David Lange
ONZ CH | |
---|---|
32nd Prime Minister of New Zealand | |
In office 26 July 1984 – 8 August 1989 | |
Monarch | Elizabeth II |
Governors‑General | David Beattie Paul Reeves |
Deputy | Geoffrey Palmer |
Preceded by | Robert Muldoon |
Succeeded by | Geoffrey Palmer |
27th Attorney-General of New Zealand | |
In office 8 August 1989 – 2 November 1990 | |
Prime Minister | Geoffrey Palmer Mike Moore |
Preceded by | Geoffrey Palmer |
Succeeded by | Paul East |
35th Minister of Education | |
In office 24 August 1987 – 8 August 1989 | |
Preceded by | Russell Marshall |
Succeeded by | Geoffrey Palmer |
20th Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
In office 26 July 1984 – 24 August 1987 | |
Preceded by | Warren Cooper |
Succeeded by | Russell Marshall |
23rd Leader of the Opposition | |
In office 3 February 1983 – 26 July 1984 | |
Deputy | Geoffrey Palmer |
Preceded by | Bill Rowling |
Succeeded by | Robert Muldoon |
Member of the New Zealand Parliament for Mangere | |
In office 26 March 1977 – 12 October 1996 | |
Preceded by | Colin Moyle |
Succeeded by | Taito Phillip Field |
Personal details | |
Born | renal failure and diabetes | 4 August 1942
Resting place | Waikaraka Cemetery |
Political party | Labour |
Spouses | Naomi Joy Crampton
(m. 1968; div. 1991)Margaret Pope (m. 1992) |
Children | 4 |
Parent(s) | Roy Lange Phoebe Fysh Lange |
Relatives | Peter Lange (brother) Michael Bassett (third cousin) |
Profession | Lawyer, Politician |
Awards | Right Livelihood Award |
Signature | |
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Elections |
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David Russell Lange
Lange was born and brought up in Ōtāhuhu, the son of a physician. He became a lawyer, and represented poor and struggling people in civil rights causes in the rapidly changing Auckland of the 1970s.[1] After serving as legal advisor to the Polynesian Panthers,[2][3] Lange was first elected to the New Zealand Parliament in the Mangere by-election of 1977. He became a prominent debater within parliament, and soon gained a reputation for cutting wit (sometimes directed against himself) and eloquence. Lange became the leader of the Labour Party and leader of the Opposition in 1983, succeeding Bill Rowling.
When Prime Minister
Early life
Lange was born on 4 August 1942 in Ōtāhuhu, a small industrial borough since absorbed into Auckland.[5] He was the oldest of four children of Eric Roy Lange, a general practitioner and obstetrician and grandson of a German settler, and Phoebe Fysh Lange, who trained as a nurse in her native Tasmania before she migrated to New Zealand. The family had lived in New Zealand for so long that the original pronunciation of their surname, lan-ge, "had all but been forgotten";[6] Lange himself would pronounce it as long-ee.
Lange's autobiography suggests that he admired his soft-spoken and dryly humorous father, while his demanding and sometimes overbearing mother tested his tolerance.[7] His cousin Michael Bassett reflected that Roy "knew how to avoid trouble rather than confront it", and David developed a similar aversion to conflict.[8]
Lange received his formal education at Fairburn Primary School, Papatoetoe Intermediate School and Otahuhu College, then at the University of Auckland in 1960, where he graduated in law in 1966.[9] He attributed his talents with oratory to the need to compensate for his clumsiness during his intermediate school days.[10][11]
Lange worked from an early age and held a number of jobs; in the third form he performed a paper-round for
In 1961 he started a job as a law clerk at Haigh, Charters and Carthy, a role that had varied work and clients, including the
In July 1976 Lange was involved in the legal defense of former cabinet minister
Political career
Years | Term | Electorate | Party | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1977–1978 | 38th | Mangere | Labour | ||
1978–1981 | 39th | Mangere | Labour | ||
1981–1984 | 40th | Mangere | Labour | ||
1984–1987 | 41st | Mangere | Labour | ||
1987–1990 | 42nd | Mangere | Labour | ||
1990–1993 | 43rd | Mangere | Labour | ||
1993–1996 | 44th | Mangere | Labour |
Lange joined the Labour Party in 1963, and helped in the campaigns of Phil Amos in 1963 and Norman Douglas in 1966. In 1974 his cousin Michael Bassett suggested that Lange should stand on the Labour ticket for the Auckland City Council. The Council was dominated by conservative interests and the only Labour candidates elected were Jim Anderton and Catherine Tizard; Lange was "...halfway down the field .... which was better than I expected."[18] Lange's father Roy, who was a doctor at Ōtāhuhu, had delivered Bassett. The two would later have strong disagreements, prompting Lange to remark, "My father had delivered him, and it became plain in later days that he must have dropped him."[19]
Lange then stood for Labour in Hobson in 1975, and came third.[20] In 1977 he entered the race for the Labour nomination in a by-election for the safer seat of Mangere. He saw off more experienced candidates (some of whom were former MPs) to win the Labour candidacy.[21][22] He won the Mangere by-election, retaining the area for Labour.
