Darmstadt
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|
Darmstadt | |
---|---|
Central Darmstadt in January 2005 Headquarters of Merck Group | |
Location of Darmstadt within Hessen | |
Urban district | |
Subdivisions | 9 boroughs |
Government | |
• Lord mayor (2023–29) | Hanno Benz[1] (SPD) |
Area | |
• Total | 122.23 km2 (47.19 sq mi) |
Elevation | 144 m (472 ft) |
Population (2022-12-31)[2] | |
• Total | 162,243 |
• Density | 1,300/km2 (3,400/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
Postal codes | 64283–64297 |
Dialling codes | 06151, 06150 |
Vehicle registration | DA |
Website | darmstadt.de |
Official name | Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt |
Type | Cultural |
Criteria | (ii)(iv) |
Designated | 2021 |
Reference no. | [1] |
Darmstadt (German: .
Darmstadt holds the official title "City of Science" (German: Wissenschaftsstadt) as it is a major centre of scientific institutions, universities, and high-technology companies. The
The Mathildenhöhe, including the Darmstadt artists' colony, a major centre of the Jugendstil artistic movement, referring both to the group of artists active in the city in the late 19th and early 20th century, as well as the buildings which they designed, together with the Russian Chapel in Darmstadt, was recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2021.[5][6]
Darmstadt was formerly the capital of a sovereign country, the
History
Origins
The name Darmstadt first appears towards the end of the 11th century, then as Darmundestat.[7]
Darmstadt was chartered as a city by the Holy Roman Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian in 1330, at which time it belonged to the counts of Katzenelnbogen.[8] The city, then called Darmstait, became a secondary residence for the counts, with a small castle established at the site of the current, much larger edifice.[9]
When the house of Katzenelnbogen became extinct in 1479, the city was passed to the Landgraviate of Hesse, and was seat of the ruling landgraves (1567–1806) and thereafter (to 1918) of the grand dukes of Hesse.[10][unreliable source?]
Industrial age
The city grew in population during the 19th century from little over 10,000 to 72,000 inhabitants.
In the beginning of the 20th century, Darmstadt was an important centre for the art movement of
Nazi Germany
Darmstadt was the first city in Germany to force Jewish shops to close in early 1933, shortly after the Nazis took power in Germany. The shops were only closed for one day, for "endangering communal order and tranquility".[18] In 1942, over 3,000 Jews from Darmstadt were first forced into a collection camp located in the Liebigschule, and later deported to concentration camps[19] where most eventually died. In 1944, the city was also the location of a subcamp of the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp.[20]
Several prominent members of the German resistance movement against the Nazis were citizens of Darmstadt, including Wilhelm Leuschner and Theodor Haubach, both executed for their opposition to Hitler's regime.[21][22]
Darmstadt was first bombed on 30 July 1940, and 34 other air raids would follow before the war's end. The old city centre was largely destroyed in a British bombing raid on 11/12 September 1944.[23] This attack was an example of "area bombing" using high explosive and incendiary bombs, which combined in that attack to create a firestorm, a self-sustaining combustion process in which winds generated by the fire ensure it continues to burn until everything possible has been consumed.[24] During this attack an estimated 11,000 to 12,500 of the inhabitants were killed, and 66,000 to 70,000 were left homeless.[19] Over three-quarters of Darmstadt's inner city was destroyed.[25] Post-war rebuilding was done in a relatively plain architectural style, although a number of the historic buildings were rebuilt to their original appearance following the city's capture on 25 March 1945 by the American 4th Armored Division.[26][27]
Post–World War II
Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, Darmstadt became home to many technology companies and research institutes, and has been promoting itself as a "city of science" since 1997.
