Daspletosaurus
Daspletosaurus | |
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Cast skeleton mount of D. torosus on display at Milwaukee Public Museum | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Clade: | Dinosauria |
Clade: | Saurischia |
Clade: | Theropoda |
Family: | †Tyrannosauridae |
Clade: | †Daspletosaurini |
Genus: | †Daspletosaurus Russell, 1970 |
Type species | |
†Daspletosaurus torosus Russell, 1970
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Other species | |
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Synonyms | |
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Daspletosaurus (
There are also multiple specimens which may represent new species of Daspletosaurus from Alberta and Montana, but these have not been formally described. The taxon
As an
Discovery and naming
The
Dale Russell also suggested that a specimen of an immature Albertosaurus (CMN 11315) from the younger Horseshoe Canyon Formation in Alberta actually belonged to a third specimen of Daspletosaurus as D. cf. torosus, extending the temporal range of the genus by approximately 3.5 million years into the Maastrichtian. He based this referral on features of its limb and pelvic girdle, as well as the curvature of the hand claws, which he interpreted as traits matching Daspletosaurus. This reassignment was not universally accepted, and thorough re-examination of the specimen favored its initial referral to Albertosaurus sarcophagus, despite lacking many of the diagnostic skeletal traits used to identify mature tyrannosaurids.[7][8] An additional maxilla and various teeth from an Edmontosaurus-dominated bonebed in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation was also mistakenly referred to Daspletosaurus, but all the tyrannosaurid material has all since been confirmed to belong to Albertosaurus.[9]
Assigned species
Over the years, various additional species have been assigned to the genus Daspletosaurus. Though some have been designated as Daspletosaurus spp, this does not imply that they all represent the same species.[7][10]
Along with the
A new tyrannosaurid specimen (OMNH 10131), including skull fragments, ribs, and parts of the hindlimb, was reported from New Mexico in 1990 and assigned to the now-defunct genus Aublysodon.[14] Many later authors have reassigned this specimen, along with a few others from New Mexico, to yet another unnamed species of Daspletosaurus.[7][10][15] However, research published in 2010 showed that this species, from the Hunter Wash Member of the Kirtland Formation, is actually a more primitive tyrannosauroid, and was classified in the genus Bistahieversor.[16]
In 1992,
Isolated tyrannosaurid teeth in the upper portions of the
In 2017, John Wilson discovered the bones of a tyrannosaurid, including a partial disarticulated skull, cervical, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, and a rib, chevron, and first metatarsal, from the "Jack’s B2" site of the Judith River Formation. Elías A. Warshaw and Denver W. Fowler described these remains (BDM 107) in 2022 as belonging to a new species of Daspletosaurus, D. wilsoni. It represents a transitional species between D. torosus and D. horneri, as it existed between them in time. It has been suggested that the three species may have evolved directly through anagenesis,[22] but this theory was disputed by Scherer and Voiculescu-Holvad in 2024.[23]
Description
While very large by the standard of modern predators, Daspletosaurus was not the largest tyrannosaurid. Adults could reach a length of 8.5–9 metres (28–30 ft) from snout to tail,[5] a hip height of 2.2 metres (7.2 ft),[20] and a body mass of 2–3 metric tons (2.2–3.3 short tons).[24][25][26] However there is one potential specimen of D. torosus, CMC VP 15826 (nicknamed "Pete III"), that suggests the genus could reach lengths of nearly 11 metres (36 ft) and weigh 5 metric tons (5.5 short tons).[27][23][28]
Skull
Daspletosaurus had a massive skull that could reach more than 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) in length.
