Dakshina Kannada
Dakshina Kannada
South Canara | |
---|---|
UTC+5:30 (IST) | |
PIN | 5750xx(Mangalore),
574201(Puttur), 574239(Mangalore International Airport |
Seaport | New Mangalore Port |
Website | dk |
Dakshina Kannada district is located in the
Geography
-
Hilly region - Sullia Town
-
Coastal plain - Tannirbhavi Beach
The district geography consists of seashore in the west and Western Ghats in the east. The soil is mostly lateritic type, characterised by high iron and aluminium content.[6]
The major rivers are
The topography of the district is plain up to 30 km (18.64 mi) inside the coast and changes to undulating hilly terrain sharply towards the east in the Western Ghats.[10] Teak, bamboo and rosewood trees are found in the hilly areas towards the east.[11] The Geological Survey of India has identified this district as a moderately earthquake-prone region and categorised it in the Seismic III Zone.[12] In rural Dakshina Kannada, houses are in the midst of a farm field or plantations of coconut or arecanut, separated by a few hundred metres.[13]
Shirlalu village (in the
Climate
Dakshina Kannada features a Tropical Monsoon climate (Am) according to the Köppen climate classification.[17] The average annual rainfall in Dakshina Kannada is 4,030 millimetres (159 in).[7] The rainfall varies from 3,774.1 millimetres (149 in) at the Mangalore coast, 4,530 millimetres (178 in) at Moodabidri and 4,329 millimetres (170 in) at Puttur near the Western Ghats.[18] The average humidity is 75% and peaks in July at 89%.[19]
Climate data for Mangalore (1961–1990, extremes 1901–1981) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 36.3 (97.3) |
37.8 (100.0) |
37.4 (99.3) |
36.6 (97.9) |
36.7 (98.1) |
34.4 (93.9) |
35.6 (96.1) |
32.2 (90.0) |
34.6 (94.3) |
35.0 (95.0) |
35.6 (96.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
37.8 (100.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.7 (89.1) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.9 (89.4) |
32.8 (91.0) |
32.3 (90.1) |
29.9 (85.8) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.5 (83.3) |
29.2 (84.6) |
30.4 (86.7) |
31.7 (89.1) |
32.0 (89.6) |
30.9 (87.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 21.7 (71.1) |
22.7 (72.9) |
24.4 (75.9) |
25.7 (78.3) |
25.4 (77.7) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.4 (72.3) |
23.5 (74.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | 16.7 (62.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
18.3 (64.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
18.9 (66.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.8 (65.8) |
17.6 (63.7) |
16.7 (62.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.2 (0.01) |
3.6 (0.14) |
2.5 (0.10) |
35.0 (1.38) |
199.5 (7.85) |
955.8 (37.63) |
1,160.3 (45.68) |
792.6 (31.20) |
331.5 (13.05) |
184.0 (7.24) |
75.2 (2.96) |
33.9 (1.33) |
3,774.1 (148.59) |
Average rainy days | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 7.2 | 24.5 | 29.4 | 25.4 | 15.3 | 10.1 | 4.4 | 1.3 | 119.7 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
65 | 68 | 70 | 71 | 73 | 82 | 86 | 85 | 83 | 80 | 71 | 67 | 75 |
Source: India Meteorological Department[20][21] |
Climate data for Puttur, Karnataka, India | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.3 (88.3) |
31.8 (89.2) |
32.7 (90.9) |
33.1 (91.6) |
32.4 (90.3) |
29.3 (84.7) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.8 (83.8) |
29.9 (85.8) |
30.8 (87.4) |
31.2 (88.2) |
30.6 (87.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.8 (69.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
23.6 (74.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.2 (77.4) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.2 (73.8) |
22.4 (72.3) |
21.0 (69.8) |
23.0 (73.4) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0 (0) |
1 (0.0) |
6 (0.2) |
63 (2.5) |
208 (8.2) |
938 (36.9) |
1,489 (58.6) |
858 (33.8) |
386 (15.2) |
277 (10.9) |
81 (3.2) |
22 (0.9) |
4,329 (170.4) |
Source: Climate-Data.org - Climate Table of Puttur, Karnataka, India[18] |
History
Legend
As per the Gramappadhathi, Dakshina Kannada (along with the rest of the west coast) was created by
Early history
The earliest recording of what would become Dakshina Kannada district is found in Sangam literature, specifically in a poem of Mamulanar. M Govinda Pai identified the kingdom of Harita mentioned in the Harivamsha as Dakshina Kannada, specifically correlating the word Mudugara with Moger, part of the title of the fishermen community in the district. Pai speculated as an alternative that the entire strip from North Kanara to Kanyakumari was inhabited by Nagas who worshipped snakes, and that the character Shankachuda mentioned in several works including the work Nagananda, was from this region.[22] Several scholars identified the Satiyaputras mentioned in Ashoka's edicts as belonging to this region.[22]
