Dalian

Coordinates: 38°54′N 121°36′E / 38.900°N 121.600°E / 38.900; 121.600
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Dalian
大连市
辽B
Division code210200
HDI (2011)0.86 – very high[3]
Coastline1,906 km (1,184 mi) (excluding islands)
ClimateDwa
Websitewww.dl.gov.cn
Symbols
FlowerChina rose
TreeDragon juniper
Dalian
Hanyu Pinyin
Lǚdà
Wade–GilesLü3-ta4
External videos
Dalian Aerial Photography
video icon Dalian Aerial Photography by New China TV, 2019.[4]

Dalian

Shandong peninsula across the Bohai Strait to the south, and North Korea across the Korea Bay
to the east.

As of the 2020 census, its total population was 7,450,785 inhabitants whom 5,106,719 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of 6 out of 7 urban districts, Pulandian District not being conurbated yet.

Today, Dalian is a financial, shipping, and logistics center for

Lüshunkou district
.

In 2016, Dalian ranked 48th in the

Beta - Global City" according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[11] The large amount of port traffic makes Dalian a Large-Port Metropolis.[12]

Dalian is one of the top 40

China's prestigious universities in the Project 211, and the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
.

Etymology

Modern Dalian originated from Qingniwa (Chinese: 青泥洼; pinyin: Qīngníwā; lit. 'cyan mud swamp') or Qingniwaqiao (Chinese: 青泥洼桥; pinyin: Qīngníwāqiáo; lit. 'bridge over the cyan mud swamp'), a small Chinese fishing village. The Russian Empire built a commercial town after coercing a lease of the area from the Qing dynasty in 1898 and called it "Dalniy" (Russian: Дальний, romanized: Dal'nii — "a remote one" or "far-away", in reference to the town's location,[14] rendered as Chinese: 达里尼; pinyin: Dálǐní) from 1898 to 1905. After the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, Japan occupied the area as the Kwantung Leased Territory and renamed the city Dairen (Japanese: 大連/だいれん)[14] after the Chinese name for Dalian Bay (simplified Chinese: 大连湾; traditional Chinese: 大連灣; pinyin: Dàlián Wān) — a name in use since at least 1879. English-language sources called the city "Dairen" in this period (1905–1945), from Japanese.

In 1950, Dalian, back in Chinese control, merged with the nearby town called

Lüshun (Chinese: 旅顺) (formerly "Ryojun" and before that, "Port Arthur") to form the city of Lüda[14] (Chinese: 旅大; pinyin: Lǚdà), a name (formed from the first syllable of each constituent's name) which was usually rendered as Luta in English during that era. In 1981, the Chinese State Council again renamed the city from Lüda back to "Dalian" (simplified Chinese: 大连; traditional Chinese: 大連; pinyin: Dàlián), effective 5 March 1981.[14]

History

Ancient

In the

Jin (220–420), San Shanpu in the Tang dynasty (618–907), Sanshan Seaport in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), and Qingniwakou during the Qing dynasty
(1644–1911).

Qing dynasty

In the 1880s, Jinzhou, the north of downtown Dalian, now

Jinzhou District, was a walled town and a center for political intrigue and economic activity. The Qing government built bridges and heavily fortified the peninsula. Mining camps on the northern coast of Dalian Bay became the small town of Qingniwa (青泥洼) or Qingniwaqiao
(青泥洼桥), near what became the downtown core of modern-day Dalian.

British, Russian, and Japanese occupations

Main articles: Russian Dalian and Kwantung Leased Territory
Zhongshan Square
, then Ōhiroba (大広場), c. 1940
Dalian Hotel, formerly Yamato Hotel, built in 1914

The British briefly occupied Qingniwa during the

Lüshun. Although China heavily fortified the area, in which it allowed trade with foreigners, in the First Sino-Japanese War Japan swiftly overcame those defenses[citation needed] on 21 November 1894 in the Battle of Lüshunkou, committing the Port Arthur massacre afterwards. In April 1895 China conceded defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War, ceding Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan and Penghu, and making many other concessions in the Treaty of Shimonoseki
(17 April 1895).

In the

rubles) building the new ice-free port city.[19]

Russia heavily fortified both Dalniy (Qingniwaqiao of Zhongshan District) and the Port Arthur naval base (Lüshunkou) before and after the

Boxers across the Yellow Sea in Shandong
.