Lange then represented Mangere, a working-class Auckland electorate with a large Māori population, in the New Zealand Parliament. On becoming an MP, Lange quickly made an impression in the House as a debater, a wit, and the scourge of Prime Minister Robert Muldoon. In his maiden speech, he suggested that New Zealand children had fewer rights than animals received under the Animals Protection Act 1960, and complained of "appalling" rail service from Auckland to Mangere.[23]
After the
In 1980 Lange and a group consisting of Douglas, Bassett, Richard Prebble and Mike Moore tried to remove Rowling as leader of the Labour Party. Following the coup attempt Lange resigned as deputy leader in January 1981 to offer himself for re-election as a vote of confidence.[27] At Labour's first caucus meeting of the year he was re-elected as deputy leader.[28] After Labour lost the 1981 general election, the group, later known as the "Fish and Chip Brigade" (in reference to a picture published at the time showing the plotters eating fish and chips)[29] succeeded in their second attempt in 1983.[30]
Leader of the Opposition
Lange succeeded Rowling as parliamentary leader of the Labour Party and as Leader of the Opposition on 3 February 1983. Significant debate emerged within the Labour Party on the party's economic direction, following a paper by Roger Douglas to the party's policy council. Eventually a compromise was drafted by Geoffrey Palmer, which Lange described as "A manifesto which appealed to the right, the left, the centre and the totally bewildered. It was, in fact, anodyne."[30]
Muldoon unexpectedly called a
Lange led Labour to a landslide victory, helped by
Muldoon refused to follow Lange's instruction to devalue the currency, making the dollar's situation more untenable. Eventually on 19 July Muldoon relented, after his position as leader of the National party was threatened by members of his caucus.[34]
Prime Minister (1984–1989)
Premiership of David Lange 26 July 1984 – 8 August 1989 | |
Monarch | Elizabeth II |
---|---|
Cabinet | Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand |
Party | New Zealand Labour Party |
Election | 1984, 1987 |
Appointed by | David Beattie |
|
David Lange was sworn in as New Zealand's 32nd Prime Minister on 26 July 1984, becoming, at the age of 41,
First term: 1984–1987
During his first term of office as Prime Minister, Lange also held the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs.[35]
Rogernomics
The currency crisis and devaluation of the New Zealand dollar spurred on the reform drive of Roger Douglas, who Lange made Minister of Finance in the new government.[36] These reforms were soon dubbed 'Rogernomics', in a similar vein to Reaganomics.[37]
Upon coming to office, Lange's government was confronted by a severe balance of payments crisis, as a result of the deficits fuelled by Muldoon's imposition of a two-year freeze on wages and prices, and stubborn maintenance of an unsustainable exchange rate.
