Danishmendids
Danishmend | |||||||||
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1071/1075–1178 | |||||||||
Capital | Sivas Niksar | ||||||||
Common languages | Old Anatolian Turkish Medieval Greek | ||||||||
Religion | Islam | ||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
Bey, Ghazi, Melik | |||||||||
• 1071/1075–1084 | Danishmend Gazi | ||||||||
• 1175–1178 | Nasreddin Muhammed | ||||||||
Historical era | High Medieval | ||||||||
• Established | 1071/1075 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1178 | ||||||||
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The Danishmendids or Danishmends (
The dynasty was established by Danishmend Gazi for whom historical information is rather scarce and was generally written long after his death. His title or name, Dānishmand (دانشمند) means "wise man" or "one who searches for knowledge" in Persian.
Origins
The
History
The dynasty
As of 1134, Danishmend dynasty leaders also held the title
The Danishmends established themselves in Anatolia in the aftermath of the
In 1100, Gazi's son, Emir Gazi, captured Bohemond I of Antioch, who remained in their captivity until 1103. A Seljuk-Danishmend alliance was also responsible for defeating the Crusade of 1101.
In 1116, the Danishmends helped Mesud I become the Seljuk sultan.[11]
In 1130, Bohemond II of Antioch was killed in a battle with Emir Gazi, after coming to the aid of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, which Gümüshtigin had invaded. Gümüshtigin died in 1134 and his son and successor Melik Mehmed Gazi did not have the martial spirit of his father and grandfather. He is nevertheless considered the first builder of Kayseri as a Turkish city, despite his relatively short period of reign.
When Mehmed died in 1142, the Danishmend lands were divided between his two brothers, Melik Yaghibasan, who maintained the title of "Melik" and ruled from Sivas, and Ayn el-Devle, who ruled from Malatya.
In 1155, Seljuk Sultan
Following the death of Fahreddin in a riding accident in 1172, he was succeeded by his brother Afridun.[13] By 1175, Nasreddin Muhammed had returned to power, and ruled as a Seljuk vassal.[13] In 1178, Malatya was occupied. This event marked the end of the Danishmend rule, while the remaining Danishmends joined Seljuk service.[13]
Culture and legend
Danishmend Gazi, the founder of the dynasty, is the central figure of a posthumous romance epic, Danishmendnâme, in which he is misidentified with an 8th-century Arab warrior, Sidi Battal Gazi, and their exploits intertwined.
Virtually all Danishmend rulers entered the traditions of the
The official title of the Danishmendids was Malik of All Romania and the East/Anatolia, was always inscribed in the local currency in Greek,[15] indication of Byzantine influence.[16] The Danishmend's coins, along with being bilingual, included an image of a figure slaying a dragon, thought to represent St. George.[17]
Rulers
Danishmends | Reign | Notes |
Danishmend Gazi | 1075 -d. 1084 | Also called Danishmend Taylu |
Gazi Gümüshtigin | 1084-d. 1104 | Son of Danishmend Gazi |
Emir Gazi | 1104-d. 1134 | |
Melik Mehmed Gazi | 1134-d. 1142 | |
Sivas branch (Meliks - The Kings) | 1142–1175 | Incorporated to Anatolian Seljuks |
Melik Zünnun (first rule) | 1142–1143 | Son of Melik Mehmed Gazi |
Yağıbasan | 1143–1164 | Son of Emir Gazi |
Melik Mücahid Gazi | 1164–1166 | |
Melik İbrahim | 1166-1166 | |
Melik İsmail | 1166-1172 | Killed in palace revolt.[13] |
Melik Zünnun (second rule) | 1172–1174 | Son of Melik Mehmed Gazi |
Malatya branch (Emirs) | 1142–1178 | Incorporated to Anatolian Seljuks |
Ayn el-Devle | 1142–1152 | |
Zülkarneyn | 1152–1162 | |
Nasreddin Muhammed | 1162–1170 | |
Fahreddin | 1170–1172 | |
Efridun | 1172–1175 | |
Nasreddin Muhammed | 1175–1178 | Second reign |
History of Turkey |
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Timeline |
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See also
- Sultanate of Rûm
- Anatolian beyliks
Notes
- ^ According to Yeremyan, Danishmend Gazi was originally named Hrahat/Rat/Rati, supposedly a scion of the Armeno-Georgian Liparitid and Orbelian noble houses.[7] Yinanc, who according to Bedrosian "probably" followed an 18th century Armenian historian, suggested that Danishmend Gazi was possibly an Armenian captive of war.[7]
References
- ^ The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Edinburgh University Press, p.215, Online
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Yazici 1993, pp. 654–655.