During the

Manchurian Railway between Dalniy and Port Arthur. After the Imperial Japanese Navy crippled the remaining Russian battleship Sevastopol in three weeks of constant attacks, and explosives detonated in tunnels destroyed Port Arthur's remaining defenses in the final days of 1904, Russia negotiated a ceasefire and surrendered Port Arthur in January 1905.[21]

The Treaty of Portsmouth (signed 5 September 1905) ceded Port Arthur to Japan, which set up the Kwantung Leased Territory or Guandongzhou (關東州), on roughly the southern half (Jinzhou District and south) of present-day Dalian. Japanese invested heavily in the region, which became the main trading port between Manchuria and Japan. Japan leased the area from Manchukuo after establishing that puppet state in 1932. In 1937, as the Second Sino-Japanese War began, Japan enlarged and modernized the trade zone as two cities: the northern Dairen (Dalian) and the southern Ryojun (Lüshun or Port Arthur).

Post-World War II

Dalian (labelled as TA-LIEN (DAIREN) 大連) (1956)
Tangshan Locomotive Works
in 1959, on display in front of Dalian Modern Museum

With the unconditional

Chinese Communists cooperated to develop the city, relatively undamaged during the war,[14] especially its industrial infrastructure and the port. The Soviet government rented the port and in 1945 the first Chinese Communist mayor of the new Lüda Administrative Office (旅大行政公署) was appointed.[citation needed
]

In 1950 the

direct-controlled municipality and not part of Liaoning. Soviet troops left the city in 1955.[14]
After the Soviets left, the PRC made Lüda a major shipbuilding center.

In 1981 the city was renamed Dalian, with

Special Economic Zone. At the time, Dalian was China's largest foreign-trade port.[22]

1990 to present

The city was upgraded from a

Minister of Commerce
of China.

Since 2007 Dalian has hosted the

2008 Tibetan anti-Chinese protests,[24] and forced the temporary closure of the local Carrefour store.[25]

In 2010 one of the worst recorded oil-spills in China's history occurred in Dalian. The Dalian PX protest occurred on 14 August 2011. In June 2014, China's tenth state-level new area, the Dalian Jinpu New Area was officially established. On 5 August 2016, the Dalian huabiao incident occurred. A huabiao in the center of Xinghai Square was demolished, which was believed to be out of political reasons related to the downfall of Chinese politician Bo Xilai, who oversaw the construction of Xinghai Square and the central huabiao during his tenure as the mayor of Dalian. The site of the huabiao was later replaced with a musical fountain, the largest one in Northeast China.

Geography

Dalian
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
8
 
 
0
−6
 
 
6.7
 
 
2
−4
 
 
14
 
 
8
1
 
 
29
 
 
15
7
 
 
50
 
 
21
13
 
 
77
 
 
25
18
 
 
128
 
 
27
21
 
 
147
 
 
28
22
 
 
60
 
 
24
18
 
 
34
 
 
18
11
 
 
19
 
 
10
3
 
 
8.4
 
 
3
−3
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: China Meteorological Administration[26]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.3
 
 
32
20
 
 
0.3
 
 
36
24
 
 
0.5
 
 
46
33
 
 
1.1
 
 
59
45
 
 
2
 
 
69
55
 
 
3
 
 
76
64
 
 
5
 
 
80
70
 
 
5.8
 
 
82
71
 
 
2.4
 
 
76
64
 
 
1.3
 
 
64
52
 
 
0.8
 
 
49
37
 
 
0.3
 
 
37
26
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Dalian and vicinities, Landsat 5 satellite image, 3 August 2010

One of the most heavily developed industrial areas of China, Dalian municipal area today consists of Dalian proper and the smaller

Lüshunkou (formerly Lüshun city, known in Western and Russian historic references as Port Arthur), about forty nautical miles (74 kilometers; 46 miles) farther along the Liaodong Peninsula. Historical references note that the Russian designed city of Dalniy (Alt. Dalney), on the south side of Dalian Bay
was 40 kilometers (25 miles) from Port Arthur/Lüshun (known today as Lüshunkou or literally, Lüshun Port).

Dalian is located on Korea Bay north of the Yellow Sea and roughly in the middle of the Liaodong peninsula at its narrowest neck or isthmus. With a coastline of 1,906 km (1,184 mi), it governs the majority of the Liaodong Peninsula and about 260 surrounding islands and reefs. It is seated at south-south-west of the Yalu River, and its harbor entrance forms a sub-bay known as Dalian Bay.