Lange and Douglas engaged in a rapid programme of deregulation and the removal of tariffs and subsidies. The first sector affected was
Douglas also deregulated the finance markets, removing restrictions on interest rates, lending and foreign exchange. In March 1985, with Lange's blessing, the New Zealand dollar was floated.[46] From 1 April 1987, several government departments were corporatised into state-owned enterprises, with massive loss of jobs.[47]
On the role of Government Lange said "It is there to be the securer of its citizens' welfare. Where the market works well, it should be given its head. Where the market results in manifest inequity, or poor economic performance, the Government must get involved."[48]
International affairs and nuclear-free policy
Lange made his name on the international stage with his steadfast leadership in the
External audio | |
---|---|
Oxford Union debate on nuclear weapons (David Lange at the Oxford Union debate, 1 March 1985), from NZHistory[53] |
During a televised
"There is no humanity in the logic which holds that my country must be obliged to play host to nuclear weapons because others in the West are playing host to nuclear weapons. That is the logic which refuses to admit that there is any alternative to nuclear weapons, when plainly there is. It is self defeating logic, just as the weapons themselves are self defeating, to compel an ally to accept nuclear weapons against the wishes of that ally is to take the moral position of totalitarianism which allows for no self determination."[52]
His speech also included an often-quoted statement made in response to a question posed by another debater:[53]
"...I'm going to give it to you if you hold your breath just for a moment ... I can smell the uranium on it as you lean towards me!"
In 1987, Lange's government passed the New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987.[56] This Act effectively declared New Zealand a nuclear-free zone and banned all nuclear-capable ships from entering New Zealand waters. The United States regarded this legislation as a breach of treaty obligations under ANZUS and announced that it would suspend its treaty obligations to New Zealand until the re-admission of U.S. Navy ships to New Zealand ports, characterising New Zealand as "a friend, but not an ally".[57]
Rainbow Warrior affair
Relations with France became strained when French agents of the
Social reforms
During Lange's first term in office, the Lange government implemented many social reforms. On 8 August 1986, the Lange government enacted the
1987 general election
Lange's government was re-elected at the August 1987 general election, the first time a Labour government had won a second term since 1938. The government increased its share of the popular vote, although this may have been due to less vote splitting. Lange toured the country throughout the campaign and faced, for the first time, protests against his government, especially in provincial areas.[61] Unusually, Labour did not produce a manifesto for the election, primarily due to disagreement between Douglas and Lange over the direction the government would take if re-elected. Lange sought to focus on social services in the second term,[62] and declared in his victory speech, "I'm proud that we are now, in the next three years, going to seal those [economic] gains, in health and education and social welfare progress."[63]
On the night, Labour's candidate Judith Tizard came within 406 votes of winning the traditionally National-held seat of Remuera; she had been forecast as the winner by initial vote counting.[64] Tizard's near-win fuelled Lange's misgivings about the direction his government was taking. He commented, "That election night was a great revelation for me. That was an apprehension on my part that we had actually abandoned our constituency. And it set me to think what on earth have we done that we come within 400 votes of winning the true-blue [National] seat of Remuera. And that struck me as being a dangerous flirtation, and an act of treachery to the people we were born to represent."[65][66]
Second term: 1987–1989
Following the 1987 election, Lange made himself Minister of Education. He stated that he gave himself the portfolio to "draw a line in the sand" against the influence of the "Treasury troika"[67] (Douglas, Prebble and David Caygill), and in accordance with his wishes to emphasise social policy in his second term.[68]
Fijian coups d'état
Lange was criticised for his reaction to the coups d'état in Fiji in May and September 1987.[69] Later, in his autobiography, Lange stated:
There was never any question that New Zealand might use force to restore the democratically elected government, since we were not asked to intervene by its representatives and had we been, we did not have the military resources. I did however ask our military leaders to ready themselves to come to the assistance of any New Zealand citizens who might be endangered, and I met with considerable obstruction.[70]
Stock market crash
The stock market crash of 19/20 October 1987 damaged confidence in the New Zealand economy, which went into a prolonged recession from December of that year, and remained so until June 1991.[71] During that time unemployment skyrocketed 170%, the unemployment rate rose from 4.2% in the September 1987 quarter to 7.5% in the June 1989 quarter.[71] Lange noted with bitterness that Douglas took advantage of the crash to "rubbish" his stated ambitions to have the government focus on social policy, and push for more economic reforms.[72]
Tomorrow's Schools
As Minister of Education, Lange pushed the introduction of
The reforms were criticised for the influence of New Right ideas and their effect of introducing market mechanisms and notions of competition in the education system.[62] Lange's appointment of businessman Brian Picot to head a task force into educational reform was taken as a sign of the government giving too much priority to economic and competitive concerns over the social aspect of education.[75]
Leadership challenge and resignation
In 1988 consensus on economic policy amongst the Labour leadership finally broke down, with Douglas resigning after Lange overruled his radical flat income-tax and universal basic income proposal. Douglas continued his campaign against Lange through public statements, the unauthorised release of cabinet papers and on 21 December 1988 an unsuccessful challenge against Lange's leadership in the Labour caucus. To date it is the only instance when a sitting Prime Minister has been challenged for leadership.[76]
The radical economic reforms had alienated much of the Labour Party, and it fractured; in April 1989 Jim Anderton, a backbench MP, formed a breakaway NewLabour Party, taking approximately one third of Labour's membership.[77]
However, the caucus re-elected Douglas to the Cabinet on 3 August 1989, and Lange interpreted this as a vote of no-confidence in his leadership. He tendered his resignation five days later on 8 August 1989.[78] Lange became the first elected Labour Prime Minister who neither died in office nor was voted out in an election.
