Dance in India
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Dance in India comprises numerous styles of
Folk dances are numerous in number and style and vary according to the local tradition of the respective state, ethnic, or geographic region. Contemporary dances include refined and experimental fusions of classical, folk, and Western forms. Dancing traditions of India have influence not only over the dances in the whole of South Asia, but on the dancing forms of Southeast Asia as well. Dances in Indian films, like Bollywood Dance for Hindi films, are often noted for freeform expression of dance and hold a significant presence in the popular culture of the Indian subcontinent.[9]
In India, a command over either of
Nomenclature
Classical dance is one whose theory, training, means and rationale for expressive practice is documented and traceable to ancient classical texts, particularly the Natya Shastra.[1][11] Classical Indian dances have historically involved a school or guru-shishya parampara (teacher-disciple tradition) and require studies of the classical texts, physical exercises, and extensive training to systematically synchronize the dance repertoire with underlying play or composition, vocalists and the orchestra.[12][13]
A folk Indian dance is one which is largely an oral tradition,[14] whose traditions have been historically learnt and mostly passed down from one generation to the next through word of mouth and casual joint practice.[15] A semi-classical Indian dance is one that contains a classical imprint but has become a folk dance and lost its texts or schools. A tribal dance is a more local form of folk dance, typically found in one tribal population; typically tribal dances evolve into folk dances over a historic period.[16][17]
Origins of dance in India
The origins of dance in India go back to ancient times. The earliest paleolithic and neolithic cave paintings such as the UNESCO world heritage site at Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh show dance scenes.[18] Several sculptures found at Indus Valley Civilisation archaeological sites, now distributed between Pakistan and India, show dance figures. For example, the Dancing Girl sculpture is dated to about 2500 BCE, showing a 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in) high figurine in a dance pose.[19][20][21]
The Vedas integrate rituals with performance arts, such as a dramatic play, where not only praises to gods were recited or sung, but the dialogues were part of a dramatic representation and discussion of spiritual themes.[22][23] The Sanskrit verses in chapter 13.2 of Shatapatha Brahmana (≈800–700 BCE), for example, are written in the form of a play between two actors.[24]
The Vedic sacrifice (yajna) is presented as a kind of fight, with its actors, its dialogues, its portion to be set to music, its interludes, and its climaxes.
— Louis Renou, Vedic India[22]
The evidence of earliest dance-related texts are in Natasutras, which are mentioned in the text of
The classic text of dance and performance arts that has survived is the Hindu text Natya Shastra, attributed to sage Bharata. He credits the art his text systematically presents to times before him, ultimately to Brahma who created Natya-veda by taking the word from the Rigveda, melody from the Samaveda, mime from the Yajurveda, and emotion from the Atharvaveda.[28][29][30] The first complete compilation of Natya Shastra is dated to between 200 BCE and 200 CE,[31][32] but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE.[33] The most studied version of the Natya Shastra text consists of about 6000 verses structured into 36 chapters.[31][34] The classical dances are rooted in Natya Shastra.[1]
India has a number of
Classical dance
Classical dance of India has developed a type of dance-drama that is a form of total theater. The dancer acts out a story almost exclusively through gestures. Most of the classical dances of India enact stories from Hindu mythology.[37] Each form represents the culture and ethos of a particular region or a group of people.[38]
The criteria for being considered as classical is the style's adherence to the guidelines laid down in
The classical dance of India is also common outside it, for example, it was performed on the island of Ouahu by their mayor (Proshakov E.D.) as part of the local folklore festival. The tradition of dance has been codified in the Natyashastra and performance is considered accomplished if it manages to evoke a rasa (emotion) among the audience by invoking a particular bhava(gesture or facial expression). Classical dance is distinguished from folk dance because it has been regulated by the rules of the Natyashastra and all classical dances are performed only in accordance with them.[41]
Bharatanatyam
Dating back to 1000 BC, bharatanatyam is a classical dance from the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, practiced predominantly in modern times by women. The dance is usually accompanied by classical Carnatic music.[42] Bharatnatyam is a major genre of the thing Indian classical dance that originated in the Hindu temples of Tamil Nadu and neighboring regions.[43][44][45] Traditionally, Bharatanatyam has been a solo dance that was performed exclusively by women,[46][47] and expressed Hindu religious themes and spiritual ideas, particularly of Shaivism, but also of Vaishnavism and Shaktism.[43][48][49]
Bharatanatyam and other classical dances in India were ridiculed and suppressed during the colonial British Raj era.[50][51][52] In the post-colonial period, it has grown to become the most popular classical Indian dance style in India and abroad, and is considered to be synonymous with Indian dance by many foreigners unaware of the diversity of dances and performance arts in Indian culture.[53]