The region, owing to its position on the west coast, also finds mention in Greek sources. Pliny mentioned pirates that infested the coast between the regions of Muziris and Nitiras, which many scholars have identified with the Netravati. Ptolemy mentions two ports: Barace and Maganur which modern-day scholars identified with Barsur and Mangalore respectively. Ptolemy mentioned an inland centre of pirates called Oloikhera, which has been identified with Alvakheda, or territories of the Alupas. The region also finds mention in a play called the Chariton Mime, which contains dialogue in a language scholars have variously interpreted as an early form of Kannada or Tulu.[22]
Alupas
The
Vijayanagara Empire
A 1204 inscription shows Mangalore had regained its position as capital from Barkur. Over the course of the 13th and 14th centuries, Alupa power declined steadily until Alupakheda was annexed by the Vijayangara Empire. The first Vijayanagara inscription in the district was from 1345 in Attavara. For the next three centuries, the empire administered Tulu Nadu with a firm hand especially as Tulu Nadu was the conduit through which much of their western trade, and how they secured horses from Arabia. Harihara Raya built a fort at Barkur, and instituted a revenue system where half of crops went to the cultivators while the rest were divided between landlords, Brahmins and the state. Ibn Batutta mentioned how the Muslim governor of 'Honore' paid tribute to a Vijayanagara revenue collector in Barkur with the title Wadiyar. While passing from Karwar to Kozhikode, he stayed in a port identified as 'Manjarur', identified as Mangalore, and noted the country to be prosperous but with few wheeled vehicles.[22]
Two hero stones dated to 1398 in Bhatkal record a rebellion in Tulu Nadu. At this time, the Alupa rule was basically ended and replaced with Barakur and Mangaluru rajyas, sometimes united into one Tulu Rajya. The governors were often transferred: during the reign of Devaraya II, there were eight governors of Mangaluru rajya. During the usurpation of Saluva Narasimharaya, he did much to improve the horse trade, which had suffered under previous rulers with his governor Mallappa Nayaka. When Krishnadevaraya came to power, he largely relied on the local feudal chiefs to remain obedient. Sadashiva Nayaka of Keladi ruled over Barakuru, Mangaluru, Chandragutti and Araga rajyas.[22]
Portuguese arrival
When the
Rani Abbakka, the Chowta wife of Banga Raja and the Queen of Ullal, fought the Portuguese. She stopped paying tribute to the Portuguese, causing them to send a fleet to Mangalore and force a settlement, but soon she aided the enemies of the Portuguese and again stopped tribute payment. In 1566, she defeated a Portuguese expedition and killed its commander, causing the Portuguese in Goa to send an armada to subdue her in 1567. On 15 January 1568, however, the Portuguese defeated the Rani and forced her to sign a new treaty.[22]
Nayakas of Keladi
The Nayakas of Keladi were a Veerashaiva family which had ruled a large portion of Tulu Nadu starting in the 16th century, when they had control over Mangalore and the rest of Tulu Nadu. Eventually in 1613, Venkatappa Nayaka I became independent and was the most powerful ruler in Tulu Nadu, taking territory which owed fealty to Bijapur and aiding Rani Abbakka. Under Shivappa Nayaka, the Nayakas of Keladi, now with capital at Bidnur, conquered the entirety of Tulu Nadu. Shivappa Nayaka utterly defeated the power of the Portuguese in Tulu Nadu. His successor made a treaty with the Portuguese where they could set up unarmed factories in Mangalore and Basrur, but were not to convert the locals. His successor, Keladi Chennamma, is famous for sheltering Rajaram and fending off Aurangzeb's forces. She also put down rebellions of Tuluva chieftains. During this time Arab traders, who were kicked out by the Portuguese, burnt Mangalore and other trade towns. In 1714, due to trade disputes, the Portuguese bombarded Mangalore and defeated the ruler Basavappa Nayaka I, who promised to ban Arab traders from entering. From 1757 to 1763, while Queen Veerammaji was looking after the kingdom, the Ali Raja of Kannur along with Maratha followers led a devastating raid into the district. They plundered to Manjeshwar and took a large booty from the Kollur Mookambika temple.[22]
Mysore rule