Leadership
Lange's leadership abilities were mixed and at times contradictory.[79] As one of the most media-capable New Zealand prime ministers, he was a quick-witted orator and able to speak inspirationally to topics, yet was sensitive to criticism and averse to conflict.[79][80] He often became caught up in how he was seen to perform and would often avoid confronting angry ministers by using a rear entrance.[79][81] Despite being media-savvy, Lange's political skills were judged to be poor by political scientist Stephen Levine.[82]
Motor racing
During his tenure as Prime Minister, Lange engaged in competitive
Post-premiership
Cabinet minister: 1989–1990
Geoffrey Palmer succeeded Lange as Labour party leader and Prime Minister in 1989, Lange became Attorney-General, Minister in Charge of the Serious Fraud Office and a Minister of State. Palmer was then replaced by Mike Moore as Prime Minister shortly before the 1990 general election in November, which Labour lost by a landslide. Lange was re-elected at this election (and again in 1993) as the member for Mangere.
Opposition and resignation from parliament
After the government was defeated in 1990, he was appointed Shadow Attorney-General by Moore.
Lange was a supporter of changing New Zealand's flag, and wrote in 1994: "[a] stranger who saw the Australian flag and the New Zealand flag outside adjacent buildings would assume that some British hotel chain was advertising deluxe and standard rooms".[88] Lange also expressed support for a New Zealand republic, stating: "Do such things matter? They certainly do. We suffer in this country from a lack of emotional focus... New Zealand will become a republic just as Britain will be blurred into Europe".[88]
In failing health, Lange retired from Parliament before the 1996 general election. In his valedictory speech, he reflected on the pain caused by his government's economic reforms: "I want to thank those people whose lives were wrecked by us. They had been taught for years they had the right to an endless treadmill of prosperity and assurance, and we did them. People over 60 hate me. They hate me because I was the symbol of what caused that assurance of support and security to be shattered. That is something that has always been part of my burden."[89] His Labour Party colleague Taito Phillip Field succeeded him as the member for the Mangere electorate.
Life after politics
Lange was a New Zealand Rugby League board member and served as the organisation's Vice-President.[90]
In an interview[91] with The New Zealand Herald (published on 3 July 2004) the reporter asked Lange:
- Do you think if the election of 1984 had not been a snap election, there would have been time for the opposing forces within the party to have successfully blocked the reforms or to have severely limited them?
Lange replied:
"You have to talk about why things happened the way they did. You can't actually explain my political life except by a series of situations rather than by some carefully constructed, rigidly progressed ascendancy. You could not imagine two more unlike rides to the top as I had and Helen Clark had: hers the principled, extremely hard-working, fearless really persistence in the face of all sorts of adversities and personal assaults. Whereas mine was some sort of divine roulette. Even entering into Parliament was not one of your created, structured planned-for episodes. I mean one minute I was a clapped-out two guinea legal-aid lawyer and the next minute I was in Parliament. The by-election of 77 saw to that ... I got there in terms of the Labour Party for all the wrong reasons, for all the reasons which weren't part of its tradition. I'd never been a tract writer; I'd never been a philosopher; I'd never taken part in extraordinary industrial dispute activism; I'd not been in any of that background, but I was able to mix it in what had become, conceived to be, the new front line of politics — the ability on television to convey confidence and assurance without saying anything. And that is very important...."
