Dargwa language
Dargwa | |
---|---|
дарган мез dargan mez | |
Native to | Russia |
Region | Dagestan |
Ethnicity | 590,000 Dargins (2010 census)[1] |
Native speakers | 490,000 (2010 census)[1] |
Northeast Caucasian
| |
Official status | |
Official language in | Russia |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | dar |
ISO 639-3 | dar (also Dargin languages) |
Glottolog | darg1241 sout3261 |
Dargwa (дарган мез, dargan mez) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Dargin people in the Russian republic Dagestan. It is the literary and main dialect of the dialect continuum constituting the Dargin languages.[2]
Classification
Dargwa is part of a Northeast Caucasian dialect continuum, the
Geographic distribution
According to the
Phonology
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2021) |
Consonants
Like other
Labial | Dental | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal/ Epiglottal |
Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | sib. | |||||||||
Nasal | m | n
|
||||||||
Affricate
|
voiced | b | d
|
d͡z1 | d͡ʒ1 | ɡ | ɢ1 | ʡ1 | ||
voiceless | p | t
|
t͡s | t͡ʃ | k | q | ʔ | |||
long | pː2 | tː 2
|
t͡sː2 | t͡ʃː2 | kː2 | qː2 | ||||
ejective | pʼ | tʼ
|
t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ʡʼ 2
|
|||
Fricative
|
voiced | v1 | z | ʒ | ɣ1 | ʁ | ʢ | ɦ2 | ||
voiceless | f1 | s | ʃ | ç1 | x | χ2 | ʜ2 | |||
long | sː2 | ʃː2 | xː2 | χː2 | ||||||
Trill | r
|
|||||||||
Approximant
|
w2 | l
|
j |
- Present in the literary standard of Dargwa, but not some other dialects.
- Present in some dialects, but not the literary standard.
- The source is rather ambiguous in its using the term "epiglottalcolumn and a glottal stop, both found in many other East Caucasian languages.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | e | ə | |
Open | a |
The Dargwa language features five vowel sounds /i, e, ə, a, u/. Vowels /i, u, a/ can be pharyngealized as /iˤ, uˤ, aˤ/. There may also be a pharyngealized mid-back vowel [oˤ] as a realization of /uˤ/, occurring in the Megeb dialect.[5]
Orthography
The current Dargwa alphabet is based on
А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | Гӏ гӏ | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з |
И и | Й й | К к | Къ къ | Кь кь | Кӏ кӏ | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п | Пӏ пӏ |
Р р | С с | Т т | Тӏ тӏ | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Хъ хъ | Хь хь | Хӏ хӏ | Ц ц | Цӏ цӏ |
Ч ч | Чӏ чӏ | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
The Latin alphabet of the 1920s is not supported by Unicode, but is approximately:[6]
a ʙ c ç ꞓ d e ə f g ǥ ƣ h ħ ⱨ i j k ⱪ l m n o p ᶈ q ꝗ r s ꞩ ş t ţ u v w x ҳ ӿ z ƶ ⱬ ƶ̧
(The letter transcribed here ⱨ ⱪ ᶈ ҳ ⱬ might have cedillas instead of hooks; the printing in sources is not clear.)