Postcranial skeleton
Daspletosaurus shared the same body form as other tyrannosaurids, with a short, S-shaped neck supporting the massive skull. It walked on its two thick hindlimbs, which ended in four-toed feet, although the first digit (the
Soft tissue reconstruction
From a comparison of the degree of wear of teeth of Daspletosaurus with other extinct and extant animals, it is concluded that Daspletosaurus, as well as other non-avian theropods, had lips that protected the teeth from external influences. Due to this feature, the snout of Daspletosaurus more closely resembled lizards than crocodiles, which lack lips.[31]
A skin impression from Daspletosaurus torosus has been described, showing small polygonal scales measuring 3 mm in diameter. The placement of the scales on the body is not known.[32]
Classification and systematics
Daspletosaurus belongs in the subfamily Tyrannosaurinae within the family Tyrannosauridae, along with Tarbosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, and Alioramini. Animals in this subfamily are more closely related to Tyrannosaurus than to Albertosaurus and are known – with the exception of Alioramus – for their robust build with proportionally larger skulls and longer femora than in the other subfamily, the Albertosaurinae.[10][33] It further belongs to the tribe Daspletosaurini, consisting of it and the taxon Thanatotheristes.[34]
Daspletosaurus is usually considered to be closely related to Tyrannosaurus rex, or even a direct ancestor through
Below is a cladogram of Tyrannosaurinae based on the
Tyrannosaurinae |
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In 2024, Scherer and Voiculescu-Holvad argued that the stratigraphic ranges of D. torosus, D. wilsoni and an unnamed species from the Dinosaur Park Formation and Oldman Formation show a clear overlap, indicating that anagenesis may not be the predominant factor of speciation within the genus, since all species of Daspletosaurus were contemporaneous with each other at some point during its evolution. Phylogenetic analyzes resolved D. horneri as the most basal species, in spite of the fact that it's stratigraphically the youngest. While the authors did not completely refute the possibility that anagenesis was the main driver of Daspletosaurus evolution based on the intermediate morphological features, they also suggested that D. wilsoni may be a junior synonym of D. torosus, since there is a near lack of autapomorphic characters that can differentiate this species. They also claimed that Daspletosaurus did not evolve from Thanatotheristes, since they found no support on the basis of morphological and stratigraphical data, and that anagenesis will not be supported unequivocally due to the limited sample and nature of the fossil record which doesn't show a great degree of variation in morphology. The cladogram presented for their phylogenetic analysis is shown below.[23]
Tyrannosaurinae |
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Paleobiology
Senses
There are indications of D. horneri possessing integumentary sensory organs, possibly used in touch, modulation of precise jaw movements, temperature reading, and prey detection. The large flat scales may have further protected the snout during prey capture and intra-specific combat.[36][37][20]
Social behavior
A young specimen of the Dinosaur Park Daspletosaurus species (TMP 94.143.1) shows bite marks on the face that were inflicted by another tyrannosaur. The bite marks are healed over, indicating that the animal survived the bite. A full-grown Dinosaur Park Daspletosaurus (TMP 85.62.1) also exhibits tyrannosaur bite marks, showing that attacks to the face were not limited to younger animals. While it is possible that the bites were attributable to other species, intraspecific aggression, including facial biting, is very common among predators. Facial bites are seen in other tyrannosaurs like Gorgosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, as well as in other theropod genera like Sinraptor and Saurornitholestes. Darren Tanke and Phil Currie hypothesize that the bites are due to intraspecific competition for territory or resources, or for dominance within a social group.[38]
Evidence that Daspletosaurus lived in social groups comes from a bonebed found in the Two Medicine Formation of Montana. The bonebed includes the remains of three Daspletosaurus, including a large adult, a small juvenile, and another individual of intermediate size. At least five hadrosaurs are preserved at the same location. Geologic evidence indicates that the remains were not brought together by river currents but that all of the animals were buried simultaneously at the same location. The hadrosaur remains are scattered and bear numerous marks from tyrannosaur teeth, indicating that the Daspletosaurus were feeding on the hadrosaurs at the time of death. The cause of death is unknown. Currie speculates that the daspletosaurs formed a pack, although this cannot be stated with certainty.[19] Other scientists are skeptical of the evidence for social groups in Daspletosaurus and other large theropods;[39]
Brian Roach and Daniel Brinkman have suggested that Daspletosaurus social interaction would have more closely resembled the modern
Fossils of other tyrannosaurids like Teratophoneus and Albertosaurus among other genera suggest that gregarious behavior may have been widespread in tyrannosaurs and thus may vindicate the hypothesis of Daspletosaurus being a social animal, as bonebeds of these genera containing multiple specimens in a wide range of ages have been excavated and described from these different genera.[41][42]
Evidence of cannibalism in Daspletosaurus was published in 2015.[43]
Life history
Paleontologist
By tabulating the number of specimens of each age group, Erickson and his colleagues were able to draw conclusions about life history in a population of Albertosaurus. Their analysis showed that, while juveniles were rare in the fossil record, subadults in the rapid growth phase and adults were far more common. While this could be due to preservation or collection
A 2009 study found evidence of Trichomonas gallinae-like infection in the jaws of various specimens of Daspletosaurus.[46]
Paleoecology
All known Daspletosaurus fossils have been found in formations dating to the middle to late Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous Period, between 78 and 74.4 million years ago.