Climate

Dalian has a

diurnal temperature variation annually is small, at 6.66 °C (12.0 °F). The monthly percent of possible sunshine ranges from 45% in July to 66% in March, with 2,625 hours of bright sunshine annually. The annual mean temperature is 11.6 °C (52.9 °F). Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −21.1 °C (−6 °F) on 4 January 1970 to 36.6 °C (98 °F) on 14 July 2015.[27]

Climate data for Dalian (1991–2020 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.2
(50.4) 		14.2
(57.6) 		20.1
(68.2) 		28.5
(83.3) 		33.8
(92.8) 		35.6
(96.1) 		36.6
(97.9) 		34.4
(93.9) 		33.4
(92.1) 		28.2
(82.8) 		27.0
(80.6) 		14.4
(57.9) 		36.6
(97.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0) 		2.5
(36.5) 		8.2
(46.8) 		15.1
(59.2) 		21.2
(70.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.9
(82.2) 		24.5
(76.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		9.8
(49.6) 		2.9
(37.2) 		15.2
(59.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.3
(26.1) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		4.3
(39.7) 		10.9
(51.6) 		16.9
(62.4) 		20.9
(69.6) 		24.0
(75.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		21.1
(70.0) 		14.3
(57.7) 		6.3
(43.3) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		11.6
(52.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6.0
(21.2) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		1.2
(34.2) 		7.4
(45.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		17.8
(64.0) 		21.7
(71.1) 		22.3
(72.1) 		18.2
(64.8) 		11.2
(52.2) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		8.6
(47.5)
Record low °C (°F) −21.1
(−6.0) 		−17.1
(1.2) 		−15.3
(4.5) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		3.7
(38.7) 		10.5
(50.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		14.5
(58.1) 		6.4
(43.5) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−12.8
(9.0) 		−19.0
(−2.2) 		−21.1
(−6.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 5.7
(0.22) 		8.1
(0.32) 		11.0
(0.43) 		34.2
(1.35) 		56.4
(2.22) 		71.4
(2.81) 		120.3
(4.74) 		172.0
(6.77) 		51.8
(2.04) 		37.6
(1.48) 		26.2
(1.03) 		9.5
(0.37) 		604.2
(23.78)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 2.8 2.9 3.0 5.8 6.6 8.2 10.1 9.2 5.5 5.9 5.3 3.8 69.1
Average snowy days 5.2 3.6 2.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.9 6.8 21.1
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		56 57 53 54 60 73 82 80 69 62 60 58 64
Mean monthly sunshine hours 192.5 191.8 244.3 254.6 274.7 242.8 203.4 222.9 235.5 218.6 172.3 171.6 2,625
Percent possible sunshine 63 63 66 64 62 55 45 53 64 64 58 59 60
Source: China Meteorological Administration[27][28][26]

See or edit raw graph data.

Administration

Dalian is the second largest city of Liaoning province, after Shenyang, the provincial capital. The city of Dalian is governed by the Dalian Municipal People's Government.

Municipal government

The municipal government is located in the main building on the north side of People's Square on

Zhongshan Road, originally built as the Administrative Office of Kwantung Leased Territory
, and other buildings in downtown Dalian. There are the Commerce, Foreign Economy & Trade, Health, Information Industry, Police, Religion, Science & Technology, Transportation and other city-level bureaus, which work closely with the corresponding agencies at the district level.

There are, in addition, 4 national leading open zones (对外开放先导区):

  • The Development Zone
    (开发区)
  • The Free Trade Zone (保税区)
  • The Hi-Tech Industrial Zone
    (高新技术产业园区)
  • The Jinshitan ("Golden Pebble Beach") National Holiday Resort (金石滩国家旅游度假区)

Administrative divisions

(see

Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China
)

The city administers 7

county
:

Map
Name Chinese
Standard Mandarin
 Jiaoliao Mandarin Population
(est. 2015) 		Area (km2) Density
(/km2)
City proper
Zhongshan District
 中山区 Zhōngshān Qū Zhong2 san4 Qu4 360,722 40.1 8,996
Xigang District
 西岗区 Xīgǎng Qū Xi4 gang4 Qu4 293,316 23.94 12,252
Shahekou District
 沙河口区 Shāhékǒu Qū Sa4 he2 kou3 Qu4 648,719 34.71 18,690
Ganjingzi District
 甘井子区 Gānjǐngzi Qū Gan4 jinge3 Qu4 843,342 451.52 1,868
Suburban
Lüshunkou District
 旅顺口区 Lǚshùnkǒu Qū Lü3 sun4 kou3 Qu4 221,356 512.15 432
Jinzhou District
 金州区 Jīnzhōu Qū Jin4 zhou0 Qu4 681,543 1,352.54 504
Pulandian District
 普兰店区 Pǔlándiàn Qū Pulan4 dian4 Qu4 915,595 2,769.9 331
Satellite cities
Wafangdian 瓦房店市 Wǎfángdiàn Shì Wa4 fang4 dian4 Si4 997,830 3,576.4 279
Zhuanghe 庄河市 Zhuānghé Shì Zuang4 he0 Si4 901,182 3,655.7 247
Rural
Changhai County 长海县 Chánghǎi Xiàn Chang2 hai0 Xian4 72,033 156.89 459