Writing system comparison chart
Compiled from:[7]
Modern Cyrillic |
Latin c. 1930 |
Uslar | Arabic (1920—1928) |
Arabic (before 1920) |
IPA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
А а | A a | а | ا ,آ | آ | a |
Б б | B b | б | ب | b | |
В в | V v | ԝ | و | w | |
Г г | G g | г | گ | ڮ | g |
Гъ гъ | Ƣ ƣ | ӷ | غ | ʁ | |
Гь гь | H h | һ | ھ | ﻬ | h |
ГӀ гӀ | Ⱨ ⱨ | ꜧ | ع | ʕ | |
Д д | D d | д | د | d | |
Е е | E e, je | e | اە | - | e, je |
Ё ё | - | ɵ | |||
Ж ж | Ƶ ƶ | ж | ژ | ج | ʒ |
З з | Z z | з | ز | z | |
И и | I i | i | اى | - | i |
Й й | J j | j | ى | ي | j |
К к | K k | кᷱ | ک | k | |
Къ къ | Q q | к | ڠ | ق | q: |
Кь кь | Ꝗ ꝗ | q | ق | q̇ | |
КӀ кӀ | Ⱪ ⱪ | қ | گ | kʼ | |
Л л | L l | л | ل | l | |
М м | M m | м | م | m | |
Н н | N n | н | ن | n | |
О о | O o | о | او | - | o |
П п | P p | п | پ | ف | p |
ПӀ пӀ[comm. 1] | [comm. 2] | ԥ | ڢ | ب | pʼ |
Р р | R r | р | ر | r | |
С с | S s | с | س | s | |
Т т | T t | т | ت | t | |
ТӀ тӀ | T̨ t̨ | ҭ | ط | t’ | |
У у | U u | у | او | و | u |
Ф ф | F f | - | ف | f | |
Х х | X x | х | خ | χ | |
Хъ хъ | Ӿ ӿ | k | څ | ق | q |
Хь хь | Ҳ ҳ | h ͫ | ؼ | x: | |
ХӀ хӀ | Ħ ħ | h ̆ | ح | ћ | |
Ц ц | Ꞩ ꞩ | ц | ڝ | ژ | ʦ |
ЦӀ цӀ | Ⱬ ⱬ | წ | ڗ | ژ | ʦ’ |
Ч ч | C c | ч | چ | tʃ | |
ЧӀ чӀ | Ç ç | ჭ | ج | چ | ʧ’ |
Ш ш | Ş ş | ш | ش | ʃ | |
Щ щ | şş | - | ʃː | ||
Ъ ъ | - | ء | - | ʔ | |
Ы ы | - | ɨ | |||
Ь ь | - | ||||
Э э | E e | - | اه | - | e |
Ю ю | ju | - | ju | ||
Я я | Ә ә, ja | œ | أ | - | ja |
- | Ⱬ̵ ⱬ̵ | ђ | ڞ | - | t͡s |
- | Ӡ ӡ | - | |||
- | є[comm. 2] | - | ڃ | چ | |
- | g̵[comm. 2] | гᷱ | ݢ | - |
Grammar
Verb
TAM
Assertive (finite) forms
TAM CATEGORY | MEANING | ASPECT | MODIFIER | PREDICATIVE MARKER | NEGATION | EXAMPLE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DERIVED FROM THE PROGRESSIVE STEM ( BASIC STEM + -a) | ||||||
Present | 1. all types of present situations including actual and habitual situations, 2. historic present, 3. close future: the speaker‘s intention | IPF | [-ti] | PERSON / PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b) | reduplication or negative auxiliary | anwar-ri kaRar luk’-a–ca=b (Anwar is writing a letter) |
Past Progressive | a progressive situation in the past | IPF | -ti | PAST (–di) | it uč’-a-Ti–di (He was reading) | |
DERIVED FROM THE PRETERITE STEM ( BASIC STEM + -ib/-ub/-ur/-un): | ||||||
Aorist | any completed action in the past | PF | - | PERSON (–da/–di) | negative auxiliary | |
Imperfect | unspecified imperfective meaning in the past (both durative and multiplicative situations) | IPF | - | PERSON (–da/–di) | hin ha.ruq-ib | |
Perfect | perfect (a completed action whose results are still presently actual) | PF | - | PERSON /PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b) | jabu-l hin d=er{-ib–ca=d (The horse has drunk up the whole of the water) | |
Pluperfect | a completed action in the past preceding another past action | PF | -li | PAST (–di) | ||
*Evidential Present | 1. inference from non-trivial results of a situation that still exist at the moment of speech 2. subject resultative: | IPF | - | PERSON/PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b) | jabu hinni b=u{-ib–ca=b (The horse has had a drink of water) | |
*Evidential Past | 1. inference from non-trivial results that existed in the past subject resultative in the past | IPF | -li | PAST (–di) | ||
Resultative | resultative (state of the patient) | - | -li | PERSON /PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b) | jabu mura-l b=uK-un-ni–ca=b 'The horse has eaten its fill of hay.‘ | |
Experiential | experiential | - | -ci | PERSON /PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b) | ni}a-la }a=b b=uZ-ib-ti–ca=b d=eqel juz-i d=elk'-un-ti ̳There have been in our village those who had written many books'. | |
