known as The News Building, is a

Art Deco style, and was erected between 1928 and 1930. A later addition was designed by Harrison & Abramovitz
and built between 1957 and 1960.

The Daily News Building consists of a 36-story tower that is 476 feet (145 m) tall, as well as two shorter additions extending east to Second Avenue. Its architectural features include a large granite entrance at 42nd Street and a rotunda lobby with a rotating globe. The original structure is an L-shaped building that faces 41st Street to the south, Second Avenue to the east, and 42nd Street to the north, with a longer frontage on 41st Street than on 42nd Street. The annex, along 42nd Street and Second Avenue, gives the present building a rectangular lot.

The Daily News Building was commissioned by

New York City Landmark
in 1981 and its interior was similarly designated in 1998.

Site

The Daily News Building is at 220

Ford Foundation Building are one block east.[7]

Architecture

The Daily News Building was designed in the

Art Deco style by architects Raymond Hood and John Mead Howells, and was commissioned as the headquarters of the New York Daily News, which at the time was owned by Joseph Medill Patterson. It was among the first skyscrapers to be built without an ornamental crown. This was in contrast to Hood's earlier designs for the Tribune Tower in Chicago and the American Radiator Building in Manhattan.[8] Harrison & Abramovitz designed additions to the building, which were constructed between 1957 and 1960.[9][10] According to Emporis, the building is 476.02 feet (145.09 m) tall and has 36 floors.[11]

Hood designed the building with practical needs in mind, saying that "I do not feel that The News Building is worse looking than some other buildings".[12][13] Hood wrote that both the owner and architect had agreed that "the most simple and direct way to get an effective exterior" was to colorize its features.[8][14]

Form

The original tower (right) and annex (left) as seen from 42nd Street, looking southwest

The

elevation along 42nd Street contains one large setback at the 9th floor.[16][17][a] The western elevation has multiple smaller setbacks. The southernmost ten bays of the western elevation are set back at the 9th floor, while the following two bays to the north are set back the same distance above the 15th floor, creating a zigzag effect. The southern elevation contains small setbacks at the 7th and 13th floors, as well as larger setbacks at the 27th floor and above the 36th floor. The eastern elevation does not contain any setbacks, except for the northernmost seven bays, which protrude slightly below the 33rd floor.[16][17]

The southern portion of the Daily News Building, near 41st Street, is shorter than the tower and formerly served as the printing plant. It was also built in 1928–1930 and initially contained nine stories.[9][17] An additional five stories were built in the late 1950s,[10][19] set back from the original structure.[9] An 18-story annex, also built in the late 1950s, runs on the northeastern portion of the plot, facing Second Avenue and 42nd Street.[9][19] The original structure consisted of 663,000 square feet (61,600 m2) of space, and the annex had 270,000 square feet (25,000 m2); including an additional 76,000 feet (23,000 m) above the original printing plant, the complex had a total of 1,009,700 square feet (93,800 m2).[20]

Facade

Tower

Main entrance in 2008

The facade of the tower is composed of vertical window bays that are separated by "irregularly placed" sections of white brick wall, as well as multicolored brick patterns and red curtains.[8][18] The spandrel panels between the windows on each story are made of reddish-brown and black brick, laid in a contrasting pattern.[18][16][17][21] The spandrel panels at lower floors contain geometric patterns, while those on upper floors have been simplified into horizontal bars. On floors with setbacks, the panels also contain miniature setbacks.[9][17] The vertical bands were similar to those used at Patterson's house at 3 East 84th Street, an Art Deco building that Hood had also designed.[22] The tops of the vertical bands terminate abruptly at the setbacks.[23] Hood wrote that the windows were each 4.75 feet (1.4 m) wide, while the centers of the windows were spaced at intervals of 9 feet (2.7 m), creating a uniform window layout.[13][18] Hood stated that the window design was largely chosen based on its perceived utility, because the interior space would have needed to be easily divided into offices.[24][25] However, other critics stated that horizontal strips of windows would have also worked for such a purpose.[25][26]