Demographics

The population of Dalian according to the 2010 census totaled 6.69 million. The total registered population on household at year end 2014 was 5.943 million, with a net increase of 29,000 over the previous year.[30]

Economy

Dalian Wanda Group, at the Annual Meeting of the New Champions of World Economic Forum
, Dalian 2009
Main article: Economy of Dalian

The city has had a continuous annual double-digit percentage increase in GDP since 1992.

National Bureau of Statistics, Dalian ranks eighth among Chinese cities in terms of overall strength.[31] The city's main industries include machine manufacturing, petrochemicals and oil refining, and electronics.[32]

Agriculture and aquaculture

Dalian was originally an agriculture and aquaculture-based area, which, after the opening of the ferry between Yantai and Lüshun during the early 20th century, began to be populated by the farmers and fishers of Shandong, across the Yellow Sea during the Chuang Guandong era.

Heavy, light and distribution industries

Ex-Varyag undergoing refit in Dalian Shipbuilding Industry Company (2011), which later became China's first aircraft carrier Liaoning

Even before and during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the shipbuilding and locomotives industries were located in the city such as the companies which later became Dalian Shipbuilding Industry Company and Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Works (DLoco). After the WWII, Dalian became an important center of the heavy and light industries, including companies such as Dalian Heavy Industry Co., Dalian Chemical Group, and Wafangdian Bearing Co.; and of the distribution industry, such as the Dashang Group.

oil refineries
, diesel engineering, and chemical production.

Also completed in 1993 is a newer port called Dayaowan Port (

Shenda Expressway), Changchun (Changda Expressway), Harbin (Hada Expressway) in the north and to Dandong to the east, Dalian has been an important distribution center.[37]

Street view on Renmin Road, Dalian
Xinghai CBD houses the headquarters of Dalian Commodity Exchange
Donggang (Chinese: 东港; lit. 'East Harbour') CBD houses the Dalian International Conference Center

Industrial zones

Main article:
Dalian Development Zone

Dalian has been given many benefits by the Chinese government, including the title of "open-city" (1984), which allows it to receive considerable

BYD K9 electric buses).[41]

Other zones in the city include the

Dalian Hi-Tech Industrial Zone
.

Financial and IT industry

Main article:
Dalian Hi-Tech Zone

Dalian is the financial center of

public transportation. Bank of Dalian has opened branches in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenyang, among five other cities.[42]

Founded in 1993,

ethenylbenzene (EB), metallurgical coke, coking coal, iron ore, egg, fiberboard and blockboard. 3 options are also listed for trading, which includes soybean meal, corn and iron ore options. In 2019, DCE achieved 1,331 million lots and RMB 68.92 trillion respectively in trading volume and turnover. According to the Futures Industry Association (FIA) of the U.S., DCE was 11th largest exchange in the world by trading volume in 2019.[43]

Since the 1990s, Dalian has emphasized the development of the IT industry, especially in

business incubators are also located in the area, including the Hi-tech Business Incubator, animation and software incubators, with over 400 companies incubated.[44] Currently, the "Lüshun South Road
Software Industry Belt" Plan is proceeding, including Dalian Software Park Phase 3.

Intel's Fab 68 is located in Dalian. The plan was announced on 26 March 2007, and operations started on 26 October 2010. It is Intel's first chip-manufacturing fabrication in East Asia.[45]

Tourism

Created entirely through land reclamation, the Xinghai Square is the largest city square in the world
Further information:
United Nations World Tourism Organization.[46]

Four inner-city districts

  • Zhongshan Square
Originally designed by Russians in the 19th century, Zhongshan Square (中山广场) is especially noted for the several classical buildings located around the square built during the first half of the 20th century by the Japanese.
  • Laohutan Ocean Park: the park contains the Polar Region Marine Animals World,
    white whale and dolphin show is a major attraction in the Polar Region Marine Animals World.[48] The Tigers Sculpture Square is nearby, whose tiger sculpture is the symbol of Tiger Beach (老虎滩; Lǎohǔtān). A retired Anshan-class destroyer
    Taiyuan is open to visitors.
Dalian Laohutan Ocean Park
  • Xinghai Square: situated at the Xinghai Bay, Xinghai Square (星海广场; 'Square of the Sea of Stars') was built at the centennial of the City of Dalian (1998) and is the largest city square in the world.
  • Heishijiao Geological Park and Dalian Natural History Museum
  • Sunasia Ocean World
  • Dalian Forest Zoo
  • Bangchuidao Scenic Area: a well-maintained park used as a State Guesthouse since 1960, the Bangchuidao Scenic Area is now open to the public with upgraded features including lavish greens, Chinese and Western style villas, hot spring, tennis courts, badminton courts, a recreation center, a golf course and the Bangchuidao beach.
    Kim Jong-un, Henry Kissinger, Boris Yeltsin, Gerhard Schröder, Juan Antonio Samaranch and so on.[citation needed
    ]
Video showing Bangchuidao beach during winter season
  • Dalian Sightseeing Tower
Dalian Sightseeing Tower, formerly Dalian Radio & TV Tower
Dalian Modern Museum
  • Donggang Music Fountain
  • Fujiazhuang Beach

Jinzhou District and Development Zone (in the northern suburbs)

  • Dahei Mountain
  • Jinshitan National Holiday Resort and the Discoveryland (Chinese: 金石滩; pinyin: Jīnshítān; lit. 'Golden Pebble Beach') is composed of eastern peninsula, western peninsula, open ground between two peninsulas and the 16-kilometer (10 mi) Golden Coast beach. Major sightseeing points include, Golden Pebble Waxworks Museum, Geological Museum, Coastal National Geopark, International Vehicle Campsite, Tang Dynasty Hot Spring Resort, Golden Rock Park, Wanfuding Park, China Martial Arts Hall, Discoveryland Theme Park, Mao Zedong Badge Exhibition Hall, Model Movie & TV Art Center, Golden Pebble Hunting Club, Golden Pebble Equestrianism Base, Golden Pebble International Convention Center & Resort, Golden Pebble Golf Club, and Golden Gulf Golf Course. Several themed events, such as Dalian International Beach Carnival, International Winter Swimming Festival and Grape Festival, take place in Jinshitan annually.[51]
The
Disney theme park.[52]

Lüshunkou District (in the southwestern suburbs)
The fiercest battle site and the signing site of the ceasefire treaty, of the Battle of Lüshun during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05).
  • Japanese and Russian Prison Site Museum in Lüshun
The prison was built by Russians in 1902 and later expanded by the Japanese. During World War II, the prison was used to detain people of various nationalities who were against the Japanese invasion. An Jung-geun, the Korean independence activist who assassinated Itō Hirobumi, was imprisoned and killed there.[53]
Hengshan Temple (横山寺) is near Longwangtang Reservoir (龙王塘水库). The temple dates back to the Han dynasty, and was rebuilt in 2003.[54]
Lüshunkou District

Pulandian District

  • Anbo Hotspring and Ski Course (安波温泉滑雪场), in
    Pulandian District

Wafandian

  • Changxing Island International Golf Course, in Wafangdian

Zhuanghe

Changhai County

Hot Spring and Ski Resorts

There are various hot spring hotels in Dalian. Notable ones include Laotieshan Hot Spring Hotel in Lüshunkou District, Tang Dynasty Hot Spring Resort in Jinshitan, Minghu Hot Spring Hotel in Wafangdian, Chengyuan Hot Spring Villa in Ganjingzi District, and Tianmu Hot Spring Hotel in Lüshunkou District.

Skiing has become increasingly popular in Dalian. Famous ski resorts are Linhai Ski Resort in Ganjingzi District, Anbo Ski Resort in Pulandian District, Minghu Ski Resort & Minghu International Skiing Holiday Village in Wafangdian, and Dalian Happy Snow World in Ganjingzi District near the airport.[55]

Environment

Beach side sunset

Ecological conservation

Despite being in a period of economic and industrial growth, Dalian has placed an emphasis on environmental protection.[56] Dalian's ecological restoration and protection efforts are ongoing and expanding.[57][58] In 2021, Dalian set a five-year-plan for the marine environment that included targets for conserving populations of the endangered back-faced spoonbill.[57] In 2019, 49 nests were built for the black-faced spoonbill on nearby uninhabited islands.[59] There has also been conservation and rescue efforts targeting spotted seal populations.[60][61][58] Dalian also maintains the National Spotted Seal Nature Reserve within Lioadong Bay.[62] This reserve is home to a spotted seal population and is a breeding ground for multiple marine species.[62]

Environmental issues

Seaside at Xieziwan (蟹子湾) Park

In 2001, the United Nations Environment Programme awarded the Dalian Municipal Government for its outstanding contribution to the protection of the environment.[63]

The average content of the four pollutants in the air reached Class II of National Ambient Air Quality Standards and there were 353 days with

State Environmental Protection Administration.[65] However, the environmental effects of economic growth are of concern, according to Dalian Environmental Protection Agency, during the first half of 2011, respirable particles in the air increased significantly, with an average 40% higher than 2010.[66]

The water quality of offshore marine space remained stable overall. The annual average content of monitoring indicators for water quality met Class-II of the National Seawater Quality Standard, with the exception of Inorganic Nitrogen in Dalian Bay and the city's southern coast. The water quality of drinking water sources is considered good and complies with Class-III of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water.[64]

Seascape at Heishijiao (黑石礁) Geological Park

Recent events have had a major environmental impact on the city. In July 2010, the explosion of two petroleum pipelines released 11,000 barrels of oil into the Yellow Sea, according to official statements. Rick Steiner, an American marine conservationist working with Greenpeace, says that the figure could be upwards of 400,000.[67] It was reported as the largest oil spill to occur in China,[68][69] and involved 2,000 firefighters.[70] The oil spill stretched for at least 50 square kilometers (19 sq mi). 800 fishing boats were mobilized for the cleanup.[71] The incident caused President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao to intervene, and Vice Premier Zhang Dejiang moved in to help direct the rescue work.[72] A researcher with the China Environmental Science Research Institute, said that "the impact on marine life and on humans – as the pollution enters the food chain – could last 10 years."[73] This has compounded aquatic pollution, affecting the city's fishing industry.[66]

In August 2011, a

Jinzhou District was breached due to a typhoon. Authorities have ordered the plant to be shut down.[74] Around 12,000 residents protested as the factory, which originally was intended to be based in Xiamen, did not receive official approval to operate in Dalian.[75][76] Municipal authorities ruled that the facility must move, leaving taxpayers to pay the expensive cost of relocation.[77]

Concerns have been raised over mounting traffic due to "bad urban design" and that the growing rate of car ownership is affecting air quality.[66][78] The United States National Academy of Engineering have raised concern about rising traffic in Dalian stating that "rapid growth of traffic in Dalian and in similar Chinese cities will repeat the air quality and energy consumption mistakes of Los Angeles and other U.S. cities, if not better managed."[79]

Transportation

Dalian historical tramway, still used in a limited area of the city.

Local transportation

Cycling is not as popular in Dalian as in other Chinese cities because of the hilly roads. Dalian is also one of the many cities in China where there are few motorcycles in the downtown core, where motorcycle riding is prohibited by the local law.[80]

The city has a comprehensive bus system and an efficient metro system. As of March 2023, the

Line 2, Line 5 and the overground Line 3, Line 12 and Line 13.[81] New lines and expansion of the metro system are under way. The Dalian Tram system is the second oldest in China. Most of the public transportation in the city can be accessed using the Mingzhu IC Card
(明珠卡).

Domestic and international

Internal view of Dalian North railway station

In 2005, Dalian expanded the international airport, Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport, with direct flights to the most major cities in China, and to cities in South Korea and Japan as well as countries in Southeast Asia. In 2014, the airport was the 20th busiest airport in China with 13,551,223 passengers.[82] The airport is the hub of Dalian Airlines.

The city's location means that train trips to most Chinese cities outside China's northeastern region require changing trains in Beijing or Shanghai. With the high-speed rail system, trips from Dalian to Shenyang can be completed in 1.5 hours, to Changchun 2.5 hours and to Harbin 3.5 hours. The city has two major railway stations, namely Dalian railway station and Dalian North railway station, the latter being part of the Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway.

In addition to local and express bus services to Beijing and other areas in the northeast, Dalian is connected by passenger ship service to neighboring coastal cities, including

Penglai and Dongying, as well as Incheon, South Korea.[33]

Culture

Peking Opera
House

In 2006, Dalian was selected as the most liveable city in China according to China Daily.[83]

Dalian dialect

Main article: Dalian dialect

Standard Mandarin based on a low-falling Yinping 阴平 (31) and rich tone sandhi, and it is often referred to as being "oyster flavored" (海蛎子味) by the locals.[85]

Cuisine

Salted Fish with Corn Cake
Boiled crabs in Dalian

Dalian cuisine is a branch of

mantis shrimps, jellyfish and so on. During the winter, many seafoods such as clams, mussels and abalone gain the most fat.[86]

Colorful Snowflake Scallops (五彩雪花扇贝) is a local seafood dish, where egg white is made into snowflake-shape to embrace the scallops, with seasonal greens, carrot and hot pepper cut into small pieces as decorations on top.[87]

Another popular local dish is Salted Fish with Corn Cake (咸鱼饼子), where steamed or fried corn cake is served with fried salted fish. Legend goes that, in the old days fishermen going out fishing in the morning couldn't return home to have lunch, so they baked fresh fish to eat with corn cakes, and the habit passed down from generation to generation and eventually became a famous food among local people.[88]

Dalian-style Grilled Squid (大连铁板鱿鱼) is also a local delicacy. It originated in Dalian, where the squid is produced. It is made by frying the squid on an iron plate, then cutting the squid into sections with a spatula, and sprinkling it with special sauce.[89]

Menzi (焖子) is a traditional local snack. A protein-rich starch paste coagulated from an extract of potatoes is cut into pieces and fried on a pan to create a crisp cover. A mixed seasoning of smashed garlic, sesame, and sauces is added on eating.[88]

Other popular local specialties include seafood noodles, roast full prawns, salt baked conches, lantern-shaped steamed abalone, and so on.[90]

Theaters

Well-known theaters in Dalian are:

Beijing Opera), Working People's Theater-Doudou Grand Stage (工人剧院/豆豆大舞台, mainly for Errenzhuan) and Development Area Grand Theater (开发区大剧院).[91]

Sports

China Martial Arts Hall, at Jinshitan National Holiday Resort

Sports play a big role in the local culture. Dalian's former

Dalian Wanda Group), achieved a total of eight titles from China's top-tier football league, the Chinese Jia-A League and the later rebranded Chinese Super League, and was widely considered one of the most successful clubs in Chinese football history.[92] In the Asian Football Confederation, the club reached the 1997–98 Asian Club Championship and 2000–01 Asian Cup Winners' Cup finals. Several of China's greatest players, including Sun Jihai, Hao Haidong and Li Ming, made their names with Dalian Shide. Dalian also produced many top Chinese football players thanks to its youth training system and grassroots football culture.[93] As of the 2014 season of the Chinese Super League, out of the 448 registered Chinese players, a total of 71 players are from Dalian.[93] Therefore, Dalian earned its nickname of China's "Football City" (足球城),[94] and a giant football statue was placed in the Labor Park near downtown Dalian in its honor. Current football clubs in the city are Dalian Pro playing in the Chinese Super League and Dalian Pro W.F.C. playing in the Chinese Women's Football League. Both of their home stadiums are the Dalian Sports Centre Stadium
.

The 60,663-capacity Dalian Sports Centre Stadium, the 30,777-capacity Jinzhou Stadium, the 30,000-capacity Puwan Stadium and the 8,000-capacity Dalian Medical University Stadium are notable stadiums in Dalian.[95]

Other popular sports enjoyed by the local Dalianese include swimming, skiing, golf, cycling, bowling and billiards. The government organizes various events every year in Dalian, like marathon, tennis and so on.[96]

As part of the 2013 National Games of China in Liaoning in 2013, Dalian was a host city for 12 events, including synchronized swimming, field hockey, gymnastics, sailing and canoeing.[97]

In February 2018,

Dalian Pro (then Dalian Yifang), after a lapse of 20 years before Wanda Group decided to reinvest in a Dalianese football club. Wanda Group announced a long-term investment plan to help Dalian build more advanced football infrastructure, improve on youth training, and revitalize local football culture and Chinese football culture as a whole.[98]

City-wide festivals and events

Binhai Road is the main route for Dalian International Walking Festival. View of mountain on one side and sea on the other makes it a popular exercise destination for local people.

Xinghai Square, Dalian Xinghai Convention & Exhibitions Center, the Dalian World Expo Center and the hotels on Renmin Road are the main places where Dalian's major annual events are held.