The roots of
The
Boroughs
Darmstadt has nine official 'Stadtteile' (
- Darmstadt-Arheilgen
- Darmstadt-Bessungen
- Darmstadt-Eberstadt
- Darmstadt-Kranichstein
- Darmstadt-Mitte ("Central Darmstadt")
- Darmstadt-Nord ("North")
- Darmstadt-Ost ("East")
- Darmstadt-West
- Darmstadt-Wixhausen
Population development
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1871 | 33,800 | — |
1890 | 55,883 | +65.3% |
1900 | 72,381 | +29.5% |
1925 | 89,465 | +23.6% |
1933 | 93,222 | +4.2% |
1945 | 69,539 | −25.4% |
1956 | 123,306 | +77.3% |
1975 | 137,018 | +11.1% |
1990 | 138,920 | +1.4% |
2000 | 138,242 | −0.5% |
2010 | 144,402 | +4.5% |
2020 | 159,174 | +10.2% |
Source: [33] |
Rank | Nationality | Population (31 December 2022) |
---|---|---|
1 | Turkey | 4,308 |
2 | Italy | 2,422 |
3 | Poland | 1,836 |
4 | Syria | 1,784 |
5 | Ukraine | 1,715 |
6 | China | 1,673 |
7 | Spain | 1,322 |
8 | Morocco | 1,138 |
9 | India | 1,078 |
10 | Romania | 1,034 |
Politics
Mayor
The current mayor of Darmstadt is Jochen Partsch of Alliance 90/The Greens, who was elected in 2011 and re-elected in 2017.[34]
The most recent mayoral election was held on 19 March 2017, and the results were as follows:[35]
Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jochen Partsch | Alliance 90/The Greens | 25,291 | 50.4 | |
Michael Siebel | Social Democratic Party | 8,364 | 16.7 | |
Kerstin Lau | UFFBASSE | 6,235 | 12.4 | |
Christoph Hentzen | Free Democratic Party | 2,801 | 5.6 | |
Uli Franke | The Left | 2,145 | 4.3 | |
Helmut Klett | UWiGA | 2,094 | 4.2 | |
Hans Mohrmann | Alternative for Germany | 2,031 | 4.0 | |
Achim Pfeffer | Independent | 973 | 1.9 | |
Thorsten Przygoda | Independent | 293 | 0.6 | |
Valid votes | 50,227 | 99.2 | ||
Invalid votes | 388 | 0.8 | ||
Total | 50,615 | 100.0 | ||
Electorate/voter turnout | 115,316 | 43.9 | ||
Source: City of Darmstadt |
The following is a list of mayors since 1945:
Term of office | Name | Party |
---|---|---|
1945–1950 | Ludwig Metzger (1902–1993) | SPD |
1951–1971 | Ludwig Engel (1906–1975) | SPD |
1971–1981 | Heinz Winfried Sabais (1922–1981) | SPD |
1981–1993 | Günther Metzger (1933–2013) | SPD |
1993–2005 | Peter Benz (born 1942) | SPD |
2005–2011 | Walter Hoffmann (born 1952) | SPD |
2011–2023 | Jochen Partsch (born 1962) | Greens |
2023–present | Hanno Benz | SPD |
City council
The Darmstadt city council (Stadtverordnetenversammlung) governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 14 March 2021, and the results were as follows:[36]
Party | Lead candidate | Votes | % | +/- | Seats | +/- | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) | Hildegard Förster-Heldmann | 1,151,498 | 27.4 | 2.3 | 20 | 1 | |
Social Democratic Party (SPD) | Tim Huß | 703,686 | 16.7 | 0.5 | 12 | ±0 | |
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) | Paul Georg Wandrey | 654,797 | 15.6 | 2.6 | 11 | 2 | |
The Left (Die Linke) | Karl-Heinz Böck | 310,074 | 7.4 | 0.6 | 5 | ±0 | |
Volt Germany (Volt) | Nicolas Kämmerer | 289,023 | 6.9 | New | 5 | New | |
UFFBASSE | Kerstin Lau | 269,301 | 6.4 | 1.3 | 5 | ±0 | |
Free Democratic Party (FDP) | Leif Blum | 234,121 | 5.6 | 0.3 | 4 | ±0 | |
Alternative for Germany (AfD) | Günter Zabel | 191,982 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 3 | 4 | |
UWiGA | Erich Bauer | 130,867 | 3.1 | 0.6 | 2 | 1 | |
Die PARTEI (PARTEI) | Holger Eisenblätter | 90,254 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2 | 2 | |
Voters' Association of Darmstadt (WGD) | Falk Neumann | 85,320 | 2.0 | New | 1 | New | |
Free Voters (FW) | Harald Uhl | 79,293 | 1.9 | New | 1 | New | |
Take Part in Darmstadt | Dorothea Mondry | 13,680 | 0.3 | New | 0 | New | |
Valid votes | 60,815 | 96.6 | |||||
Invalid votes | 2,141 | 3.4 | |||||
Total | 62,956 | 100.0 | 71 | ±0 | |||
Electorate/voter turnout | 115,119 | 54.7 | 6.9 | ||||
Source: Statistics Hesse |
Transport
Darmstadt is highly connected to all means of transportation, including the
-
A tram near Schloss station
-
Regional train at Darmstadt Lichtwiese station
-
Darmstadt Hauptbahnhof – train hub for southern Hesse
-
Hauptbahnhof Railway Station
Roads
Darmstadt is connected to a number of major roads, including two Autobahnen (Bundesautobahn 5[37] and Bundesautobahn 67[38]). The main road passing west–east is the Bundesstraße 26, the Bundesstraße 3 runs north–south. The rural areas east of the city in the Odenwald are accessed by several secondary roads.