Due to this unrest, Hyder Ali was able to sack Bidnur in 1763 and annex Tulu Nadu the same year. He conquered Mangalore, and set a governor Latif Ali Baig. This threatened English shipping in the Arabian Sea, so during the First Anglo Mysore War in 1766 Company soldiers from Bombay conquered Mangalore. However, as soon as he heard the news of the capture of Bangalore, Tipu Sultan made a lightning attack on Mangalore and forced the British to retreat only a week after they captured Mangalore. Hyder Ali then confiscated all Portuguese holdings in the region due to their support for the English. In 1770, Hyder Ali made a treaty with the British allowing for rice to be supplied from Mangalore to Bombay. The next year, he gave Portuguese some privileges back such as the ability to evangelize. However, in 1776, Hyder Ali revoked all these privildges, ejected the Portuguese from Mangalore and built up a large navy in the region.[22]
During the Second Anglo-Mysore War starting in 1781 the British quickly took over most of Tulunadu, as well as Bidnur, due to the treachery of the fort's guardian Iyaz Khan. In March 1783 however, they were forced to capitulate the fort. Tippu also sent a large force to besiege Mangalore, and after two months took the fort. Tippu's rule was harsh for the local chiefs, who he executed and dispossessed due to their perceived collaboration with the English.[22]
British rule and early resistance
During the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799, the British returned the lands to their feudal chiefs. After Tippu's defeat, the British gave the Raja of Coorg several maganes which had been taken from him by Hyder Ali and set up their administration, with Thomas Munro the first Collector of Kanara. However Vittala Hegde, who had fled when Tippu campaigned in Tulunadu and returned at the start of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, began to develop an armed following to retake his lands. His ally Subba Rao attacked the Tehsildar of Kadaba, but was defeated by a British ally, Kumara Hegde. In July 1800, the British pursued the last remnants of Vittala Hedge's army into Shishila Ghat, where they were defeated and many of the chief rebels were arrested.[22]
At this time, the district was in severe distress due to the many bloody wars waged across it. The British deputed an administrator to study the economic condition of Kanara district, which noted severe deprivation in the south but more commerce further north. The Company then imposed harsh revenue demands on the poor peasants, who were already reeling from depression. The peasants organised themselves and participated in a 'no-tax' campaign, forcing the British to rethink their tax policy on the poor. The British then invaded Coorg when its ruler objected to British interference and took all territory of the state below the Western Ghats, adding it to Kanara district.[22]
In 1837, the British faced the Amara Sullia rebellion. After the British had deposed Kalyanaswami, a pretender to the throne of Coorg, he went to Bellare, and gathered a large number of supporters who marched on Puttur. Kalyanaswami defeated two companies of sepoys near Puttur, and Kalyanaswami then marched on Mangalore, causing the British to flee. For two weeks Kalyanaswami held Mangalore, released prisoners and set the homes of British soldiers alight. When British forces came from Thalassery to Mangalore, his poorly armed forces melted away. Kalyanaswami and other prominent leaders were hanged while others were deported to Singapore.[22]
Before 1860, Dakshina Kannada was part of a district called
Independence movement
During the 1920s, several newspapers in the district drew inspiration from the freedom struggle such as Tilaka Sandesh, Satyagrahi and others. South Kanara participated in the non-cooperation movement led in the district by Karnad Sadashiva Rao. All independence movement movements gained significant traction in the district, and Gandhi and Nehru both visited Mangalore during the Freedom struggle. In 1942 large numbers of leaders were jailed in the Quit India movement.[22]
Post-independence
In 1947 South Kanara joined India as part of Madras State. In 1956, the states were reorganised on linguistic lines. The Malayalam-majority Kasaragod subdivision became a part of Kerala, the Aminidivi Islands were joined with the Laccadive and Minicoy islands in a union territory, while the Tulu and Kannada majority Dakshina Kannada subdivision became a district of
Administration
The district comprises nine
Important cities and towns in Dakshina Kannada include
Dakshina Kannada District has 1 City Corporation (Mangalore), 2 City Municipal Councils, 3 Town Municipal Councils, and 8 Town Panchayaths.
