Daniel 7
Daniel 7 (the seventh chapter of the Book of Daniel) tells of Daniel's vision of four world-kingdoms replaced by the kingdom of the saints or "holy ones" of the Most High, which will endure for ever. Four beasts come out of the sea, the Ancient of Days sits in judgment over them, and "one like a son of man" is given eternal kingship. An angelic guide interprets the beasts as kingdoms and kings, the last of whom will make war on the "holy ones" of God, but they will be destroyed and the "holy ones" will be given eternal dominion and power.
Although set during the reign or regency of
Summary
In the first year of
Structure and composition
Book of Daniel
It is generally accepted that the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of
- A. (2:4b-49) – A dream of four kingdoms replaced by a fifth
- B. (3:1–30) – Daniel's three friends in the fiery furnace
- C. (4:1–37) – Daniel interprets a dream for Nebuchadnezzar
- C'. (5:1–31) – Daniel interprets the handwriting on the wall for Belshazzar
- B'. (6:1–28) – Daniel in the lions' den
- B. (3:1–30) – Daniel's three friends in the fiery furnace
- A'. (7:1–28) – A vision of four world kingdoms replaced by a fifth
Chapter 7
Chapter 7 is pivotal to the larger structure of the entire book, acting as a bridge between the tales of chapters 1–6 and the visions of 7–12. The use of Aramaic and its place in the chiasm link it to the first half, while the use of Daniel as first-person narrator and its emphasis on visions link it to the second. There is also a temporal shift: the tales in chapters 1–6 have run from Nebuchadnezzar to Belshazzar to Darius, but in chapter 7 we move back to the first year of Belshazzar and the forward movement starts over again, to the third year of Belshazzar, the first year of Darius, and then the third year of Cyrus.[13]
Most scholars accept that the chapter was written as a unity, possibly based on an early anti-Hellenistic document from around 300 BC; verse 9 is usually printed as poetry, and may be a fragment of an ancient psalm. The overall structure can be described as follows:[14]
- Introduction (verses 1–2a)
- Vision report: vision of the four beasts; vision of the "little horn"; throne vision; vision of judgement; vision of a figure on the clouds (2b–14)
- Interpretation (15–18)
- Additional clarification of the vision (19–27)
- Conclusion (28)
Genre and themes
Genre
The Book of Daniel is an apocalypse, a literary genre in which a heavenly reality is revealed to a human recipient. Apocalypses are characterized by visions, symbolism, an other-worldly mediator, an emphasis on cosmic events, angels and demons, and pseudonymity (false authorship).[2] Apocalypses were common from 300 BC to AD 100, not only among Jews and Christians, but Greeks, Romans, Persians and Egyptians.[15] Daniel, the book's hero, is a representative apocalyptic seer, the recipient of the divine revelation: has learned the wisdom of the Babylonian magicians and surpassed them, because his God is the true source of knowledge. Daniel is one of the maskilim, the wise, whose task is to teach righteousness.[15] The book is also an eschatology, meaning a divine revelation concerning the end of the present age, a moment in which God will intervene in history to usher in the final kingdom.[3]
Themes
The overall theme of the Book of Daniel is God's sovereignty over history.
Historical background: from Babylon to the Greeks
In the late 7th and early 6th centuries BC the
Imagery and symbolism
Many scholars have accepted the view that the imagery of Daniel 7 comes ultimately from the
- The lion: Babylon. Its transformation into a man reverses Nebuchadnezzar's transformation into a beast in chapter 4, and the "human mind" may reflect his regaining sanity; the "plucked wings" reflect both loss of power and the transformation to a human state.
- The bear: the Medes – compare Jeremiah 51:11 on the Medes attacking Babylon.
- The leopard: Persia. The four heads may reflect the four Persian kings of Daniel 11:2–7.
- The fourth beast: The Greeks and particularly the Seleucids of Syria.
The "ten horns" that appear on the beast is a round number standing for the Seleucid kings between
The next scene is the divine court. Israelite monotheism should have only one throne as there is only one god, but here we see multiple thrones, suggesting the mythic background to the vision. The "Ancient of Days" echoes Canaanite El, but his wheeled throne suggests Ezekiel's mobile throne of God. He is surrounded by fire and an entourage of "ten thousand times ten thousand", an allusion to the heavenly hosts attending Yahweh, the God of Israel, as he rides to battle against his people's enemies. There is no battle, however; instead "the books" are opened and the fate of Israel's enemies is decided by God's sovereign judgement.[23]
The identity of the "one like a son of man" who approaches God on his throne has been much discussed. The usual suggestion is that this figure represents the triumph of the Jewish people over their oppressor; the main alternative view is that he is the angelic leader of God's heavenly host, a connection made explicitly in chapters 10–12, where the reader is told that the conflict on Earth is mirrored by a war in heaven between
The "holy ones" seems to refer to the persecuted Jews under Antiochus; the "sacred seasons and the law" are the Jewish religious customs disrupted by him; the "time, two times and a half" is approximately the time of the persecution, from 167 to 164 BC, as well as being half of seven, the "perfect number".[25]
Kingship is taken from the four beasts, whose rule is "succeeded by the kingdom of the saints of the Most High, which will endure for ever".
In popular culture
Popular Israeli musician Meir Ariel's song "Chayat HaBarzel" (The Iron Beast) links the fourth beast of Daniel 7 to modern industrial society.[28]
See also
- 1260-day prophecy
- 1 Maccabees
- 2 Maccabees
- Antinomianism
Citations
- ^ Collins 1984, p. 36.
- ^ a b Crawford 2000, p. 73.
- ^ a b Carroll 2000, p. 420-421.
- ^ a b Bandstra 2008, p. 449.
- ^ a b Aune 2010, p. 15-19.
- ^ a b Cohn 2006, p. 188-189.
- ^ Levine 2010, p. 1247-1249.
- ^ Collins 1984, p. 29,34–35.
- ^ Collins 1984, p. 28.
- ^ Redditt 2008, p. 176-177,180.
- ^ Wesselius 2002, p. 295.
- ^ Redditt 2008, p. 177.
- ^ Hebbard 2009, p. 23.
- ^ Collins 1984, p. 74-75.
- ^ a b Davies 2006, p. 397-406.
- ^ Levine 2010, p. 1234.
- ^ Nelson 2000, p. 311-312.
- ^ a b Collins 1984, p. 77.
- ^ Levine 2010, p. p.1247 footnotes.
- ^ Levine 2010, p. 1247 footnotes.
- ^ Levine 2010, p. 1247-1248 footnotes.
- ^ Seow 2003, p. 106.
- ^ Seow 2003, p. 106-107.
- ^ Collins 1998, p. 101-103.
- ^ Levine 2010, p. 1248-1249, footnotes.
- ^ Driver, S. R. (1900), Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Daniel 7, accessed 9 October 2020
- ^ Hammer 1976, p. 82.
- ^ "Iron Beast".
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