Public transport in Darmstadt
The extensive public transport system of Darmstadt is integrated in the
Regional rail links
Darmstadt is connected to the Frankfurt
National rail links
By its main railway station
Airports
The historically important local airfield August Euler Airfield is closed to aviation at large, being reserved for the use of the Technische Universität Darmstadt.
- Frankfurt International Airport
Darmstadt can be easily accessed from around the world via Frankfurt Airport (Flughafen Frankfurt am Main) which is located 20 km (12 mi) north of central Darmstadt and connected to it via
Frankfurt Egelsbach Airport (Flugplatz Frankfurt-Egelsbach) is a busy general aviation airport located 5 km north of Darmstadt, near the town of Egelsbach.
- Frankfurt Hahn Airport
Despite the name, Frankfurt Hahn Airport (Flughafen Frankfurt-Hahn) is located far outside the Frankfurt Metro Area, approximately 120 km (75 mi) to the west in Lautzenhausen (Rhineland-Palatinate). Hahn Airport is a major base for low-cost carrier Ryanair. This airport can only be reached by car or bus.
National coach services
Darmstadt is served by several national and European bus links which connect Darmstadt with other German and European cities.
Parks, architecture, and attractions
Castles and historical buildings
Darmstadt was the capital of an independent country (the
-
Residential Palace and Market Square
-
Haus der Geschichte
Modern architecture
Darmstadt has a rich tradition in modern architecture. After 1945 several "Meisterbauten" (Masterful Architectonic Creations) were built that set standards for modern architecture. These buildings still exist and are used for various public and private purposes. In the late 1990s the
Art Nouveau
Darmstadt was a centre of the
Squares
The Luisenplatz, the central square of the city, forms the centre of the city and is the main public transport hub. In 1844 the Ludwigsäule (called Langer Lui, meaning Long Ludwig), a 33-metre (108 ft) column commemorating
Parks
The city has a high density of parks. Among the most important parks are the English style Herrngarten in central Darmstadt. In former times it was part of the Royal Gardens used exclusively by the dukes of Darmstadt. Today it is a public park, heavily used in every season of the year. Other important parks are the French style parks Prinz-Georgs-Garten and
Churches
The
Festivals
Every year on the first weekend of July the
Culture
Darmstadt has a rich cultural heritage. The Staatstheater Darmstadt dates back to the year 1711. The present building has been in use since 1972 and has three halls which can be used independently. The "Grand Hall" (Großes Haus) provides seats for 956 people and serves as Darmstadt's opera house. The "Small Hall" (Kleines Haus) is mostly used for plays and dance and has 482 seats. A separate small hall (Kammerspiele), with 120 seats, is used for chamber plays.
Among the museums in Darmstadt the most important are the Hessisches Landesmuseum (Hessian State Museum), the Porcelain Museum (exhibition of the ducal porcelain), the Schlossmuseum (exhibition of the ducal residence and possessions), the Kunsthalle Darmstadt (exhibitions of modern art), the exhibition centre Mathildenhöhe, and the Museum Künstlerkolonie (Art Nouveau museum).
The Jazz-Institut Darmstadt is Germany's largest publicly accessible jazz archive.[47]
The Internationales Musikinstitut Darmstadt, harboring one of the world's largest collections of post-war
The Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung provides writers and scholars with a place to research the German language.[49] The academy's annual Georg Büchner Prize, named in memory of Georg Büchner, is considered the most prestigious literary award for writers of German language.
Geography
Darmstadt is located in the Upper Rhine Plain (German: Oberrheinische Tiefebene), a major rift, about 350 km (217 mi) long and on average 50 km (31 mi) wide, between the cities of Frankfurt in the north and Mannheim in the south. Darmstadt's southeastern boroughs are located in the spurs of the Odenwald, a low mountain range in Southern Hesse between the Main and Neckar rivers.