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1901 | 485,304 | — |
1911 | 516,051 | +0.62% |
1921 | 546,146 | +0.57% |
1931 | 596,400 | +0.88% |
1941 | 666,222 | +1.11% |
1951 | 755,100 | +1.26% |
1961 | 915,039 | +1.94% |
1971 | 1,163,668 | +2.43% |
1981 | 1,428,028 | +2.07% |
1991 | 1,656,165 | +1.49% |
2001 | 1,897,730 | +1.37% |
2011 | 2,089,649 | +0.97% |
source:[36] |
According to the
The literacy rate of Mangalore city is 94%.[3] According to the 2011 Indian Census, the district ranks second in per capita income,[38] second in HDI,[39] first in literacy[40] and third in sex ratio among all districts in Karnataka.[41]
Religion
In Dakshina Kannada, Hindus form the majority, while Muslims and Christians form significant minorities. Muslims and Christians have greater presence in urban areas.[45] The Beary community forms 90% of Dakshina Kannada's Muslim population. The
Historically Jainism and Buddhism had a significant presence in the district. Jainism was the traditional religion of the Alupas as well as the Chowtas.The Chowtas ruled Dakshina Kannada during the Portuguese invasions of the 1500s.[50][51]
Language
Education and research
In Dakshina Kannada, primary and secondary education have reached every section of the society. Some of them are St Agnes CBSE school, St Theresa ICSE School and St Aloysius School, Vivekananda collage,[53][54] A host of educational institutes offering courses in Medicine, Engineering, Pharmacy, Nursing, Hotel and Catering, Law and Management are in this district.[55]
Dakshina Kannada is home to the
The district is home to research institutes such as the Directorate of Cashew Research at
The medical colleges in the district include
The Degree colleges in the district include St Aloysius College (Autonomous), St Agnes College (Autonomous), SDM College, Canara College, Besant College, Govinda Dasa College etc
Cultures, traditions and rituals
According to legend, this new area of land extended from
According to
The 16th century work
Transport
The district is connected by air through the
Bus services in this district are run by private players namely Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association (DKBOA)[93] and the state-run KSRTC.[94] The district had public limited (public listed) companies running transport business even before the independence of India in 1947.[95]
The district has five national highways connecting parts of Karnataka and India.
Highway |
Starting Point |
Ending Point |
---|---|---|
National Highway 66 (previously NH 17)
|
Panvel, Maharashtra | Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu |
National Highway 75 (previously NH 48)
|
Mangalore | Vellore, Tamil Nadu |
National Highway 275 | Mangalore | Bangalore |
National Highway 169 (previously NH 13) | Mangalore | Shimoga |
National Highway 73 | Mangalore | Tumkur |
In 1907, the
The Dakshina Kannada district has a
Historic sites and tourism
-
Sri Manjunatha Temple at Dharmasthala
-
Kukke SubramanyaTemple
-
Shree Durgaparameshwari Temple Kateel
-
Kudroli Temple in Mangalore
-
Mangaladevi Temple
-
St Aloysius College
The following are historic places to visit in Dakshina Kannada:[7][110]
- Mangaladevi Temple: Mangalore was named after the Hindu deity Mangaladevi.
- Venur: Monolithic Bahubali statue.
- Kadri: Temple of Lord Sri Manjunatha.
- Shree Amrutheshwara Temple, Vamanjoor: Temple of Lord Shiva.
- Moodabidri: Site of the ancient Jain temples and the Bhattaraka seat.
- ashta mathaof Udupi.
- Dharmasthala: The temple of Lord Sri Manjunatheshwara is here.
- Kateel: Temple of Goddess Sri Durga Parameshwari.
- Kadeshivalaya: Kadeshivalaya temple at Bantwal
- Mangaluru.
- Kudroli: Gokarnanatheshwars Temple.
- Mundkur: Sri Durga Parameshwari Temple.
- Karinjeshwara Temple: Temple of Lord Shiva Parvati on a huge rock.