Daspletosaurus lived in a vast floodplain along the western shore of the interior seaway. Large rivers watered the land, occasionally flooding and blanketing the region with new sediment. When water was plentiful, the region could support a great deal of plant and animal life, but periodic droughts also struck the region, resulting in mass mortality as preserved in the many bonebed deposits found in Two Medicine and Judith River sediments, including the Daspletosaurus bonebed.
The excellent
In the Oldman Formation (the geological equivalent of the Judith River formation), Daspletosaurus torosus could have preyed upon the hadrosaur species
Coexistence with Gorgosaurus
In the late Campanian of North America, Daspletosaurus was a contemporary of the albertosaurine tyrannosaurid Gorgosaurus. This is one of the few examples of two tyrannosaur genera coexisting. In modern predator guilds, similar-sized predators are separated into different ecological niches by anatomical, behavioral or geographical differences that limit competition.[52] Several studies have attempted to explain niche differentiation in Daspletosaurus and Gorgosaurus.
Dale Russell hypothesized that the more lightly built and more common Gorgosaurus may have preyed on the abundant hadrosaurs of the time, while the more robust and less common Daspletosaurus may have specialized on the less prevalent but better-defended ceratopsids, which may have been more difficult to hunt.[5] However, a specimen of Daspletosaurus (OTM 200) from the Two Medicine Formation preserves the digested remains of a juvenile hadrosaur in its gut region.[18] The higher and broader muzzles of tyrannosaurines like Daspletosaurus are mechanically stronger than the lower snouts of albertosaurines like Gorgosaurus, although tooth strengths are similar between the two groups. This may indicate a difference in feeding mechanics or diet.[53]
Other authors have suggested that competition was limited by geographical separation. Unlike some other groups of dinosaurs, there appears to be no correlation with distance from the sea. Neither Daspletosaurus nor Gorgosaurus was more common at higher or lower elevations than the other.
See also
References
- ^ Chan-gyu Yun (2020). "A Subadult Frontal of Daspletosaurus torosus (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada with Implications for Tyrannosaurid Ontogeny and Taxonomy". PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology. 17: 1–13. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
- ^ Yun, Changyu (2021). Tyrannosaurid theropod specimens in the San Diego Natural History Museum from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. pp. 569–578.
- ISBN 9780253345394. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
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- ^ a b c d e f Russell, Dale A. (1970). "Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada". National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Paleontology. 1: 1–34.
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- ^ Currie, Philip J. (2003). "Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurids from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta"(PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 48 (2): 191–226.
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- ^ Eberth, D.A. (2005). "The geology." In: Currie, P.J., and Koppelhus, E.B. (eds), Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed. Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 54–82.
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- ^ Maltese, A. E. (2009). Difficult excavation and preparation of a large Daspletosaurus specimen. In Methods in Fossil Preparation: Proceedings of the First Annual Fossil Preparation and Collections Symposium (pp. 63-68).
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- ^ "This Is Our Best Look Yet at a Tyrannosaur's Face". nationalgeographic.com. March 30, 2017. Archived from the original on March 30, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
- ^ "Scientists discover new dinosaur evolved by anagenesis". upi.com. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
- Currie, Philip J. (1998). "Head-biting behavior in theropod dinosaurs: paleopathological evidence" (PDF). Gaia. 15: 167–184. Archived from the original(PDF) on February 27, 2008. [not printed until 2000]
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- ^ Eilperin, Juliet (April 19, 2021). "Tyrannosaurs likely hunted in packs rather than heading out solo, scientists find". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021.
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- ^ a b Snively, Eric; Henderson, Donald M.; Phillips, Doug S. (2006). "Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 51 (3): 435–454. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 4, 2007.
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External links
- Discussion and specimen list at The Theropod Database.
- Skull image of the Dinosaur Park Formation Daspletosaurus at The Graveyard.