"[I was] plunged into this extraordinary awareness of a crisis in foreign exchange and reserves and having to take steps that were the absolute antithesis of anything that I would ever have expected the week before. If the people of New Zealand thought it was a bit odd, for me it was absolutely staggering.... I had thought of getting the agencies like the IMF, the World Bank to come in and do a de facto receivership. In fact I said so more or less publicly — let us get some external analysis of where we are rather than one which is tainted by my self-interest and by Muldoon's clear self-interest. But it was rendered unnecessary. He put on such an extraordinarily good performance of carrying on and saying I was introducing scorched earth policy. By the time Muldoon had finish[ed] a couple of television appearances, the general public was completely satisfied we were in a mess...."
Litigation
In 1996 Lange sued the
In a key New Zealand defamation case (
Accidental release of secret report
In January 2006,
Personal life
Lange was raised in a
In 1989 Lange announced in a brief press statement on 10 November that he was separating from his wife of 21 years. On 12 November Naomi Lange named his speech-writer,
Lange's brother Peter is a widely respected New Zealand potter.[102] He has won numerous arts awards and has exhibited widely in New Zealand and overseas.[103] Lange's third cousin Michael Bassett became a fellow Cabinet-minister. Bassett published a book in 2008 about the Lange government entitled Working With David: Inside the Lange Cabinet.
Health issues and death
Lange suffered all his life from
In the 1990s Lange's health declined, with
Lange's declining health resulted in the bringing-forward of the publication of his memoir My Life to 8 August 2005.
Lange died of complications associated with his
The David Lange Memorial Trust erected a memorial sculpture by Virginia King in Ōtāhuhu, which was unveiled by the Governor-General Sir Anand Satyanand in 2008.[109][112]
Honours and awards
Lange received the Right Livelihood Award in 2003 for his strong fight against nuclear weapons.[113]
In the
See also
Notes
- ^ "Sisterhood of the Raids: teine toa who led The Polynesian Panther Party". RNZ. 27 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
- ^ Anae, Melani (18 June 2016). "Racism was all around us". E-Tangata. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
- ^ a b Masters, Catherine (14 July 2006). "Brown Power". The New Zealand Herald.
- ^ "Former PM David Lange dies". Newstalk ZB. 14 August 2005. Archived from the original on 28 December 2005.
- ^ Lange 2005, pp. 20, 21–22.
- ^ Lange 2005.
- ^ Lange 2005, passim.
- ISBN 978-1-86971-241-9.
- ^ a b Lange 2005, p. 70.
- ^ Lange 2005, p. 50.
- ^ "Early life and education". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. 30 October 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ^ Lange 2005, pp. 61–64.
- ^ Lange 2005, p. 63.
- ^ Lange 2005, pp. 68–69.
- ^ Lange 2005, ch. 5.
- ^ "Early life and education". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. 30 October 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
- The Dominion Post. p. B7.
- ^ Lange 2005, p. 87.
- ^ Lange 2005, p. 98.
- ^ Lange 2005, pp. 98, 99.
- ^ "Nomination goes to Mr Lange". The New Zealand Herald. 16 February 1977. p. 1.
- ^ "Mangere Labour man weighs in". Auckland Star. 16 February 1977. p. 2.
- ^ Pickmere, Arnold (14 August 2005). "Obituary: David Russell Lange". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ^ "Rowling shuffles his pack". Auckland Star. 9 December 1978. p. 3.
- ^ Bassett 2008, p. 51.
- ^ "The Team". The New Zealand Herald. 15 December 1979. p. 12.
- ^ "Party Deputy Leader Will Quit To Test Support". The New Zealand Herald. 23 January 1981. p. 1.
- ^ "Lange back with confidence". Auckland Star. 12 February 1981. p. 1.
- ^ "Photo of the Fish and Chip Brigade in 1980 in Douglas' office; Bassett, Douglas, Lange and Moore". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 13 July 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ^ a b Russell 1996, p. 39.
- ^ Russell 1996, p. 49.
- ^ Lange 2005, pp. 164.
- ISBN 978-0-521-34355-8.
- ^ a b Russell 1996, p. 69.
- ^ Parliament, New Zealand (1985). Questions for Oral Answer. Vol. 464. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). p. 5646.
- ^ Russell 1996, p. 76.
- ^ Easton, Brian (11 March 2010). "Economic history – Government and market liberalisation". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
- ISBN 0-8157-2835-2. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
- ^ "David Lange, in his own words". The New Zealand Herald. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ProQuest 304901947.