- Ullal: Known for the Ullal beach and Someshwara beach.[111]
- Kukke Subramanya: Temple of the serpent Lord Subramanya is here.
- Mulki: Durgaparameshwari Temple.
- St Aloysius Chapel, Mangalore.[111]
- Milagres Church, Mangalore[111]
- Sayyed Madani Mosque and Dargah, Ullal.[111]
- Sultan Battery, Mangalore[111]
- Puttur: Temple of Lord Sri Mahalingeshwara is here.
- Uppinangadi: Sahasralingeshwara temple.
- Kepu, Ananthadi, Balnadu: Known for goddess Ullalthi temple and its unique heritage.[111]
- Puttur karavadtha valiyullahi darga shareef
- Somanatheswar Temple: Someshwara, Ullal.
- Summer Sand Beach Resort at Ullal.[111]
- Pilikula Nisargadhama: Pilikula, Moodushedde, Mangalore.[112]
- Kudupu temple: Kudupu, Mangalore.[111]
- Shri Rajarajeshwari Temple Polali: Temple of Shri Rajarajeshwari.[113]
- Kumbladi Balasubrahmanya.[111]
- Charvaka Kapileshwara Devasthaana.[111]
- Shri Kshetra Daipila.[111]
- Masjidu Thaqwa Pumpwell Mangalore.[114]
- Bellye Palli (Big Masjid) Bunder Mangalore.[111]
- Manjusha Car Museum, Dharmastala
- Srimanthi Bhai Memorial Government Museum
- Sawthadka Shri Mahaganapathi Temple.
- Nearby hill stations
Some of the hill stations in close proximity to this district corresponding to their elevation above sea level are
Agriculture
Cuisine
Some of the well-known
The Beary community have their own unique dishes. Pattir, Pole, Pulchepole, Kalthappa, Aapa, Neyyappa, Neypathir, Irmandappa, Pindi, Erchi pindi, Kunji pindi, and Vodupole are some of the traditional breakfasts and are primarily made from rice. Various dishes made from fresh or dried fish are also extensively consumed. Molavtanni made from lentils or sprouted pulses is the traditional soup usually eaten along with rice. Kakka is the traditional gravy made from fish,chicken,egg or mutton. Like in other coastal cuisine, coconut and its products form integral part of the Beary cuisine.
Mangalorean Catholics' Sanna-Dukra Maas ("Sanna" means
Commerce and industry
The district along with Udupi district is known as "The Cradle of Indian banking".[132] Major nationalised banks of India such as Canara Bank, Corporation Bank, Syndicate Bank, Vijaya Bank and private sector Karnataka Bank evolved from these two districts.[133]
Red clay tiles (
Dakshina Kannada district has a per capita income of Rs. 218,580 which is second only to Bangalore Urban district.[135][136] Despite ranking 8th in the list of most populous districts in Karnataka, the district is the second largest contributor to the state's GSDP, with a contribution of 5.8%.[135] In other words, despite a low population share of 3.4%, the district's share in state GSDP stands at 5.8%.[135]
As the district is on the shore of the Arabian sea, fishing is one of the major occupation of many people.[137] The major fishing places are Bunder (Old harbour),[138] Panambur, Surathkal, Kotekar and Sasihitlu.
The major industries in Dakshina Kannada concentrated around Mangalore are
Villages
See also
- Mangalore
- Economy of Mangalore
- Swami Vivekananda Planetarium
- U S Mallya Indoor Stadium
- Centre for Entrepreneurship Opportunities and Learning (CEOL)
- South Kanara District Chess Association (SKDCA)
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Further reading
- S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language, University of Madras, ISBN 9789839154801
- J. Sturrock (1894), Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I), Madras Government Press
- Harold A. Stuart (1895), Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-II), Madras Government Press
- Government of Madras (1905), Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District, Madras Government Press
- Government of Madras (1915), Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II), Madras Government Press
- Government of Madras (1953), 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District (PDF), Madras Government Press
- J. I. Arputhanathan (1955), South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) (PDF), Madras Government Press
- Rajabhushanam, D. S. (1963), Statistical Atlas of the Madras State (1951) (PDF), Madras (Chennai): Director of Statistics, Government of Madras
- Studies in Tuluva History and Culture (1975) by P. Gururaja Bhat, Published by Padur Gururaj Bhat Memorial Trust, Udupi, Reprint year 2014.