Climate
Southern Hesse is well known for its mild climate which allows
Climate data for Darmstadt (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1995–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 16.0 (60.8) |
19.6 (67.3) |
25.6 (78.1) |
31.5 (88.7) |
33.3 (91.9) |
37.6 (99.7) |
39.3 (102.7) |
39.5 (103.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
27.4 (81.3) |
22.6 (72.7) |
15.7 (60.3) |
39.5 (103.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5 (41) |
7 (45) |
11 (52) |
15 (59) |
20 (68) |
23 (73) |
25 (77) |
25 (77) |
20 (68) |
14 (57) |
8 (46) |
5 (41) |
15 (59) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) |
2.1 (35.8) |
5.9 (42.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
17.3 (63.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
18.7 (65.7) |
14.5 (58.1) |
10 (50) |
5.3 (41.5) |
2.2 (36.0) |
10.1 (50.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1 (30) |
1 (34) |
3 (37) |
6 (43) |
11 (52) |
13 (55) |
15 (59) |
15 (59) |
11 (52) |
7 (45) |
4 (39) |
1 (34) |
7 (45) |
Record low °C (°F) | −19.3 (−2.7) |
−18.1 (−0.6) |
−15.8 (3.6) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
2.5 (36.5) |
4.7 (40.5) |
4.1 (39.4) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−19.4 (−2.9) |
−19.4 (−2.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 55 (2.2) |
53 (2.1) |
66 (2.6) |
49 (1.9) |
76 (3.0) |
67 (2.6) |
75 (3.0) |
66 (2.6) |
63 (2.5) |
66 (2.6) |
63 (2.5) |
66 (2.6) |
765 (30.1) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 47 | 80 | 120 | 176 | 208 | 214 | 232 | 218 | 158 | 103 | 50 | 37 | 1,643 |
Source: Daily mean / Avg. precipitation / Mean sunshine hours (1981–2010), DWD[50][51] |
Education
Schools
The City of Darmstadt offers students a broad variety of public primary, secondary and tertiary schools. Besides them private schools exist, e.g. the catholic secondary school Edith-Stein-Schule, the
Universities
TU Darmstadt
The
Hochschule Darmstadt
The Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences (German: Hochschule Darmstadt) has the highest number of industrial linkage programs, compared to the rest of the universities of applied sciences. The roots of University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt dates back to 1876. However, it has not emerged as a separate institution before 1971. As of 2017 it was the largest University of Applied Sciences in the State of Hesse, with about 16,000 students. It offers courses in architecture, chemical engineering, materials science, civil engineering, computer science, design, economics, electrical engineering and information technology, mathematics and science, mechanical engineering, media (including information science and engineering), plastics engineering, social and cultural studies, and several social sciences.
EHD Darmstadt
The Protestant University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt (EHD) is an officially recognised and Church-sponsored University. The sponsors are the Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau, the Protestant Church of Kurhesse-Waldeck and the social welfare organisation of both Hessian Protestant Churches, the Diakonie Hesse. The EHD has approximately 1,700 students, 40 professors and 10 scientific employees and about 100 visiting lecturers every semester.
Sport
The city's main professional club is the football club SV Darmstadt 98, who play at the Merck-Stadion am Böllenfalltor.
Other, amateur football clubs are 1. FCA Darmstadt and Rot-Weiß Darmstadt.
Darmstadt Diamonds is the city's american football team.
The ice hockey club in the city are the ESC Darmstadt Dukes.
Institutions
Technology
Darmstadt is home to many research institutions such as the
The European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) of the European Space Agency is located in Darmstadt. From here, various deep-space exploration spacecraft and Earth-orbiting satellites are operated for the purposes of scientific research, and technology development and demonstration.
Darmstadt is a centre for the pharmaceutical and chemical industry, with Merck, Röhm and
Darmstadt is also a centre for the IT and telecommunications industry, with companies like Software AG, T-Systems (laboratories in Darmstadt) and Deutsche Telekom (laboratories in Darmstadt).
ATHENE, formerly Center for Research in Security and Privacy (CRISP), is the national research center for IT security and privacy in Germany and the largest research center for IT security in Europe.[52][53] The research center is located in Darmstadt and deals with key issues of IT security in the digitization of government, business and society.
