Datura innoxia

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Datura innoxia
In cultivation
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Datura
Species:
D. innoxia
Binomial name
Datura innoxia
Synonyms

Datura inoxia (orthographic variant)

Datura innoxia (often spelled inoxia), known as pricklyburr,[1] recurved thorn-apple,[2] downy thorn-apple, Indian-apple, lovache, moonflower, nacazcul, toloatzin, toloaxihuitl, tolguache or toloache, is a species of flowering plant in the family Solanaceae. It is more rarely called sacred datura, a common name which is applied more often to the closely related Datura wrightii. It is native to the Southwestern United States, Central and South America, and introduced in Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe. The scientific name is often cited as D. innoxia.[3] When English botanist Philip Miller first described the species in 1768, he misspelled the Latin word innoxia (inoffensive) when naming it D. inoxia. The name Datura meteloides was for some time erroneously applied to some members of the species, but that name has now been abandoned.[4]

Description

Datura innoxia is a

elliptic smooth-edged leaves with pinnate venation. All parts of the plant emit a foul odor similar to rancid peanut butter when crushed or bruised, although most people find the fragrance of the flowers to be quite pleasant when they bloom at night.[7][citation needed
]

The flowers are white, trumpet-shaped, 12–19 cm (4.5–7.5 in) long.[8] They first grow upright, and later incline downward. It flowers from early summer until late fall.

The fruit is an

overdose
; the slow appearance of the effects leading to the erroneous belief that the dose taken has been ineffective.

In Europe often confused with Datura wrightii, for the distinction see that species.

  • Flower in Hyderabad, India
    Flower in Hyderabad, India
  • Ripe, irregularly-dehiscent capsule
    Ripe, irregularly-dehiscent capsule
  • Datura innoxia beginning to bloom
    Datura innoxia beginning to bloom
  • Datura innoxia ripe fruit, dried fruit and seeds
    Datura innoxia ripe fruit, dried fruit and seeds

Similar species

Datura innoxia is quite similar to

Persia. D. stramonium differs in having much smaller flowers, seed capsules dehisceing by four distinct valves, and dentate leaves, while the more closely related D. wrightii differs in having wider, 5-toothed (instead of 10-toothed) flowers which are usually pinkish-violet rather than white. D. innoxia differs from D. stramonium, D. metel and D. fastuosa in having about 7 to 10 secondary veins on either side of the midrib of the leaf which anastomose by arches at about 1 to 3 mm. from the margin. No anastomosis
of the secondary veins are seen in the other 4 major species of Datura.

Nomenclature

The currently-accepted botanical name for this plant is Datura innoxia, in spite of the fact that many references spell it Datura inoxia. According to Tropicos, a widely accepted authority on botanical names, the inoxia form is due to an error originally made by 18th-century taxonomist Philip Miller, and since corrected.[9][10]

Miller wrote that the "not noxious" name refers to the soft spines on the fruit, which are in contrast to the sharp spines on other Datura species. (Miller refers to the ... "oval fruit, covered with long, soft, innocent spines" ...).[11]

Toxicity

Main article: Datura § Toxicity

All parts of Datura plants are toxic, containing dangerous levels of

tropane alkaloids and may be fatal if ingested by humans and other animals, including livestock and pets. In some places, it is prohibited to buy, sell or cultivate Datura plants.[4]

Uses

When

cultivated, the plant is usually treated as an annual to be grown from seed, but its tuberous roots (somewhat reminiscent of those of the cultivated Dahlia) can be kept from freezing and planted in the spring of the following year.[4]

Datura innoxia, like other Datura species, contains the highly toxic

henbane, which are also highly poisonous plants used cautiously for effective pain relief in antiquity.[12]

Datura intoxication typically produces a complete inability to differentiate reality from fantasy (delirium, as contrasted to hallucination);

adolescents and young adults dying or becoming seriously ill from intentionally ingesting Datura.[14]

It has also been planted throughout the world as an

seed contaminant
.

See also

References

  1. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Datura inoxia". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  2. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  3. ^ "Jimsonweed-Nightshade Family". drkaae.com. Retrieved Jun 21, 2020.
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-1-55209-598-0
    .
  5. ^ "DATURA INOXIA SEEDS (Downy thorn-apple, Indian-apple, Moonflower, Sacred datura, Datura innoxia, Datura meteloides, Thorn Apple, Moonflower, Toloache, Jimson Weed, Angel's Trumpet, Stinkweed, Pricklyburr) - Plant World Seeds". www.plant-world-seeds.com. Retrieved Jun 21, 2020.
  6. ^ "TrekNature | Datura inoxia Photo". www.treknature.com. Retrieved Jun 21, 2020.
  7. ^ Annapoorani, S. Grace (April 2013). "An Eco-Friendly Antimicrobial Finish Using Datura Innoxia and Leucas Aspera on Cotton Fabric". International Journal of Scientific Research(IJSR). 2 (4).
  8. ^ "Datura inoxia_Desert Thornapple_EOL".
  9. ^ "Tropicos / Name - !Datura innoxia Mill". Tropicos website. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
  10. ^ "Catalogue of Life: Datura innoxia P. miller". Catalogue of Life website. Catalogue of Life. 2017-02-27. Archived from the original on 2017-03-21. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
  11. ^ Philip Miler. The Gardeners Dictionary: . . . eighth edition Datura no. 5. 1768. [1]
  12. ^ Richard Evans Schultes (1970-01-01). "The plant kingdom and hallucinogens (part III)". pp. 25–53. Retrieved 2007-05-23.
  13. ^ "Erowid Datura Vault : Effects". Erowid. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  14. ^ "Suspected Moonflower Intoxication (Ohio, 2002)". CDC. Retrieved September 30, 2006.
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