- ^ Russell 1996, p. 75.
- ^ a b Russell, Marcia; Carlaw, John (1996). "Revolution (part two)" (video). YouTube. 7:54–8:46, 10:05–10:15. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
- ISBN 0-8157-2835-2. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
- ^ Russell, Marcia; Carlaw, John (1996). "Revolution (part two)" (video). YouTube. 9:31–10:05. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
- ^ Russell 1996, p. 101.
- ^ Russell 1996, p. 80.
- ^ Russell 1996, p. 120.
- ^ "Business biting hand of nanny govt". The National Business Review. 7 March 1990. p. 24.
- ^ "Obituaries — Rt Hon David Russell Lange ONZ, CH, John Finlay Luxton QSO, Hon John Howard Falloon CNZM, Rod David Donald". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). New Zealand Parliament. 9 November 2005.
- NZHistory. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ Lange 2005, p. 204.
- ^ S2CID 109140255.
- ^ a b Sound: Oxford Union debate on nuclear weapons. NZHistory. Oxford, United Kingdom: Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 1 March 1985. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
- ^ a b Lange, David (14 October 2004). "Nuclear Weapons are Morally Indefensible". Public Address: Great New Zealand argument. Public Address. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
- ^ Lange 2005, p. 208.
- ^ New Zealand Legislation. "New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987".
- ^ Ayson, Robert; Phillips, Jock (20 June 2012). "United States and New Zealand – Nuclear-free 1980s". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ "Case concerning the difference between New Zealand and France concerning the interpretation or application of two agreements, concluded on 9 July 1986 between the two states and which related to the problems arising from the Rainbow Warrior Affair" (PDF). Reports of International Arbitral Awards. XX: 215–284, especially p. 275. 30 April 1990.
- ^ "Homosexual Law Reform". NZ History. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ "Te reo Māori recognised as official language". NZ History. 3 August 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ Russell 1996, p. 144.
- ^ a b Riley, Brett (February 1988). "Aotearoa's hamburger chain". New Internationalist (180). Retrieved 18 July 2016.
- ^ Russell, Marcia; Carlaw, John (1996). "Revolution (part two)" (video). YouTube. 54:49–55:01. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
- ^ Russell 1996, p. 142.
- ^ Russell 1996, p. 143.
- ^ Russell, Marcia; Carlaw, John (1996). "Revolution (part two)" (video). YouTube. 54:16–54:53. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
- ISBN 1-86940-173-5. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
- ^ Russell, Marcia; Carlaw, John (1996). "Revolution (part three)" (video). YouTube. 9:58–10:31. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
...it was quite blatantly, although I didn't express it at the time, to destabilise the thrust of the troika – Roger, Richard and David Caygill. And to emphasise the social policy aspect, to place a whole new focus of the meaning of this government, I took on education.
- ^ Grant J. Crowley (2002). New Zealand's Response to the Aircraft Hijack Incident During the 1987 coup d'état in Fiji: A study of Civil-Military Relations in Crisis (Thesis). Massey University.
- ^ Lange 2005, p. 194.
- ^ a b "How bad is the Current Recession? Labour Market Downturns since the 1960s". Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ Russell, Marcia; Carlaw, John (1996). "Revolution (part three)" (video). YouTube. 7:36–8:45. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
...and then came the stock market crash, and the advantage was taken of that, so while we won in '87, earlier this year, because we had the right policies, the stock market's crashed, now we must be further, farther, faster, we must sell more things, we must become more right wing.
- ^ Russell 1996, p. 160.
- ^ "The impact of education reforms from 1989:Summary of New Zealand education reforms". New Zealand Council for Educational Research. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
- ISBN 0-8157-2835-2. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
- ^ Bassett 2008, p. 462.
- ISBN 978-1-4473-2351-8.
- ^ Russell 1996, p. 202.
- ^ OCLC 63658626.
- ISBN 0-864-69465-2.
- OCLC 43713318.
- ISBN 0-864-69465-2.
- ^ Marshall, Russell (15 August 2005). "David Lange". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "David Lange: NZ Prime Minister races cars" (video). theFASTfiles.com. 1988. Retrieved 17 June 2021 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Labour line-up". The New Zealand Herald. 6 December 1991. p. 5.