At the base of the tower, on the 42nd Street side, is a three-story-tall granite-clad main entrance that takes up the width of five bays. Over the entrance is a carving of the phrase "The News", below which is a large

bas-relief with carvings of people and the phrase "He Made So Many of Them", all in capital letters.[17][23][27] The latter quotation was attributed to Abraham Lincoln and referenced the "common people" to whom the Daily News was intended.[21][28][b] The figure atop the word "He" may be a representation of Lincoln.[21] There are glass pylons on either side of the entrance, which are topped by bronze ornamentation and contain horizontal bronze strips. There are smaller entrances leading to storefronts on either side of the main entrance. Above these storefronts are bronze friezes, which are overlaid at specific intervals by the bottom portions of the white brick walls that are present on the upper stories. The bronze friezes and white brick walls wrap around the building above the first story.[17][27] A granite inscription from Patterson is present on the western side of the building, and the southern facade of the tower has five loading docks.[27][30] The entrance was relatively luxurious, since Hood was given a $150,000 budget for the entrance's design.[24][18]

At the top, the facade is designed so that it appears to have no architectural decorations. The parapet walls extend above the roof to conceal the elevator rooms and the maintenance penthouses on the roof.[24][25] Hood had initially been uncertain about how to design the top stories.[31] According to one account, architect Frank Lloyd Wright visited Hood and advised him to "just cut the top off".[31][32][33] Walter Kilham, who had assisted Hood, later recalled that Wright retracted his suggestion after Kilham confronted Wright.[32][33]

Other portions

The facade of the original printing plant on 41st Street is similar to that of the tower, though the bays are grouped in sets of three. Each grouping is separated by wide white-brick piers, while the groupings of windows are internally subdivided by narrower piers. There are friezes above the first and second floors, as well as six loading docks on 41st Street.[9][30]

The annex's design echoes the vertical stripes of the original design, except with wider stripes.[5][10][34] Like the original building, the window bays each contain one window per floor. The facade has light-and-dark-red brick spandrels between the windows on each floor. The piers between each bay are decorated by slightly-projecting white-brick piers with aluminum sheathing. The facade of the printing-plant addition is designed in the same manner.[9][30]

Interior

Lobby

The lobby of the Daily News Building, circa 1941

The lobby of the building includes a circular

Daniel Putnam Brinley.[42] Inside the pit is a set of popular science inscriptions.[21] There is also a large compass on the floor, as well as bronze floor etchings within the terrazzo floor, with the names of major cities and their distances from New York City.[9][23][36][43] The walls have nineteen panels designed by J. Henry Weber, which depict maps, weather charts, and clocks from different time zones.[9][44] The Daily News Building's main elevator lobbies are to the south of the rotunda and contain bronze plaques memorializing Daily News employees who fought in major wars.[15]

The rotunda was inspired by the Glass Pavilion by Bruno Taut, and the recessed center specifically was inspired by the tomb of Napoleon at Les Invalides.[35][40][45] Accounts differ on who had the most influence on the lobby's design. According to Daily News historians, Patterson was the first to propose the idea of the lobby.[41][46] Hood's biographer conversely implied that the idea had not come from Patterson, who had supposedly been skeptical of the design with a globe.[46][47]

As originally configured, the rotunda was approached from the 42nd Street entrance to the north, as well as from a hallway on the southwest. The hallway led to two banks of elevators to the south, as well as a restaurant, and there were two storefronts flanking the rotunda, one each to the west and east.[35][37] The elevator lobbies had bronze grilles and other decorations designed by Rene Paul Chambellan in the Art Deco style.[35] There were eighteen glass exhibits, which were part of a scientific and educational display designed by James H. Scarr, a U.S. Weather Bureau meteorologist.[48] The main lobby was so popular among tourists that Hood subsequently opened up a side entrance for Daily News employees.[18][49] During the expansion, the storefronts on either side of the rotunda were removed and incorporated into the main lobby.[10][44] The glass showcases of the original lobby were replaced with the wall panels. The city names were changed to reflect new distances and spellings, and a hallway was extended to the entrance on Second Avenue.[44]

Other stories

When the Daily News occupied the building, the printing plant was arranged so the press rooms and circulation departments were on lower floors, while the editorial departments were on higher floors.[50][51] The ground story contained the circulation department, as well as mail and delivery rooms. The plant's second story included a reel room, while the third story contained space for 76 printing presses and a visitors' gallery. The printing plant's fourth story was originally occupied by the Museum of the Peaceful Arts and was reserved for the Daily News's future use. The fifth story could store 8,440 short tons (7,540 long tons; 7,660 t) of paper, and the sixth story was devoted to local advertising. The seventh story included the newspaper's photograph studio and editorial department, the latter of which was connected to the composing room by pneumatic tubes; the feature, sports, and television departments; and the promotion department on its western side. The eighth story of the printing plant contained the newspaper's executive offices, as well as its accounting, personnel, purchasing, and stock departments.[51]

The main tower contained office space, some of which was used by the Daily News and its affiliates.[50] The upper floors were designed as lofts separated only by movable partitions.[9] Although Hood was not particularly involved in the design of the office stories, he did design an executive suite for Patterson.[18]

History

Seen from street level

The Medill family published numerous large newspapers in the United States in the early 20th century, including the Tribune Media conglomerate. One family member, Joseph Medill Patterson, founded the Daily News in 1919 as the United States' first daily tabloid.[52][53][54] While the Daily News was not an immediate success, it became the city's largest newspaper by 1925, with a daily circulation of over a million.[52][53][55] The Daily News was originally based at 25 City Hall Place in the Civic Center of Lower Manhattan, moving in 1921 to a five-story building nearby at 23 Park Place. By 1927, the latter building had become insufficient for the Daily News's operations.[56] The Daily News then started to look for new locations, following the example set by The New York Times and New York Herald, which had previously moved north to Midtown Manhattan from Lower Manhattan. According to the newspaper's research manager Harry Corash, the city's population was centered in Queens, east of Midtown Manhattan across the East River.[57][58]

Planning and construction

Planning

The site ultimately chosen was on East 42nd Street; the section east of Grand Central Terminal and Lexington Avenue had yet to be developed, and the Daily News's historians called the area "a row of old, assorted, unpretentious structures".[58][59] Patterson said that the 42nd Street location was ideal, as it was on the same street as Times Square, where the rival Times's headquarters were located.[59][60] The Daily News bought a 40,000-square-foot (3,700 m2) tract facing 41st and 42nd streets, between Second and Third avenues, on February 3, 1928, from the Tishman Construction Company for $2.5 million (equivalent to $35 million in 2023[d]). Patterson planned to build a 20-story structure for the Daily News on the site.[61][62][63] Eleven days later, the Daily News bought the lots at 41st Street and Second Avenue, which collectively comprised 8,000 square feet (740 m2).[64][65] This gave the Daily News an L-shaped lot measuring 355 feet (108 m) on 41st Street, 125 feet (38 m) on 42nd Street, 98 feet (30 m) on Second Avenue, and 197 feet (60 m) to the west.[64][66]

Patterson selected Hood and Howells as architects for the new building. The pair had previously won the competition to design the Tribune Tower, the headquarters of the Chicago Tribune, which was owned by Patterson's cousin Robert R. McCormick.[59][65][67] Hood had first proposed the Daily News Building as a tower, but Patterson had initially objected.[68][69] The newspaper magnate did not want the structure to be a monument[69] and initially wanted to build a printing plant with some offices.[68] To get Patterson to acquiesce to the tower plan, Hood framed the plan as an "efficient" business decision and prepared numerous models for possible buildings, concluding that the most efficient one was a skyscraper of between 35 and 40 stories.[43][60] Hood presented various floor plans to Patterson every week until Patterson acquiesced on the eleventh meeting.[18] One of Hood's plans, which would have set back the tower above the third story to create a rising effect, was rejected by Patterson since it would have eliminated usable office space allowed under the zoning restrictions.[29][70] Another plan to use a limestone facade was scrapped due to cost, and brick was used instead.[15][21][71] Hood subsequently carved a plastic model of the building, creating a tapered design.[15][32][72] Hood also created drawings for the proposed building, which depicted a blocky mass with several setbacks.[73]

On the west side of the building was the Commercial High School, which the

New York City Board of Education was planning to tear down. In February 1929, the Daily News and the Board of Education each agreed to cede 25 feet (7.6 m) toward a pedestrian walkway, protecting views from the building's western facade.[74] Only the Daily News's section of the walkway was built, as the high school remained until the late 20th century.[18][43][75] Nonetheless, the presence of the pedestrian walkway allowed Hood to design the western elevation as a full facade.[68]

Construction

1941 sketch

Blueprints were filed with the Manhattan Bureau of Buildings in June 1928; at the time, the building was to be composed of 36 stories and would cost $6.6 million (equivalent to $92,543,807 in 2023[d]).[76][77] In addition to the Daily News, the new structure would contain Tribune subsidiaries that were related to the paper's operation.[59] The Hegeman-Harris Company was hired as the main contractor for the project,[51][74] which was to last 14 months.[74] The ceremonial cornerstone, filled with relics of the Daily News's owner Tribune Media, was laid in September 1928.[78] By the following February, thirty percent of the office space had been rented to other companies;[74] one such tenant had rented 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2).[79] International Paper had agreed to lend $5 million to the Daily News to fund the building's development, but the loan fell through, prompting the Daily News to sue International Paper in May 1929.[80][81] Construction of the steel frame was finished in August 1929.[82]

By late 1929, the Daily News Building was almost complete. The rival Times described the project as one of several high-rise developments that were "radically changing the old-time conditions" along East 42nd Street,[83] aside from the Lincoln Building, Chanin Building, Chrysler Building, and Tudor City.[84] In November 1929, several mechanics were given craftsmanship certificates for "outstanding work" on the Daily News Building's construction; at that point, the Daily News Building was 75 percent rented.[85] The Daily News started moving into the building in February 1930.[50] The lobby, which was supposed to be completed by that May,[51] did not open to the public until July 23, 1930.[86][87] The building, including the newspaper's new printing presses, had cost $10.7 million (equivalent to $155,378,741 in 2023[d]).[88][89]

Daily News use

Early years and expansion

The New Yorker observed that the office space at the Daily News Building was designed "at factory prices", which was part of the reason why Patterson had selected Hood as an architect.

National City Bank of New York.[95] In addition, United Press International moved its headquarters to the Daily News Building in 1931.[96][97] The lobby had 625,000 visitors a year by 1938.[98]

The newspaper filed plans in November 1944 for a 24-story annex at Second Avenue and 41st Street, which would have cost $3 million (equivalent to $41 million in 2023[d]).[99][100] Harrison, Fouilhoux & Abramovitz (later Harrison & Abramovitz) designed the annex.[100] After Daily News acquired TV station WPIX, a television studio for WPIX opened at the building in June 1948.[101][102] WPIX broadcast from the building's 778-foot-high (237 m) mast until transmission facilities moved to the Empire State Building in 1951, after which WPIX's studios remained in the Daily News Building.[103] Meanwhile, the News Syndicate Company had continued to acquire adjoining lots at the southwest corner of 42nd Street and Second Avenue, adjoining the existing building. The company had acquired all of the lots at that corner by August 1950, at which point it had planned to build a broadcasting station on the site.[104][105]

In the late 1950s, as part of a $20 million expansion of the Daily News's facilities (equivalent to $178 million in 2023

labor strike during early 1958,[107] but the facade of the annex had been completed by April 1959.[108] The lobby was also renovated under the guidance of Daily News president Francis Marion Flynn.[35][40] The new structure was completed in June 1960,[41] and, by that August, the expanded building was 90 percent rented.[109] The New York Times described the Daily News Building annex as one of several structures that had been erected as part of a "building boom" on Second Avenue between 40th and 45th streets.[110]

1960s to early 1990s

Sign for WPIX on the Daily News Building

The globe in the lobby was restored over 61 weeks during 1966 and 1967.[40][44] By the 1970s, the Daily News and the International Paper Company were the main occupants of the Daily News Building; when the latter moved out in 1978, the vacant space was quickly occupied. By 1981, Tribune Media was attempting to sell the Daily News with limited success. Media and real-estate concerns projected that the building might be worth $150–250 million (equivalent to $426–709 million in 2023[d]); several commentators suggested that the Daily News could be shuttered to free up office space, though others pointed out that relocating the printing presses would also free up space.[111] To cut costs, Daily News publisher Robert M. Hunt had proposed shutting down the Daily News Building's printing plant and spending $60 million to upgrade a printing plant in Brooklyn.[112]

Tribune Media agreed in November 1982 to sell the Daily News Building to a limited partnership; the Daily News would continue to occupy the space under a leaseback arrangement.[113][114] The sale was finalized the next month[115] for approximately $90 million.[116] The La Salle Street Fund held a majority stake in the partnership, while New York News Inc. held the remaining stake.[117] As part of the sale, the printing and distribution operations were moved to other facilities in the New York metropolitan area.[118] In 1984, the Daily News removed its printing presses from the building, freeing up 175,000 square feet (16,300 m2) that was converted to office space.[118] The Daily News continued to reduce the amount of space it occupied during the early 1990s;[119] the building only housed the paper's business offices and newsrooms, as production and distribution had been relocated to New Jersey.[120]

Post-Daily News era

In October 1994, the Daily News announced that it would move its remaining operations within the Daily News Building to 450 West 33rd Street in Chelsea, Manhattan.[121][122] The relocation was motivated by the cost of maintaining several spaces, as well as the fact that the lease was about to expire and the Daily News's operations in the building had been downsized since the early 1980s.[121] At the time, the newspaper occupied 130,000 square feet (12,000 m2) across 21 floors of the Daily News Building; the new headquarters was slightly smaller, at 112,000 square feet (10,400 m2), but was consolidated on a single floor.[123] Further, the Daily News's circulation had decreased by two-thirds from its peak in the 1940s, and the number of employees had been reduced more than 85 percent.[121] Finally, the newspaper could not renew its lease for another two and a half years.[123] Tribune Media would not relocate WPIX, which had expanded its space in the building the same year.[124]

The Daily News moved out during May 1995.[98][123] The building still had over 50 tenants at the time, including Tribune affiliates WPIX-TV and WQCD-FM, as well as Crain Communications.[123] The Daily News Building's owners had placed it for sale by January 1996.[125] By then, the building had an occupancy rate of between 83 and 86 percent, despite the departure of the Daily News.[126][127] Developer Steve Witkoff of Stellar Management, along with JAG Capital, agreed that September to buy the Daily News Building for between $110 million and $115 million.[126][128] The new owners leased out most of the remaining vacant space so the building could become eligible for a $140 million mortgage.[129] The Omnicom Group signed a lease for a majority of the building's space in 1997, making it the building's main tenant.[130]

The Daily News Building was again placed for sale in early 2001,

Verizon Communications, Value Line, Neuberger Berman, and the United Nations Population Fund.[133]

SL Green was considering selling the property by January 2019,[135] and developer Jacob Chetrit offered $815 million for the building that October.[136] However, the sale was scrapped in March 2020 after Deutsche Bank withdrew its financing as a result of economic uncertainty during the COVID-19 pandemic.[134][137][138] In June 2020, SL Green refinanced the building after having secured a $510 million mortgage;[139][140] despite the COVID-related financial difficulties, the Daily News Building was almost fully leased by then.[140] SL Green had sued Chetrit over the cancellation of the sale after Chetrit objected to SL Green's recovery of a $35 million development from an escrow account,[141][142] but that dispute was resolved in September 2020.[143] SL Green sold a 49 percent ownership stake in the building to Meritz Alternative Investment Management in July 2021 for $790 million.[144][145]

Tenants

The building houses the former Daily News TV broadcast subsidiary

Young Adult Institute takes up 75,000 square feet (7,000 m2) within the building.[149] Other tenants include the United Nations Development Programme;[150] UN Women, which occupies 85,000 square feet (7,900 m2);[151] and the New York office of public relations firm FleishmanHillard.[152]

Impact

The Daily News's historians wrote in 1971 that "the building did a lot for the paper".[153][154] The Daily News referred to it as being among Hood's "triumphs", though most of the paper's praise for the building was directed toward the lobby.[155] In 1931, the Daily News published an editorial in rebuttal to modern architecture, saying that the design was focused on the "efficient production of newspapers."[155][156] At the time of the building's opening, the Daily News praised the lobby as having a state-of-the-art exhibit.[87][86] Prior to his death, Hood had disregarded the building's "architectural beauty" and "composition", instead focusing on its "effect".[28][157]

Critical reception

Daily News Building, rendered by Hugh Ferriss

Architectural critics had mixed opinions of the design.[155][158] According to English architect Frank Scarlett, who looked at the model of the building, it was one of several contemporary designs that deviated from the eclectic style that had been popular until the early 20th century.[159] The New Yorker, profiling Hood in 1931, said that the Daily News Building was "a distinctly untraditional building" and that Hood's design had been "daringly successful".[91] One early appraisal of the Daily News Building called the facade "almost nothing but a series of stripes",[21][26][28] which the reviewer deemed to be artistic.[26][160] Another reviewer praised the lobby exhibit as being "a genuine contribution to architecture".[160][161] After Hood's death in 1934, critics and the media described Hood as "utilitarian" in his designs.[155] The New York Times said that the Daily News Building's design made him "practically a complete functionalist".[33][162] Contemporary modernist architect Harvey Wiley Corbett said in Architectural Forum that the building was a "right about-face [...] from the former eclectic approach".[33][163] Architectural Forum lauded the building's exterior in 1935 for being utilitarian and praised the lobby as "romantic and dramatic".[164]