Every year from January to February, the Bingyugou Ice Lantern Festival is held in Bingyugou Scenic Area in

iceboating.[99]

From late April to May, the Lüshun International Cherry Blossom Festival is held. The main site is

Lüshun during World War II, in order to ease their homesickness. Today, the 203 Hill site has more than 3000 cherry trees, and boasts to be the largest cherry blossom park in China with the most varieties.[100]

Each May, the Dalian International Walking Festival takes place. The purpose of the festival is to foster health and peace for the whole community. It is widely popular among citizens and attracts many foreign participants. Dalian is the only city in China recognized by the IML Walking Association.[101] Four different routes of 30 km (19 mi), 20 km (12 mi), 10 km (6 mi), and 5 km (3 mi) are provided for participants, with the longest route going from Xinghai Square along Binhai Road to Laohutan Ocean Park, Bangchuidao Scenic Area and finally reaching Dalian International Conference Center. Starting from 2012, Jinshitan National Holiday Resort also serves as a venue for the festival.[102]

Every May, Dalian International Marathon is held. With the first marathon held in 1987, it is one of the four oldest marathon races in China.[103] The main venue is the Jinshitan National Holiday Resort.

Every June, the China International Software & Information Service Fair is held in Dalian World Expo Center. Officials from overseas government departments, CEOs of World Top 500, well-known consulting firms and overseas IT associations attend the fair each year.[104]

Dalian International Beer Festival in 2019

Dalian International Beer Festival takes place in Xinghai Square every year from July to August. It is similar to Oktoberfest in Munich and is a widely popular event in the city. Activities of the Beer Festival include exhibitions by beer manufacturers, a beer disco plaza, a beer culture exhibition, a beer drinking contest, a photography contest, the Beer Industry Summit, and a beer quiz.[105]

Dalian International Automotive Exhibition is held in August in Dalian Xinghai Convention & Exhibitions Center and Dalian World Expo Center.[106]

The annual Dalian International Fashion Festival is held in September in Dalian Xinghai Convention & Exhibitions Center and Dalian World Expo Center. For the past decade, the festival has been attracting the world's top fashion designers, businessmen and models to Dalian. Arrangement for the show includes various theme activities including the Garment Export Fair, fashion exhibitions, fashion competitions and a model contest.[107]

Inter-governmental

Japan maintains a branch office for its

JETRO
office in Dalian, reflecting a relatively large Japanese population.

Japan Chamber of Commerce & Industry has about 700 corporate members.[citation needed] Those Japanese who had lived in Dalian before the War have organized the Dalian Society.

Religion

Lianhuashan (lit. "lotus flower mountain") Temple, Dalian

As of 2005, Dalian had 29 Christian churches (27 of them Protestant, 2 of them Catholic), 10 mosques, 34 Buddhist temples, and 7

Taoist temples, according to the statistics of the city government.[108]

Taoist temples can be found in various districts including downtown Dalian (Hua Temple in Zhongshan Park), in Lüshunkou District (Longwang Temple), and in Jinzhou District (Jinlong Temple in Daweijia, Xiangshui Temple at the foot of Dahei Mountain, and Zhenwu Temple in Liangjiadian).

Buddhist temples are in downtown Dalian (Songshan Temple on Tangshan Street and Lianhuashan Temple on Yingchun Road), on the northern side of Anzi Mountain (Anshan Temple), at Daheishi (Thousand-Hand Buddha & 500 Luohan Statues), in Lüshunkou District (Hengshan Temple at Longwangtang), and in Jinzhou District (Guanyinge-Shengshui Temple on Dahei Mountain).

Danish Lutheran Church), on Xi'an Road (Christian Church for Korean Chinese and South Koreans), east of the airport (the newly built Harvest Church, which can seat 4000 people), in Jinzhou (the newly built Jinzhou Church) and in Lüshunkou District (Lüshun Church, a former Danish Lutheran church). Dalian Mosque is on Beijing Street.[108]

Notable people

Liu Changchun statue at Olympic Square, Dalian

Education

There were[clarify] 23 general institutions of higher education (and another 7 privately run colleges), 108 secondary vocational schools, 80 ordinary middle high schools, 1,049 schools for nine-year compulsory education and 1,432 kindergartens in Dalian. The students on campus of all levels (including kindergartens) totaled 1108 thousand.[citation needed]

There are the following schools of higher education and research centers:

Colleges and universities

Research centers

Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

High schools

Notable high schools include:

International schools

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

Dalian is

twinned with:[111]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ /ˌdɑːˈljɛn/ [5]

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Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dalian.
Look up Dalian, Dairen, Talien, or Ta-lien in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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