- ^ a b Irwin 2014, p. 304.
- ISBN 9780227679319.
- ISBN 9780195334036.
- ^ Bedrosian 1979, p. 85.
- ^ a b Bedrosian 1979, p. 85 (note 2).
- ^ Anetshofer 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-7546-4077-6.
- ^ Fisher, p. 8.
- ^ "Turkmen Ruling Dynasties in Asia Minor".
- ^ "Copper alloy dirham of Nasir al-Din Muhammad, Malatya, 557-73 H. 1917.215.840". numismatics.org. American Numismatic Society.
- ^ a b c d Danishmendids, I. Melikoff, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, ed. B. Lewis, C. Pellat and J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 111.
- ^ Dr. Mürselin Güney. "History of Ünye" (in Turkish).
All Danishmend rulers are referred to as "Melik Gazi" by the general public
- ^ Bryer, Anthony (1980). The Empire of Trebizond and the Pontos. Historical Journal, University of Birmingham. p. 170.
- ISBN 9789756782576.
- ^ Christian Elements in the Identity of the Anatolian Turkmens (12th-13th Centuries), Rustam Shukurov, Cristianità d'occidente e cristianità d'oriente (secoli VI-XI), CISAM. Spoleto, 2004), 707-64; Khidr and the Changing Frontiers of the Medieval World, Ethel Sara Wolper, Confronting the Borders of Medieval Art, ed. Jill Caskey, Adam S. Cohen, Linda Safran, (Brill, 2011), 136.
Sources
- Anetshofer, Helga (2015). "Danişmendname". In Fleet, Kate; ISSN 1873-9830.
- Oktay Aslanapa (1991). Anadolu'da ilk Türk mimarisi: Başlangıcı ve gelişmesi (Early Turkish architecture in Anatolia: Beginnings and development) (in Turkish). AKM Publications, ISBN 978-975-16-0264-0. Archived from the originalon 2007-09-30.
- Bedrosian, Robert Gregory (1979). The Turco-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13th-14th Centuries. Columbia University Press.
- ISBN 978-0-7486-2137-8.
- Fisher, Sydney Nettleton (2000). The Foreign Relations of Turkey 1481-1512. Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies.
- Irwin, Robert (2014). "The Impact of the Early Crusades on the Muslim World". In Stuckey, Jace (ed.). The Eastern Mediterranean Frontier of Latin Christendom. Routledge. ISBN 978-1472422750.
- "Turkmen Ruling Dynasties in Asia Minor"
- Yazici, Tahsin (1993). "DĀNEŠMAND". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 6. pp. 654–655.
External links
- "Danishmend Gazi (Melik Gazi) Tomb in Niksar (fact sheet)". ArchNet. Archived from the original on 2007-04-05.
- Prof. Dr. Mehmet Eti. "Specimens of Danishmend numismatics". Archived from the original on 2007-07-21.
- Mustafa Güler, İlknur Aktuğ Kolay. "12. yüzyıl Anadolu Türk Camileri (12th century Turkish mosques in Anatolia)" (PDF) (in Turkish). Istanbul Technical University Magazine (İtüdergi). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-04.