- ISBN 0-86868-159-8.
- ^ Lange 1992, p. 1.
- ^ a b Lange 1994, p. ?.
- ^ "David Lange's valedictory speech in Parliament: August 22, 1996". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
- ^ "NZRL chief back in the gun". Sunday Star-Times. 6 September 1998.[dead link]
- ^ Young, Audrey (3 July 2004). "Interview: David Lange". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ^ "Legal Briefing No. 40". Australian Government Solicitor. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
- ^ "David Lange, defamation and media freedom". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
- ^ Bain, Helen (15 January 2006). "Lange's secret papers reveal USA's bully tactics". The Sunday Star Times. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
- ^ "Star-Times may face action over report". Television New Zealand. 24 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
- ^ Change, Derek (16 January 2006). "Inquiry into spying file found in Lange's papers". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
- ^ WikiLeaks (19 December 2010). "Wikileak: Lange's Last Laugh – 16/1/2006". Scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
- ^ a b McInnes, John (February 1986). "David Lange: New Zealand's Prime Minister". Third Way. Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
- ^ "David Lange, 63, Is Dead; Led New Zealand". The New York Times. 14 August 2005. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
- ^ Bassett 2008, p. 525.
- ^ Bassett 2008, p. 543.
- ^ Savage, Jared (23 July 2006). "Memorial for Lange". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ^ "Pottery NZ – Peter Lange". Archived from the original on 23 December 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ^ "The new leader of the Labour Party". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. 30 October 2013.
- ^ Lange 2005, pp. 143–144.
- ^ Middleton, Julie (4 August 2005). "I'd rather lose a leg than my life, says Lange". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- TV3 (New Zealand). 2005. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
- ^ Milne, Jonathan (31 July 2005). "Ailing Lange still has strong voice on nukes". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ^ a b "David Lange Memorial". David Lange Memorial Trust. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
- ^ Em, Sandy. New Zealand's 32nd Prime Minister David Russell LANGE (gravestone). Waikaraka Cemetery: Flickr. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
- ^ "David Lange Memorial gifted to Auckland". OurAuckland. Auckland Council. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- ^ "David Lange Memorial". gg.govt.nz. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ "David Lange Biography". Right Livelihood Award. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
- ^ "No. 51982". The London Gazette (2nd supplement). 30 December 1989. p. 29.
- ^ Beston, Anne (2 June 2003). "Queen's Birthday Honours: David Lange gratified at recognition". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
- ^ "Queen's Birthday honours list 2003". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 2 June 2003. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ "Editorial: John Key knighthood follows long tradition of honouring PMs". Stuff. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
References
- Barber, David (1987). Gliding on the Lino: The wit and wisdom of David Lange. Auckland: Benton Ross. ISBN 0-908636-29-6.
- ISBN 978-1-86971-094-1.
- Lange, David (18 July 1994). Cuttings – God Save Us All. Jonathan Hudson & Associates. ISBN 0-473-02953-7.
- Lange, David (1992). Broadsides. Wellington: Jonathon Hudson & Associates; GP Print. ISBN 0-473-01754-7.
- Lange, David (2005). My Life. Auckland: Viking. ISBN 0-670-04556-X.
- McQueen, Harvey (1991). The Ninth Floor: Inside the Prime Minister's Office – A Political Experience. Auckland: Penguin Books.
- ISBN 978-0-473-190255.
- Russell, Marcia (1996). Revolution:New Zealand from Fortress to Free Market. ISBN 1869584287.
External links
- David Lange Memorial Trust Archived 13 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- PM David Lange Resigns (1989), Network News, TVNZ, 7 August 1989
- Audio recording of speech that "Nuclear Weapons are Morally Indefensible", Oxford Union debate, 1 March 1985
- Interview with TV3
- Obituary, by Jonathan Milne, Herald on Sunday; and tribute[permanent dead link] by political correspondent John Armstrong, The New Zealand Herald.
- Amyloidosis Australia, Information on Amyloidosis in Aust/NZ
- Tribute[permanent dead link] from Helen Clark at memorial service.
- Account of memorial service[permanent dead link], by Jonathan Milne and Amanda Cameron, Herald on Sunday
- Personal Reflections Of South Auckland's Statesman, by Scoop's Selwyn Manning
- David Lange biography from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography