Daylighting (streams)
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (December 2010) |
Daylighting is the opening up and restoration of a previously buried watercourse, one which had at some point been diverted below ground.
In addition to its use in urban design and planning the term also refers to the public process of advancing such projects.[3] According to the Planning and Development Department of the City of Berkeley, "A general consensus has developed that protecting and restoring natural creeks' functions is achievable over time in an urban environment while recognizing the importance of property rights."[4]
Systems
Natural drainage systems
Natural drainage systems help
Some efforts to blend urban development with natural systems use innovative drainage design and landscaping instead of traditional curbs and gutters, pipes and vaults. One such
The street edge alternatives street breaks most of the conventions of 150 years of standard American street design. Narrow, curved streets, open drainage swales, and an abundance of diverse plants and trees welcome pedestrians as well as diverse species. Adjacent residents maintain city infrastructure in the form of street "gardens" in front of their homes, visually integrating the neighborhood along the street. The natural drainage system united the community visually, environmentally, and socially. The 110th Cascades SEA (2002–2003) are a creek-like cascade of stair-stepped natural, seasonal pools that intercept, infiltrate, slow and filter over 21 acres (85,000 m2) of stormwater draining through the project.[7]
Example projects
Viable, daylighted streams exist only where neighbourhoods are intimately connected to restoration and stewardship values in their watersheds, since the health of an urban stream can not long survive carelessness or neglect.[8][9] With impervious surfaces having replaced most of the natural ground cover in urban environments, habitat for wildlife is dramatically reduced compared to historic baselines. Hydrologic changes have resulted, and impervious waterways directly carry non-point pollution through urban creeks. One effective solution is to restore streams and riparian habitat. This improves the entire urban watershed, far beyond the riparian channel itself.[10] Wild et al 2011 described the first known online map and database of urban river daylighting projects.[1][11] Wild et al 2019 published geo-spatial database about all schemes.[12] University of Waterloo documented a very similar list featuring many of the same stream daylighting projects around the globe.[13]
Switzerland
Zürich
The City of Zürich’s stream daylighting policy has long received the attention of researchers[1] and is considered by some to be unique in the world.[14] It had been adopted since 1986 and ensued in daylighting nearly 21 kilometers of Zürich’s buried streams thus far. The positive impact on the quality of water and biodiversity has been significant. There are also benefits for enhanced stormwater management, and even socio-cultural benefits such as, enhanced public realm and educational ones.[15]
Canada
Vancouver, British Columbia
In the 1880s there were over 50 wild salmon streams in Vancouver alone.[16] However, as Vancouver grew, these streams were lost to urbanization. They were covered by roads, homes, and businesses. They were also lost when they were buried beneath sewers or culverts.
The City of Vancouver and its residents are now making an effort to uncover these lost streams and restore them back to their natural state.
Hastings Creek
The Hastings Creek Stream Daylighting Project was originally proposed in 1994 as a way to manage storm water and for aesthetic purposes. The idea was to bring the stream back to its once natural formation which would improve the surrounding habitat for wildlife as well as the originally proposed purposes.[17] This project's plan was finalized in 1997, and work began the same year.[18]
The stream had existed in Hastings Park until 1935 when the Park became focused on entertainment rather than its original purpose when it was given to the city in 1889, which was to be a retreat for those with a passion for the outdoors. As the Pacific Nation Exhibition (PNE) grounds continued to expand there was a continued loss of natural woodlands, greenery and waterways. It was not until the 1980s when the surrounding community began to look at continuing to uphold its original purpose.[17]
The daylighting project made major progress in 2013 in the area located in the Creekway Park, which was originally a parking lot.[19] The daylighted stream will one day connect the Sanctuary in Hastings Park to the Burrard Inlet. The progress made in Creekway Park is a major step towards this goal. This daylighting project also improved pedestrian and bikeway transit.[20] This stream is now able to obtain the stormwater from the surrounding area, which reduces the load that is felt by the municipality's storm sewers. It is the storms in early autumn which provide the water flow for the creek, meaning that there is variable flow throughout the year. During the late summer months the moist soil is relied upon to maintain the vegetation of the area. This variation in flow does not allow for salmon migration through the creek; however it does house trout as well as vegetation which aid in the filtration of the storm water entering the creek.[21]
Spanish Banks
Located upstream from
St. George Rainway
The
St. George Creek once spawned
Detailed landscape designs have been produced, and incorporated into the community plan of Mount Pleasant neighborhood.[27] Project leaders from the False Creek watershed Society and Vancouver Society of Storytelling have collaborated with Mount Pleasant Elementary students to create a street mural drawing attention to the belowground stream.[28] To date, the mural is the only physical progress on the project.
Tatlow Creek
This is a future project aiming to ultimately connect the gap in the Seaside Greenway in order to link it to the Burrard Bridge. The beginning of this project has been started by the City of Vancouver in 2013, after its approval on July 29 of the same year. Volunteer Park is located in Kitsilano at the corner of Point Grey Road and Macdonald Street. This is where the main daylighting project for this area is planned to occur.[29]
Phase one is currently in progress. Point Grey Road is currently closed to through motor traffic in order to turn the street into a greenway for cycling and walking. This part of the project is expected to be complete by summer 2014.[29]
Phase two of this project is looking to include the daylighting of Tatlow Creek which is located in Volunteer Park. This phase must go through the City Council and the Park Board capital planning process for the 2015-2017 Capital Plan before any plans can be finalized.[29]
Tatlow Creek had been scheduled to be daylighted in 1996, and the project to start in 1997. The project was deemed feasible and the storm water was to be diverted back into the natural creek bed and tunneled under Point Grey Road. When it was not done, the project was proposed again by a UBC masters' student as the Tatlow Creek Revitalization Project. If this project is completed as phase 2 of the new Park Board Project it would allow for salmon and trout spawning.[30]
Caledon, Ontario
Credit River: East Credit Tributary
Credit Valley Conservation (CVC) worked with a private landowner to daylight 500 m of coldwater stream on their Caledon family farm.[31] The project emerged from a decision to replace a failing tile drain on the farm property with a stream. The stream was buried in an agricultural tile in the early 1980s to facilitate agricultural operations. CVC worked collaboratively with the landowners to design and construct a new stream, stream-side grassland and wetland in 2017. The project improved biodiversity and ecosystem health. Nine species of fish have been recorded in the stream, and Bobolink and Eastern Meadowlark (both threatened bird species) use the planted riparian grassland. Frogs and toads are also thriving in the new wetland. In addition to the newly created stream, CVC removed a perched culvert downstream that was preventing fish passage to allow downstream fish populations to reach the new stream.
In January 2018, the landowners received the Ontario Heritage Trust Lieutenant Governor's Award for Conservation Excellence in recognition of the project's contribution to conservation.[32]
The project was funded by the Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Peel Rural Water Quality Program and the Species at Risk Farm Incentive Program.
France
Ile de France
La Bièvre river
Partial reopening sections and re-naturalisation of La Bièvre river, in the region Ile de France (from the south to Paris were it joins La Seine)[33]
- 600 metre section in Fresnes in 2003
- 900 metres section in Verrieres-le-Buisson/Massy in 2006
- 600 metres section in L’Haÿ-les-Roses in 2016
- 600 metre section between Arcueil and Gentilly in 2021
Re-naturalisation in 2020 of a section from Bievres to Igny from a relatively straight caisson reinforced embankment to a meandering stream (excess flow diverted into a pipe).
United States
California
Maryland
Since the 1990s there have been several plans to daylight the Jones Falls along much of its route through downtown Baltimore.[36][37]
Massachusetts
Part of Island End River flowing through Everett, Massachusetts was daylighted in 2021.[38]
New York (State)
The first phase of the Yonkers daylighting was portrayed in the documentary Lost Rivers. The second phase, where the river runs under the Mill Street Courtyard, broke ground on March 19, 2014.
Salt Lake City, Utah
City Creek
A public-private partnership between Salt Lake City and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, exchange the ownership of a surface parking lot at 110 N State Street in Salt Lake City for development rights to an underground parking garage. In 1995, a donation by the church allowed Salt Lake City to daylight a creek channel through the newly created City Creek Park.[40]
Three Creeks Confluence
Red Butte, Emigration, and Parleys Creeks flow into the Jordan River at 1300 South and 900 West in Salt Lake City, UT. The site was previously paved over with a dead-end segment of 1300 South. A dilapidated, vacant home existed to the north of 1300 South on the site. The area was in a neglected condition, impacted by noxious weeds, dumping, and encroachments from private property.[41]
Approximately $3 million was secured for the construction of the Three Creeks Confluence, a partnership between Salt Lake City and the Seven Canyons Trust. Red Butte, Emigration, and Parleys Creeks were daylighted 200 feet in a newly restored channel up to 900 West. The site includes a Jordan River Trail connection, fishing bridge, and plaza space. In 2017, an Achievement Award from the Utah Chapter of the American Planning Association was received for the innovative project design and creative community engagement process.[42]
Seattle, Washington
Pipers Creek
As a result of project efforts, salmon were brought back to Pipers Creek, Venema, and Mohlendorph creeks in the mid-2000s after a fifty-year absence. The latter is named for the late Ted Mohlendorph, a biologist who spearheaded efforts to restore the watershed as salmon habitat. Though augmented by hatchery fish, anywhere from 200 to 600 chum salmon return each November, along with a few coho in the fall and fewer occasional winter steelhead. Inspirationally, several hundred small resident coastal cutthroat trout live in the watershed, believed to be native fish that survived decades of urban assault. An environmental learning center and programs are part of comprehensive restoration. More than four miles (6 km) of trail are maintained by neighborhood volunteers who put in 4,000 hours of work in 2003, for example. The creek waters are pretty in their impressively restored settings, but the watershed is the surrounding neighborhoods and streets, laced with petrochemicals, pesticides, fertilizers, wandering pets, and such. Along with steeply high volume during storm runoff and resulting turbidity, water quality is the remaining big issue in restoring salmon.[44]
The north fork of Pipers Creek is the site for the 110th Cascades, a street edge alternatives street demonstration project (see above). The 110th Cascades are a creek-like cascade of stair-stepped natural, seasonal pools that intercept, infiltrate, slow and filter over 21 acres (85,000 m2) of stormwater draining through the project. The cascades are a part of a natural drainage systems) project; together these united the community visually, environmentally, and socially, toward integrating the neighborhood as a community.[6][45]
Taylor Creek
Fauntleroy Creek
Longfellow Creek
Madrona Creek
Citizens of
Citizen stewards of the creek and woods are represented by the Friends of Madrona Woods (1996). The urban forest encompasses about 9 acres (36,000 m2), largely in a couple ravines. The park area was built 1891-1893, officially no longer maintained since the 1930s with the demise of streetcars and pedestrian lifestyles.[51] Persistent efforts began (1995) with informal removal of ivy smothering trees, then invasive species like holly, laurel and blackberries, and realization that effective restoration would require comprehensive stewardship.
With a Department of Neighborhoods grant, the neighborhood started a formal effort. Neighborhood groups, planning with naturalists and landscape architects, brought an effective early step rebuilding trails, promoting access and building constituency. Further priorities were protection for habitat, restoration of stream beds, rehabilitation as a natural area using native plants, and using the Madrona Woods as a setting for environmental education programs at local schools. A hired landscape architect became a team member, experimental plots were set up to test different methods for revegetating with native plants. (Plants adapt to microclimates; experimentation is required to jumpstart the otherwise very long natural processes.)
Friends of Madrona Woods earned a much larger Department of Neighborhoods matching grant in 2000, funding the creation of a master action plan, and major trail restoration work. The community match for the grant was nearly 2500 hours of volunteer labor by community members and school children from St. Therese and Epiphany schools. After many decades of urban use without formal maintenance, substantial trail engineering was required. EarthCorps was contracted to do the actual construction, which included 86 steps, two landings and a bridge.
In the process of clearing, volunteers found substantial erosion in the wetland hillside, leading to a grant from a Parks Department fund to stabilize it with a water cascade of natural materials. Neighbors did a little trail-building of their own with Volunteers for Outdoor Washington and an all-day trail building workshop (February 2000). Work parties continue monthly through much of the year.[52]
Schmitz Creek
Schmitz Creek in the
United Kingdom
Porter Brook, Sheffield, Yorkshire
The Porter Brook flows from the west of Sheffield on the edge of the Peak District and flows into the River Sheaf at Sheaf Street near Sheffield Railway Station. The Porter Brook is one of Sheffield's five well known rivers, along with the Don, Sheaf, Loxley and Rivelin. The Porter has been deculverted at Matilda Street near the BBC Radio Sheffield studios. A feasibility study for the scheme was undertaken for South Yorkshire Forest Partnership by Sheffield City Council in 2013 [54] with funding from the Environment Agency and the EU via the Interreg North Sea Region Programme. The project was completed by Sheffield City Council with funding from the Environment Agency in 2016.
The Porter Brook daylighting scheme featured in a 2016 BBC Radio 4 documentary entitled A River of Steel, produced by sound recordist Chris Watson, ex-member of Caberet Voltaire.[55] It was also discussed in an article in The Guardian in 2017.[56]
River Roch, Rochdale, Greater Manchester
The River Roch that runs through the town of Rochdale has recently been uncovered, revealing the medieval bridge in place. It was covered in 1904 to accommodate a tram network that has since closed.[57]
South Korea
In
See also
Notes and references
- ^ S2CID 111280203.
- ISSN 2210-6707.
- PMID 32728527.
- ^ "Joint Creeks Task Force Planning Commission Public Hearing: March 22, 2006" (PDF). Creeks Task Force. Planning and Development, City of Berkeley. 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2006-06-06. [dead link]
- ^ "FEMA: Mitigation Best Practices Portfolio". Archived from the original on 2008-10-31. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
- ^ a b (1)
"Natural Drainage Systems Overview". About SPU > Drainage & Sewer System > Natural Drainage Systems. Seattle Public Utilities. 2003-12-03. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
(2) "Street Edge Alternatives (SEA Streets) Project Index". About SPU > Drainage & Sewer System > Natural Drainage Systems. Seattle Public Utilities. Archived from the original on 2006-05-12. Retrieved 2006-06-06. - ^ Jone, Scott (2017-01-10). "Streams in the Urban Landscape". Retrieved 10 January 2017.
- ^ "Thornton Creek Watershed". The Homewaters Project. Archived from the original on 2006-06-20. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
- ^ a b c Dietrich, William (2000-04-16). "Stream Salvation". Our Northwest. The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2006-04-21.[permanent dead link]
- .
- S2CID 128758957.
- S2CID 91259227.
- ^ "Interactive map". Stream Daylighting. 2018-07-31. Retrieved 2020-05-19.
- S2CID 229611148, retrieved 2021-01-21
- .
- ^ "Lost Streams of Vancouver". Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
- ^ OCLC 228969978.
- ^ "Hastings Park PNE Master Plan". Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
- ^ "parking lot transformed into lush new urban park and restored creek". 2013-09-27. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
- ^ "Transforming Hastings Park and the PNE". 2015-07-23. Archived from the original on 2014-03-31. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
- ^ "open house board on pne june 16" (PDF).
- ^ "Spanish Banks Creek in Vancouver, British Columbia (B.C.)".
- ^ "The stream that spawned a comeback".
- ^ "St. George Rainway Street". Archived from the original on 2014-04-13.
- ^ "St. George Rainway".
- ^ http://www.falsecreekwatershed.org/uploads/2/0/5/0/20500086/st_george.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "St. George Creek - Street to Rainway Conversion - Lanefab Design / Build: Custom Homes and Laneway Houses". Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
- ^ "East Side group aims to recreate lost stream with rainwater runoff". November 2013.
- ^ a b c "City of Vancouver Park Board Report" (PDF).
- hdl:2429/14448.
- ^ "The Clarksons: Visionary Thinking Brings a Buried Stream Back to Life". Credit Valley Conservation. Archived from the original on 2019-10-18. Retrieved 2019-10-18.
- ^ "Backgrounder – 2017 Lieutenant Governor's Ontario Heritage Award recipients" (PDF). Ontario Heritage Trust.
- ^ Communauté d’agglomération du val de Bièvre (2018). "Réouverture d’un tronçon de la Bièvre en milieu urbain," Communauté d’agglomération du val de Bièvre, France. Online version retrieved Dec 7, 2021.
- ^ Jencks, Rosey and Leonardson, Rebecca (2004). "Daylighting Islais Creek: A Feasibility Study," Water Resources Collections and Archives (University of California). Online version retrieved May 23, 2007.
- ^ Jason Dearen (24 April 2010). "Plans percolate to revive some SF native creeks". Associated Press. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
- ^ "Urban Design design group downtown development". The Baltimore Sun. 10 September 1990. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
- ^ "Elevated expressway: Jones Falls expressway east side". The Baltimore Sun. 17 May 2009. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
- ^ Daniel, Seth (March 21, 2021). "Island End River Unearthed in a Parking Lot – Everett Independent". Everett Independent.
- ^ "Daylighting Rivers in Search of Hidden Treasure". 2013-11-13.
- ^ Watson, Thora (1995). A Stream That Built A City: History of City Creek, Memory Grove, & City Creek Canyon Park.
- ^ "Three Creeks Confluence". www.slc.gov.
- ^ "Three Creeks Confluence | Seven Canyons Trust". 28 April 2023.
- ^ "Pipers Creek". About SPU > Drainage & Sewer System. Seattle Public Utilities. 2003-12-03. Archived from the original on 2006-06-14. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
- ^ Johnston
- ^ (1)
"Natural Drainage Systems Overview". About SPU > Drainage & Sewer System > Natural Drainage Systems. Seattle Public Utilities. 2003-12-03. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
(2) "110th Cascade". About SPU > Drainage & Sewer System > Natural Drainage Systems. Seattle Public Utilities. 2003-12-03. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved 2006-06-06. - ^ "fauntleroy creek facts". Fauntleroy Watershed Council, Fauntleroy Community Association. Archived from the original on 2006-05-22. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
- ^ (1)
"Fauntleroy Watershed". Fauntleroy Watershed Council, Fauntleroy Community Association. Archived from the original on 2006-06-17. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
(2) "History, Fauntleroy Park". Seattle Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
(3) Phelps, pp. 216-224 - ^
"Native Plant Stewardship Program". 2000 and 2001 Native Plant Steward Projects, P-Z. Washington Native Plant Society. 2004-10-12. Archived from the original on 2005-11-08. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
Thistle St. Longfellow Creek Greenspace - ^ True, Kathryn (2005-08-18). "The poetry of Longfellow Creek". TRAVEL / OUTDOORS. The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2006-05-12. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
- ^ "Madrona Park Creek Daylighting and Restoration". 2006-01-11. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
- Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition (1909) on the University of Washingtoncampus. Seattle street car lines were torn up later 1930s-1941 in parallel with Los Angeles a few years later, and other cities in the U.S. "History". Friends of Madrona Woods. 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
Referenced The Electric Trolley by Junius Rochester;
Seattle 1900-1920 by Richard C. Berner;
Seattle Now & Then by Paul Dorpat;
The Lake Washington Story by Lucille McDonald;
The Don Sherwood Files, Seattle Parks Department. - ^ Scott
- ^ "Schmitz Preserve Park Improvements". Pro Parks Project Information. Seattle Parks and Recreation. 2003-06-13. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
- ^ "Deculverting Sheffield's Porter Brook – City Centre (Article)". 2016-04-29.
- ^ "BBC Radio 4 - A River of Steel". BBC.
- ^ Cox, David (2017-08-29). "A river runs through it (Article)". The Guardian.
- ^ "Hidden medieval bridge reopens". BBC News. 2016-06-14. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
- ^ Kirk (13 October 2005)
Bibliography
- "110th Cascade". About SPU > Drainage & Sewer System > Natural Drainage Systems. Seattle Public Utilities. 2003-12-03. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
- "About EarthCorps". Archived from the original on 2006-06-26. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
- "About Us". Friends of Schmittz Park. 2002. Archived from the original on 2006-02-16. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
- "Carkeek Park Improvements". Pro Parks Project Information. Seattle Parks and Recreation. 2005-07-20. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
- "Creek initiative's sponsor asks court to dismiss lawsuit". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 2003-06-25. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
- Kirk, Donald (2005-10-13). "Seoul peels back concrete to let a river run freely once again". World>Asia Pacific. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
File: Jae-Won, Lee. "A CITY RUNS THROUGH IT: Residents waded into the newly restored Chonggyechon River earlier this month in downtown Seoul, South Korea." - "Joint Creeks Task Force Planning Commission Public Hearing: March 22, 2006" (PDF). Creeks Task Force. Planning and Development, City of Berkeley. 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2006-06-06.[dead link]
- Dolan, Maria; True, Kathryn (2003). Nature in the city: Seattle. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-0-89886-879-1.
"with additions by Sunny Walter and local Audubon chapters." See "Northeast Seattle" section, bullet points "Meadowbrook", "Paramount Park Open Space", "North Seattle Community College Wetlands", and "Sunny Walter -- Twin Ponds".
Particularly useful. - "fauntleroy creek facts". Fauntleroy Watershed Council, Fauntleroy Community Association. Archived from the original on 2006-05-22. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
- "Fauntleroy Watershed". Fauntleroy Watershed Council, Fauntleroy Community Association. Archived from the original on 2006-06-17. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
- Fiset, Louis (2001-05-19) [corrected 2005-12-19]. "Seattle Neighborhoods: Broadview & Bitter Lake -- Thumbnail History". HistoryLink.org Essay 3287. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
Fiset referenced Warren W. Wing, To Seattle by Trolley (Edmonds, WA: Pacific Fast Mail), 1988;
[No author, title], Portage, Winter/Spring 1984;
Gail Lee Dubrow et al., Broadview/Bitter Lake Community History, (Seattle Department of Parks & Recreation), 1995;
[No author, title], Today, August 4, 1976;
[No author, title], The Seattle Times, May 22, 1930;
[No author, title], Seattle Post-Intelligencer, August 19, 1953. - George, Kathy (2003-11-27). "Creek initiative sponsors allege bad faith". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
- "Getting Involved: Northgate plan angers residents". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 2003-05-26. Retrieved 2006-04-21.[permanent dead link]
- "History". Friends of Madrona Woods. 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
Referenced The Electric Trolley by Junius Rochester;
Seattle 1900-1920 by Richard C. Berner;
Seattle Now & Then by Paul Dorpat;
The Lake Washington Story by Lucille McDonald;
The Don Sherwood Files, Seattle Parks Department. - "History [Carkeek Park]". Seattle Parks and Recreation. 2004-09-10. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
from the files of Don Sherwood, 1916–1981, Park Historian, Don Sherwood History Files). - "History, Fauntleroy Park". Seattle Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
- Hodson, Jeff (2000-02-16). "Restoration urged for Thornton Creek: Local News". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2008-04-21. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
Was [1] Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine, NF. - "INITIATIVE 80 -- SAVE SEATTLE CREEKS". Office of the Seattle City Clerk. 2003. Archived from the original on 2006-02-05. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
- Jencks, Rosey; Leonardson, Rebecca (2004-11-29). "paper jencks". Daylighting Islais Creek: A Feasibility Study. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
Overview and links to full document in PDF. - Johnston, Greg (2004-02-19). "Carkeek Park: A quiet urban refuge". Getaways: Outside. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2006-06-06.[permanent dead link]
- Lehner, Peter; Aponte Clark, George P.; Cameron, Diane M.; Frank, Andrew G. (May 1999). "Strategies in the Pacific Northwest". Stormwater Strategies. Natural Resources Defense Council. Archived from the original on 2006-06-04. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
Clean Water & Oceans: Water Pollution: In Depth: Report > Stormwater Strategies Community Responses to Runoff Pollution
Date per "Stormwater Strategies Community Responses to Runoff Pollution ", additional chapter 12, October 2001. - "Madrona Park Creek Daylighting and Restoration: Project Information". Seattle Parks and Recreation. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
Planning 2001-2004, construction 2006. - Mulady, Kathy (2003-07-31). "Restoration issue struck from ballot". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
- Mulady, Kathy (2003-03-18). "Critics rip Northgate plan". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
- Mulady, Kathy; McClure, Robert (2003-06-20). "Creek initiative finds foes in developers, Realtors, city". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
- Mulady, Kathy (2004-06-08). "Thornton Creek may see daylight again". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2006-04-21.[permanent dead link]
- "Native Plant Stewardship Program". 2000 and 2001 Native Plant Steward Projects, P-Z. Washington Native Plant Society. 2004-10-12. Archived from the original on 2005-11-08. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
Thistle St. Longfellow Creek Greenspace - "Natural Drainage Systems Overview". About SPU > Drainage & Sewer System > Natural Drainage Systems. Seattle Public Utilities. 2003-12-03. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
- Phelps, Myra L. (1978). Public works in Seattle. Seattle: Seattle Engineering Department. ISBN 978-0-9601928-1-6.
- "Pipers Creek". About SPU > Drainage & Sewer System. Seattle Public Utilities. 2003-12-03. Archived from the original on 2006-06-14. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
- "Publications". Ravenna Creek Alliance. Archived from the original on 2007-11-15. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
Good list of news articles; also newsletters and official correspondence. - Scott, Joan (2005). "Restoration History". Friends of Madrona Woods. Archived from the original on 2006-07-13. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
- "Save Seattle Creeks measure goes on ballot". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 2003-02-25. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
- "Schmitz Preserve Park Improvements". Pro Parks Project Information. Seattle Parks and Recreation. 2003-06-13. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
- "Street Edge Alternatives (SEA Streets) Project Index". About SPU > Drainage & Sewer System > Natural Drainage Systems. Seattle Public Utilities. Archived from the original on 2006-05-12. Retrieved 2006-06-06.
- True, Kathryn (2005-08-18). "The poetry of Longfellow Creek". TRAVEL / OUTDOORS. The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2006-05-12. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
- Walter, Sunny; local Audubon chapters (2006-02-10). "Sunny Walter's Washington Nature Weekends: Wildlife Viewing Locations - Greater Seattle Area". Archived from the original on 2005-03-22. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
Viewing locations only; the book has walks, hikes, wildlife, and natural wonders.
Walter excerpted from- Dolan, Maria; True, Kathryn (2003). Nature in the city: Seattle. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. ISBN 0-89886-879-3.
"with additions by Sunny Walter and local Audubon chapters." See "Northeast Seattle" section, bullet points "Meadowbrook", "Paramount Park Open Space", "North Seattle Community College Wetlands", and "Sunny Walter -- Twin Ponds".
- Dolan, Maria; True, Kathryn (2003). Nature in the city: Seattle. Seattle: Mountaineers Books.
- Young, Bob (2003-06-20). "City files lawsuit to remove creeks issue from ballot". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2012-12-16. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
- Young, Bob (2003-07-31). "Initiative up a creek after ruling by judge". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2012-12-10. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
Includes summary title of Initiative 80.
Further reading
- Overview of the geography of metro Seattle watersheds, "Pinpoints, Plots, Plats and Panoramas". 150 Years: Seattle By and By. The Seattle Times Company. Archived from the original on 2006-04-07. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
Map of the landscape carved by the Vashon Glacier some 14,000 years ago.- Homewaters Project, Thornton Creek Watershed
- Longfellow Creek Home Page
- City of Seattle Urban Creeks Legacy Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
- What is in urban stormwater runoff