Habitual Past | a habitual action in the past | IPF | -a-d-i, -a-T-i, -iri/-ini or -aj | no separable predicative morphemes | reduplication | harzamina b=urs-iri di-la waba-l 'My mother used to tell (this story).‘ |
DERIVED FROM THE OBLIGATIVE STEM ( BASIC STEM + -an): | ||||||
Future | all types of future situations | IPF | - | PERSON/FUTURE(–da/–di/-ni) | negative auxiliary | |
Obligative Present | a situation that the speaker believes necessary to be realized | IPF * | - | PERSON /PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b) | negative auxiliary | |
Obligative Past | an irreal situation that the speaker believes necessary to have been realized in the past | IPF * | - | PAST (–di) | ||
DERIVED FROM THE HYPOTHETICAL STEM ( BASIC STEM + -iZ-): | ||||||
Hypothetical Present | a possible action in the future | - | - | PERSON(–da/–di) | reduplication or negative auxiliary | |
Hypothetical Past | a past situation that did not take place, but is treated by the speaker as having been possible under certain conditions | - | - | PAST (–di) | ||
Irrealis | used in the apodosis of the irreal conditional clauses | IPF | - | PAST (–di) | reduplication |
Kadar dialect
The Kadar dialect (G'adaran lug'at / Гъадаран лугъат) with 18,000 speakers is a dialect of the Northern Dargin languages, one of the Dargin languages, which is characterized by specific phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic features. It is traditionally regarded as a single dialect of Dargwa.[9][10] The vocabulary layer of the Kadar dialect includes words borrowed from Arabic, Persian, Russian and especially Turkic.[11]
References
- ^ a b Dargwa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ISBN 978-3-96110-197-9.
- ^ Korjakov, Yu. B. (2012). Лексикостатичексая классификация Даргинских Языков (Paper presented at the Moscow Seminar on Nakh-Dagestanian lanlanguages organized by Nina Sumbatova) (in Russian).
- JSTOR 410010.
- ^ a b Daniel, Michael; Dobrushina, Nina; Ganenkov, Dmitry (2019). The Mehweb language: Essays on phonology, morphology and syntax. Berlin: Language Science Press.
- ^ "НЭБ - Национальная электронная библиотека".
- ^ А. А. Исаев (1970). "Социологический сборник". О формировании и развитии письменности народов Дагестана. Махачкала. pp. 173–232.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Nina R. Sumbatova, Rasul Osmanovič Mutalov. "A Grammar of Icari Dargwa". Lincom GmbH, 2003
- ISBN 9057890666.
- ISBN 978-5-6045633-5-9.
- ISSN 2075-7794. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
Notes
Bibliography
- Z. G. Abdullaev: Darginskij jazyk (3 Vol.). Moskau 1993. (in Russian)
- Z. G. Abdullaev: Darginskij jazyk Archived 2006-12-07 at the Wayback Machine. In: Jazyki narodov SSSR. Vol. 4. Moskau 1967. (in Russian)
- Karl Bouda: Die darginische Schriftsprache. (= Beiträge zur kaukasischen und sibirischen Sprachwissenschaft. Vol. 4). Leipzig 1937.
- Tb (2019). ISBN 978-3-96110-208-2.
- van den Berg, Helma (2001). Dargi folktales. Oral stories from the Caucasus. With an introduction to Dargi Grammar. Leiden: University of Leiden. ISBN 978-90-5789-066-6.
External links
- An online dictionary of Sanzhi Dargwa (in Dictionaria), by Diana Forker
- Appendix:Cyrillic script
- Dargin language (in Russian)
- Consonant Systems of the North-East Caucasian Languages
- Dargwa basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
- Sanzhi Dargwa DoReCo corpus compiled by Diana Forker and Nils Norman Schiborr. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and - for some texts - time-aligned morphological annotations.