Other critics viewed the Daily News Building as architecturally lacking. Architectural historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock and architect Philip Johnson perceived the building's design to have sacrificed functionality for effectiveness, saying that the "crisp square termination" on the roof "is a deception".[33][165] A similar sentiment criticizing the roof was expressed in the New York Herald Tribune's obituary of Hood.[28] Architectural critic Royal Cortissoz refused to acknowledge the Daily News Building as an architectural work, to which Hood is said to have replied, "So much the better".[158] Kenneth M. Murchison wrote of the facade, "'Stripes' is Mr. Hood's middle name. He can't get away from them."[158][166] After the addition of the annex, Paul Goldberger characterized the addition as a "thoughtful but inadequate companion" to the original tower.[10][167]

Later reviews of the building compared it with the contemporary architecture.[168] One guidebook, published in 1952, stated that the building had an "asymmetrical, almost picturesque" shape.[169] Another book in 1960 perceived the tower's freestanding nature as its most appealing quality.[170] Further reviews in the 1970s described the building as having deviated from popular architectural styles of the time,[171] and being a modern skyscraper that was easily distinguishable from "mediocre metal-and-glass neighbors".[23] Architectural writer Eric Nash said in 1999 that "Hood did not romanticize the skyscraper as a carved mountain", unlike contemporaries such as Ralph Thomas Walker or Hugh Ferriss.[172] The rival New York Times called the Daily News Building "one of America's great newspaper buildings", as contrasted with the Times's then-headquarters at 229 West 43rd Street.[173] Justin Davidson of New York magazine wrote in 2017 that Hood had "produced an artistic creation, a jazzy concoction of syncopated setbacks and white-brick stripes shooting toward the sky. In a city of flat façades, this was a sculpture to be appreciated from all sides."[174]

Landmark designations

The

New York City Landmark in 1981,[34][3] and its first-floor interior was similarly designated in 1998.[4][34] The LPC, in granting the exterior landmark status, called it "one of the city's major Art Deco presences".[3] The building also became a National Historic Landmark in 1989.[1][176][177] Only the original tower and printing plant are covered by the National Historic Landmark and New York City Landmark designations.[3][1]

Media depictions

Hugh Ferriss drew a rendering of the Daily News Building in 1930.

1977 New York City blackout began on July 13–14, the building's facade was serving as the set for the upcoming release of the film.[182] During the blackout, film crews lent their Klieg lights to Daily News editors so that the following day's issue could be published.[183]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ The larger setbacks are two bays deep, and the smaller setbacks are one bay deep. Each bay corresponds to the width of one column of windows. Where applicable, the locations of each setback correspond to the floor above the setback.
  2. ^ According to Hood's assistant and biographer Walter Kilham, this was likely a misquote.[18][29]
  3. ^ However, the Daily News states that the globe is 17 feet (5.2 m) in diameter.[41]
  4. ^
    Gross Domestic Product deflator
    figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.

Citations

  1. ^ a b c "The News Building". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 11, 2007. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved September 12, 2007.
  2. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  3. ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981, p. 1.
  4. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1998, p. 1.
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7
    .
  6. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Archived
    from the original on February 19, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  7. ^ "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Midtown East / Grand Central" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981, p. 6; Landmarks Preservation Commission 1998, p. 4.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l National Park Service 1989, p. 6.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 456.
  11. ^ "Daily News Building". Emporis. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  12. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981, pp. 7–8.
  13. ^ a b c Architectural Forum 1930, p. 531 (PDF p. 7).
  14. ^ Architectural Forum 1930, pp. 531–532 (PDF pp. 7–8).
  15. ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981, p. 9.
  16. ^ a b c d National Park Service 1989, p. 2.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981, p. 11.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 578.
  19. ^
    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on February 21, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  20. ^ a b c "We're Sprouting a New Wing". New York Daily News. December 15, 1957. p. 2. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Robins 2017, p. 78.
  22. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
  23. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-504219-1. Archived
    from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  24. ^ a b c Architectural Forum 1930, p. 532 (PDF p. 8).
  25. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981, p. 10.
  26. ^ a b c Haskell, Douglas (December 24, 1930). "The Stripes of the News". The Nation. p. 713.
  27. ^ a b c National Park Service 1989, p. 5.
  28. ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981, p. 15.
  29. ^ a b Kilham 1973, p. 22.
  30. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981, p. 12.
  31. ^ a b National Park Service 1989, p. 9.
  32. ^ a b c Kilham 1973, p. 27.
  33. ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981, p. 14.
  34. ^
    ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1
    .
  35. ^ a b c d e f Landmarks Preservation Commission 1998, p. 5.
  36. ^ a b Robins 2017, pp. 78–79.
  37. ^ a b Architectural Forum 1930, p. 542 (PDF p. 18).
  38. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981, p. 7.
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Sources

External links

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