Kathakali
Kathakali (katha, "story"; kali, "performance") is a highly stylized classical dance-drama form, which originated from Kerala in the 17th century.[54][55][56] This classical dance form is another "story play" genre of art, but one distinguished by its elaborately colorful make-up, costumes and face masks wearing actor-dancers, who have traditionally been all males.[55][56]
Kathakali primarily developed as a Hindu performance art, performing plays and mythical legends related to Hinduism.[57] While its origin are more recent, its roots are in temple and folk arts such as Kutiyattam and religious drama traceable to at least the 1st millennium CE.[55][58] A Kathakali performance incorporates movements from the ancient martial arts and athletic traditions of south India.[55][56][57] While linked to the temple dancing traditions such as Krishnanattam, Kutiyattam and others, Kathakali is different from these because unlike the older arts where the dancer-actor also had to be the vocal artist, Kathakali separated these roles allowing the dancer-actor to excel in and focus on choreography while the vocal artists focused on delivering their lines.[59]
Kathak
Kathak is traditionally attributed to the traveling bards of ancient
Kathak is found in three distinct forms, named after the cities where the Kathak dance tradition evolved – Jaipur, Benares and Lucknow.[65] Stylistically, the Kathak dance form emphasizes rhythmic foot movements, adorned with small bells (Ghungroo), the movement harmonized to the music, the legs and torso are generally straight, and the story is told through a developed vocabulary based on the gestures of arms and upper body movement, facial expressions, stage movements, bends and turns.[51][62][66]
Kuchipudi
Kuchipudi classical dance originated in a village of Krishna district in modern era Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.[67][68][69] It has roots in antiquity and developed as a religious art linked to traveling bards, temples and spiritual beliefs, like all major classical dances of India.[70][71][72] In its history, the Kuchipudi dancers were all males, typically Brahmins, who would play the roles of men and women in the story after dressing appropriately.[73]
Modern Kuchipudi tradition believes that Tirtha Narayana Yati and his disciple an orphan named Siddhendra Yogi founded and systematized the art in the 17th century.[74][75][76] Kuchipudi largely developed as a Hindu god Krishna-oriented Vaishnavism tradition,[77] and it is most closely related to Bhagavata Mela performance art found in Tamil Nadu, [71] which itself has originated from Andhra Pradesh. The Kuchipudi performance includes pure dance (nritta),[78] and expressive part of the performance (nritya), where rhythmic gestures as a sign language mime the play.[78][79] Vocalists and musicians accompany the artist, and the tala and raga set to (Carnatic music).[80] In modern productions, Kuchipudi dancers include men and women.[81]
Odissi
Odissi originated in the Hindu temples of Odisha – an eastern coastal state of India.[82][83] Odissi, in its history, was performed predominantly by women,[46][82] and expressed religious stories and spiritual ideas, particularly of Vaishnavism (Vishnu as Jagannath), but also of other traditions such as those related to Hindu gods Shiva and Surya, as well as Hindu goddesses (Shaktism).[84] Odissi is traditionally a dance-drama genre of performance art, where the artist(s) and musicians play out a mythical story, a spiritual message or devotional poem from the Hindu texts, using symbolic costumes,[85] body movement, abhinaya (expressions) and mudras (gestures and sign language) set out in ancient Sanskrit literature.[86]
Sattriya
Sattriya is a classical dance-drama performance art with origins in the
Manipuri
Manipuri Raas Leela dance is a unique form of dance drama which has its origin in
Mohiniyattam
Mohiniyattam developed in the state of Kerala, gets its name from Mohini – the seductress avatar of Vishnu, who in Hindu mythology uses her charms to help the good prevail in a battle between good and evil.[103][104] Mohiniyattam follows the Lasya style described in Natya Shastra, that is a dance which is delicate, with soft movements and feminine.[104][105] It is traditionally a solo dance performed by women after extensive training. The repertoire of Mohiniyattam includes pure and expressive dance-drama performances, timed to sopana (slower melody) styled music,[106][107] with recitation. The songs are typically in a Malayalam-Sanskrit hybrid called Manipravala.[104]
Folk and tribal dance forms
Folk dances and plays in India retain significance in rural areas as the expression of the daily work and rituals of village communities.[108]
Sanskrit literature of medieval times describes several forms of group dances such as
India has numerous folk dances. Every
Tribal Dances in India are inspired by the tribal folklore. Each ethnic group has its own distinct combination of myths, legends, tales, proverbs, riddles, ballads, folk songs, folk dance, and folk music.[111]
The dancers do not necessarily fall rigidly into the category of "tribal". However, these forms of dance closely depict their life, social relationships, work, and religious affiliations. They represent the rich culture and customs of their native lands through intricate movements of their bodies. A wide variation can be observed in the intensity of these dances. Some involve very slight movement with a groovier edge to it, while others involve elevated and vigorous involvement of limbs.
These dances are composed mostly on locally made instruments. Percussion instruments feature in most of these dances. Music is produced through indigenous instruments. Music too has its own diversity in these tribal dances with the aesthetics ranging from mild and soothing to strong and weighted rhythms. A few of them also have songs, either sung by themselves or by onlookers. The costumes vary from traditional saris of a particular pattern to skirts and blouses with mirror work for women and corresponding dhotis and upper-wear for men. They celebrate contemporary events, and victories and are often performed as a mode of appeasing the tribal deities.
A lot of the dance styles depend upon the regional positioning of the ethnic group. Factors as small as the east or west of a river result in a change of dance form even though the overreaching look of it may seem the same. Religious affiliation affects the content of the songs and hence the actions in a dance sequence. Another major factor affecting their content is the festivals, mostly harvest.
For example, the ethnic groups from the plain land rabhas from the hilly forested areas of Assam make use of baroyat (plate-like instrument), Handa (a type of sword), boushi (adze-like instrument), boumshi (bamboo flute), sum (heavy wooden instrument), dhansi. kalbansi, kalhurang, chingbakak. Traditionally, their dances are called basili. Through their dance, they express their labours, rejoicings and sorrows. Handur Basu their pseudo-war dance expresses their strength and solidarity.[112]
Tribal dances by territory
From a broader point of view, the different tribal dance forms, as they would be classified in the context of territory are:
- Andhra Pradesh
Siddi, Tappeta Gundlu, Urumulu (thunder dance), Butta Bommalata, Goravayyalu, Garaga (Vessel Dance), Vira Ntyam (Heroic Dance), Kolatam, Chiratala Bhajana, Dappu, Puli V Esham (Tiger Dance), Gobbi, Karuva, and Veedhi Bhagavatam.[113]
- Arunachal Pradesh
Ponung, Sadinuktso, Khampti, Ka Fifai, Idu Mishmi (ritual) and Wancho.
- Assam
Dhuliya and Bhawariya, Bihu, Deodhani, Zikirs, Apsara-Sabah.[113]
- Goa
Mussoll, Dulpod or Durpod, Kunnbi-Geet, Amon, Shigmo, Fugdi, and Dhalo.
- Haryana
Rasleela, Phag Dance, Phalgun, Daph Dance, Dhamaal, Loor, Guga, Jhomar, Ghomar, Khoria, Holi, Sapela.[113]
- Himachal Pradesh
Chambyali dance, ghuraiyan, pahadi nati, Dalshone and Cholamba,jhamakda, Jataru Kayang, Jhoori, Ji, Swang Tegi, Rasa.[113]
- Jharkhand
- Karnataka
Veeragase, Nandi Dhwaja, Beesu Kamshaley, Pata Kunitha, Bana Debara Kunitha, Pooja kunitha, Karaga, Gorawa Mela, Bhuta Nrutya, Naga Nrutya, Batte Kola, Chennu Kunitha, Maaragalu Kunitha, Kolata, Simha Nrutya,[113] Yakshagana
- Kerala
Thirayattam, Padayani, Ayyappanvilakku, Vattakkali, Theyyam, Mohiniyattom, Kadhakali, Koodiyattam, Thiruvathira Kali, Ottamthullal, Kerala folk dance, Kalamezhuthum Pattum, Oppana, Marghamkali, Chavittunadakam, Mudiyettu, Dhaphumuttu, Parichamuttukali, Kolkali, Arbhanamuttu, Pulikali, Kummattikali, Poorakali, Arjunanirtham, Pettathullal
- Chhattisgarh
Dadariya, Panthii, Suaa, Kaksat, Maria, Shaila, Gondi, Gaur, Karma, Sarhul, Raut Nacha, Danda Nacha, Gerri, Thiski, Bar, Relo, Muriya
- Madhya Pradesh
Sugga, Banjaara (Lehangi), Matki dance, Phul Patti dance, Grida dance.[113]
- Manipur
Lie Haraoba dance, Chanlam, Toonaga Lomna dance[113]
- Meghalaya
Wiking, Pombalang Nongkrem[113]
- Mizoram
Cheraw, Khuallam, Chheihlam, Chailam, Tlanglam, Sarlamkai, Chawnglaizawn[113]
- Maharashtra
Lavani, Koli, Tamasha, Bala Dindi, Dhangari Gaja[113]
- Odisha
Naga, Ghumri,[113] Danda Nacha,[115]Chhau, Goti Pua, Dal khai, Baagha Nacha, Keisabadi
- Punjab
Bhangra, Gidha, Kikli, Sammi, Karthi
- Rajasthan
Banjaara, Ghoomar, Fire dance, Tera tali, Kachhi Ghori, Geedar[113]
- Sikkim
Pang Toed Chaam (Chaam means dance) performed during the Pang Lhabsol festival in honor of the Guardian deity Khang-Chen-Dzonga, Maruni (Nepali Dance), and Tamak.[113]
- Tamil Nadu
Karakam, Puravai Attam, Ariyar Natanam, Podikazhi Attam, Kummi, Kavadi, Kolattam, Navasandhi, Kuravaik Koothu, Mayilaattam, Oyil Kummi, Pavakkuthu[113]
- West Bengal
Chhau, Santali dance, Jatra, Gazan[113]
- Tribal Gypsies
Lozen, Gouyen[113]
Contemporary dance
Uday Shankar and Shobana Jeyasingh have led modern Indian ballet which combined classical Indian dance and music with Western stage techniques. Their productions have included themes related to Shiva-Parvati, Lanka Dahan, Panchatantra, Ramayana among others.[117]
Dance in Bollywood Film
The presentation of Indian dance styles in film,
Dance and song sequences have been an integral component of films across the country. With the introduction of sound to the cinema in the film Alam Ara in 1931, choreographed dance sequences became ubiquitous in Hindi and other Indian films.[119]
Dance in early Hindi films was primarily modeled on classical Indian dance styles such as Kathak, or folk dancers. Modern films often blend this earlier style with Western dance styles (
Often in movies, the actors don't sing the songs themselves that they dance too, themselves but have another artist sing in the background. For an actor to sing in the song is unlikely but not rare. The dances in Bollywood can range from slow dancing to a more upbeat hip-hop style dance. The dancing itself is a fusion of all dance forms. It could be Indian classical, Indian folk dance, belly dancing, jazz, hip-hop, and everything else you can imagine.[122][123]
Dance education
Since India's independence from colonial rule, numerous schools have opened to further education, training, and socialization through dance classes,[124][125] or simply a means to exercise and fitness.[126]
Major cities in India now have numerous schools that offer lessons in dances such as Odissi, Bharatanatyam, and these cities host hundreds of shows every year.[127][128] Dances which were exclusive to one gender, now have participation by both males and females.[129] Many innovations and developments in the modern practice of classical Indian dances, states Anne-Marie Geston, are of a quasi-religious type.[53]
Geographic spread
Some traditions of the Indian classical dance are practiced in the whole Indian subcontinent, including Pakistan and Bangladesh, with which India shares several other cultural traits. Indian mythologies play a significant part in dance forms of countries in Southeast Asia, an example being the performances based on Ramayana in Javanese dances.[130]
Festivals
Sangeet Natak Akademi (The National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama) organizes dance festivals around India.[131]
See also
References
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Notes
- Massey, Reginald (2004), India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire, Abhinav Publications
- Narayan, Shovanna (2005). “ The Sterling Book: Indian Classical Dance", Nepalian Dawn Press Group, New Delhi, India.
- "Revealing the Art of Surya-namasjarnatyasastra" by Narayanan Chittoor Namboodiripad ISBN 9788121512183
- Ragini Devi (1990). Dance Dialects of India. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0674-0.
- Saryu Doshi (1989). Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition. Marg Publications. ISBN 978-81-85026-09-1.
- Sunil Kothari; Avinash Pasricha (2001). Kuchipudi. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-359-5.
- Natalia Lidova (2014). Natyashastra. Oxford University Press. .
- Natalia Lidova (1994). Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1234-5.
- Massey, Reginald (1999). India's Kathak Dance - Past, Present, Future. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-374-8.
- Tarla Mehta (1995). Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1057-0.
- ISBN 978-90-04-03978-0.
- Williams, Drid (2004). "In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing" (PDF). Visual Anthropology. 17 (1): 69–98. S2CID 29065670. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
- Richmond, Farley P.; Swann, Darius L.; Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1993). Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0981-9.
- Wallace Dace (1963). "The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory". Educational Theatre Journal. 15 (3): 249–254. JSTOR 3204783.
- ISBN 978-8120800564.
External links
- Dance - Indian performing arts, National Centre for the Performing Arts, Mumbai
- Center for the Performance Arts in India, University of Pittsburgh
- Dance and Theatre in India, Goethe Institut
- Center for India Studies, Performance Art Series: Classical Dances, Stony Brook University
- Dance in India college exchange programs, City University of New York
- [1], Darpana Academy of Performing Arts, Ahmedabad
- Dance in India Study Abroad Programs in the USA Archived 28 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Schools for International Training
- The Anthropology of Theater and Spectacle William Beeman (1993)