The
The Hessian Center for Artificial Intelligence (hessian.AI) has its headquarters in Darmstadt.
United States military presence
U.S. forces entered the city of Darmstadt on 25 March 1945. At the end of World War II, Darmstadt was among the 112 communities where U.S. forces were stationed. Early units stationed here included elements of the U.S. Constabulary, Air Force units and a Quartermaster School.
Over the years, the U.S. military community Darmstadt – under a variety of designations such as the 440th Signal Battalion, served as home for thousands of American soldiers and their families. It included six principal installations in Darmstadt and nearby
As part of the U.S. Army's ongoing transformation in Germany, the Darmstadt military community, by then designated U.S. Army Garrison Darmstadt, inactivated on 30 September 2008. Even after the garrison inactivation, however, there is still one unit active in Darmstadt: The 66th Military Intelligence Group at the Dagger Complex on Eberstädter Weg.[54] It draws its support from the nearby U.S. Army Garrison Wiesbaden. The U.S. Army Garrison Wiesbaden's website mentions the unit still being active in Darmstadt, and a Marine Corps company being stationed there as well. With the exception of Dagger Complex, all remaining US installations are now empty and closed to the public, pending property disposal by the German authorities.
Tourist sights in Darmstadt
City
- Mathildenhöhe with the Art Nouveau Museum
- Wedding Tower (Hochzeitsturm) at Sabaisplatz
- The former private chapel of the last Tsar of Russia
- State Theatre and Opera House
- Waldspirale Hundertwasser Building
- City Center with Luisenplatz, the Residential Palace and the Market Square
- Hauptbahnhof (Central Train Station) in Art Nouveau style
- Parks
- Herrngarten Park
- Botanical Garden(Botanischer Garten)
- Vortex Garden
- Park Rosenhöhe (Rose Heights Park) with the DukalCemetery
- Porcelain Museum at Schlossgartenplatz
- St. Ludwig Church
- Hessisches Landesmuseum
- Haus der Geschichte (House of History, former Hoftheater)
- Train Museum Kranichstein
- Bessungen old town
- Gründerzeit districts and parts of the Darmstadt old town northern of the city centre
Region
- Odenwald
- Bergstrasse
- Vineyards at Zwingenberg
- Frankenstein Castle
- Messel Pit Fossil Site
- Melibokus
Notable people
- Hofkapellmeister(chapel master) at the court of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1711 to 1754
- Johann Jacob Dillenius (1684–1747), botanist[55]
- Johann Heinrich Merck (1741–1791), author and critic[56]
- Johann Christian Felix Baehr (1798–1872), philologist[57]
- Johann Jakob Kaup (1803–1873), naturalist and proponent of natural philosophy[58]
- Justus Freiherr von Liebig (1803–1873), chemist, contributed to agricultural and biological chemistry, founder of organic chemistry[59]
- Georg Gottfried Gervinus (1805–1871), literary and political historian[60]
- Friedrich von Flotow (1812–1883), opera composer, died in Darmstadt[61]
- Georg Büchner (1813–1837), dramatist, poet and revolutionist
- Carl Amand Mangold (1813–1889), composer and conductor
- Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen (1815–1881), Bavarian general[62]
- scientific materialism[63]
- Eugen Bracht (1842–1921), landscape painter
- Georg von Hertling (1843–1919), politician
- Benjamin Altheimer (1850–1938), American banker and philanthropist
- Karl Muck (1859–1940), conductor
- Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse (1868–1937), last Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
- Karl Wolfskehl (1869–1948), poet, editor and translator
- Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
- Christian Stock (1884–1967), politician
- Anton Köllisch (1888–1916), chemist who first synthesized MDMA (known as "ecstasy")
- Beno Gutenberg (1889–1960), German-American seismologist
- Karl Plagge (1897–1957), Wehrmacht officer, saved Lithuanian Jews from extermination during The Holocaust, Righteous among the Nations
- Karl-Otto Koch (1897–1945), commandant of the Nazi concentration camps at Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen
- Josef Ganz (1898–1967), automotive engineer and pioneer, studied at the Technical University of Darmstadt
- Heinrich von Brentano (1904–1964), Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1955 to 1961
- Hans Möser (1906–1948), Nazi SS concentration camp officer executed for war crimes
- Walter Schmiele (1909–1998), author and translator
- Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova (born 1909), composer
- Arno Schmidt (1914–1979), author and translator
- Hans Stark (1921–1991), head of the admissions detail at Auschwitz-II Birkenau of Auschwitz concentration camp
- Georg Stern (1921–1980), operatic singer
- Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928–2007), leading 20th-century electronic composer
- Günter Strack (1929–1999), actor
- Maciej Łukaszczyk (1934–2014), Polish pianist at the Staatstheater Darmstadt, founder and president of the Chopin organisation, porter of the Polish and German order
- Helmut Markwort (born 1936), journalist
- Annegret Soltau (born 1946), artist
- Cord Meijering (born 1955), Dutch composer
- Christoph Lanz (born 1959), journalist
- Volker Weidermann (born 1969), writer and journalist
- Florika Fink-Hooijer (born 1962), prominent European civil servant
- Nina Gerhard (born 1974), singer
- Karola Obermüller(born 1977), composer
- Björn Bürger (born 1985), operatic baritone
Sport
- Richard von Frankenberg (1922–1973), journalist and racing driver
- Markus Rühl (born 1972), bodybuilder
- Sascha Bert (born 1975), racing driver
- Andrea Petkovic (born 1987), tennis player
Twin towns – sister cities
Darmstadt is twinned with:[65]
- Alkmaar, Netherlands (1958)
- Brescia, Italy (1991)
- Bursa, Turkey (1971)
- Chesterfield, England, UK (1959)
- Freiberg, Germany (1990)
- Graz, Austria (1968)
- Gstaad (Saanen), Switzerland (1991)
- Gyönk, Hungary (1990)
- Liepāja, Latvia (1993)
- Logroño, Spain (2002)
- Nahariya, Israel (2023)
- Płock, Poland (1988)
- San Antonio, United States (2017)
- Szeged, Hungary (1990)
- Trondheim, Norway (1968)
- Troyes, France (1958)
- Uzhhorod, Ukraine (1992)
See also
- Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences
- Technical University of Darmstadt
- Rhein-Main-Area
References
- Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt. 5 September 2022.
- Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt. June 2023.
- ^ "Wanted: Suitable name for unstable, heavyweight element". The Guardian. 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
- ^ "Discovery of new elements". GSI Darmstadt. 2016. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016.
- ^ Germany, hessenschau de, Frankfurt (24 July 2021). "Unesco-Auszeichnung: Darmstädter Mathildenhöhe ist jetzt offiziell Welterbe". hessenschau.de (in German). Retrieved 25 July 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Welterbe in Deutschland | Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission". www.unesco.de (in German). Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- ^ "Darmstadt, Ortsname". AKTUELLES (in German). Retrieved 31 January 2023.
- ^ a b c "Essential Facts (brochure from the official city website)" (PDF). 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2009.
- ^ Nebenresidenz Darmstadt (darmstait) Archived 5 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine (from the 'Graf v. Katzenelnbogen' website, in German. Retrieved 5 January 2008.)
- ^ Karl. E. Demandt. "Die Geschichte des Grafenhauses". www.graf-von-katzenelnbogen.de. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
- ^ "Population growth in Darmstadt". (from the official city website). Archived from the original on 8 August 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
- ^ "Establishment of TU Darmstadt (in German)". TU Damrstadt. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
- ^ "Jugendstil". Darmstadt Stadtlexikon (in German). Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ "Merck Digs Up Truth About Role in the Birth of Ecstasy". Deutsche Welle. 18 August 2006. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ "Geschichte". ARHEILGEN.de (in German). Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ "Eberstadt: Darmstadt". Home (in German). Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ "Historisches Ortslexikon : Landkreise A–Z : LAGIS Hessen". Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS) (in German). Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ "Beginning of the End" Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine – Musman, Moshe; from Borne Aloft on the Wings of a Dove (in-depth feature on Dei'ah veDibur website)
- ^ a b Darmstädter Stadtgeschichte 20. Jahrhundert Archived 10 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine (from the official city website, in German, less detailed also in English)
- ISBN 978-0-253-35328-3.
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- ^ "Haubach, Theodor". darmstadt-stadtlexikon.de (in German). Retrieved 1 February 2023.
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- ^ 49°50′38″N 8°35′03″E / 49.843786°N 8.584211°E
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External links
- Official website (in German and English)
- Discover Darmstadt – City Tourist Website (in English)
- Germany Travel – Darmstadt
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (9th ed.). 1878. pp. 828–829. .