Phomopsis cane and leaf spot
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot | |
---|---|
Common names | Phomopsis cane and leaf spot |
Causal agents | Phomopsis viticola |
Hosts | Vine, Prunus, apples, pears, walnuts, pistachios |
EPPO Code | PHOPVI |
Distribution | Australia, United States, Canada, Japan, Sud Africa |
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot occurs wherever grapes are grown. Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is more severe in grape-growing regions characterized by a humid temperate climate through the growing season. Crop losses up to 30% have been reported to be caused by Phomopsis cane and leaf spot.[1]
Hosts and symptoms
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is a disease that causes symptoms in the common grapevine species, Vitis vinifera, in many regions of the world.[2] This disease is mainly caused by the fungal pathogen, Phomopsis viticola, and is known to affect many cultivars of table grapes, such as Thompson Seedless, Red Globe, and Flame Seedless.[3] Also in vines of oenological interest, such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinfandel, Syrah, Barbera, Chardonnay and Merlot.[1] Spots or lesions on shoots and leaves are common symptoms of the disease. Small, black spots on the internodes at the base of developing shoots are probably the most common disease symptom. These spots are usually found on the first three to four basal internodes. The spots may develop into elliptical lesions that may grow together to form irregular, black, crusty areas. Under severe conditions, shoots may split and form longitudinal cracks. Although cane lesions often appear to result in little damage to the vines, it is important to remember that these lesions are the primary source of overwintering inoculum for the next growing season. Leaf infections first appear as small, light-green spots with irregular, occasionally star-shaped margins. Usually only the lower one to four leaves on a shoot are affected. In time, the spots become larger, turn black, and have a yellow margin . Leaves become distorted and die if large numbers of lesions develop. Infections of leaf petioles may cause leaves to turn yellow and fall off. All parts of the grape cluster (berries and rachises or cluster stems) are susceptible to infection throughout the growing season; however, most infections appear to occur early in the growing season. Lesions developing on the first one or two cluster stems (rachises) on a shoot may result in premature withering of the cluster stem. Infected clusters that survive until harvest often produce infected or poor-quality fruit.[4] Soil moisture and temperature can impact the severity of symptoms, leading to a systemic infection in warm and wet conditions.
Disease cycle
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is caused by an ascomycete fungal plant pathogen.[5] This pathogen produces sexual spores (ascospores) in the teleomorph stage and asexual spores (conidia) during the anamorph stage.[6] Phomopsis (Sacc.) Bubák (teleomorph: Diaporthe Nitschke) is a cosmopolitan fungal genus that contains both plant pathogens and endophytes described from a wide range of annual and perennial hosts, including economically important crops.[1]
The teleomorph stage of the disease cycle does not occur in nature and involves sexual combination of the antheridium with the
Environment
The severity of Phomopsis cane and leaf spot in grapevine varies greatly between growing seasons. Fungal pathogens depend on moist conditions, causing the intensity of disease outbreaks to increase in wet environments. As the amount of rainfall changes between the seasons, so does the amount of pathogen present in the field. Prolonged rainfall early in the season has been correlated with greater disease outbreak.[8] Temperature has also been shown to influence the infection rate. It has been found that the pathogen experiences the fastest rate of reproduction between 23 and 25 °C (73 and 77 °F).[8] Although temperature is important, the amount of rainfall has a greater impact on this pathogen because rainfall is an effective method of conidial dispersal. The conidia of Phomopsis viticola can also be dispersed through sprinkler irrigation and agricultural runoff.[9] It has not yet been determined if an insect vector for this pathogen exists.[9]
Treatment
Eutypa dieback
Eutypa dieback, also known as dead arm, is caused by Eutypa lata (synonym: Eutypa armeniacae) which infects fresh pruning wounds when there is adequate moisture on the vine, such as just after a rain. The fungus also attacks many other hosts such as cherry trees, most other Prunus species, as well as apples, pears and walnuts.
See also
References
- ^ a b c Úrbez-Torres, J. R., Peduto, F., Smith, R. J., and Gubler, W. D. 2013. Phomopsis dieback: A grapevine trunk disease caused by Phomopsis viticola in California. Plant Dis. 97:1571–1579.
- PMID 30823128.
- ^ Elsevier. "Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits – 1st Edition". www.elsevier.com. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
- ^ Daniel J. Anco, Omer Erincik, and Michael A. Ellis, Phomopsis Cane and Leaf Spot of Grape, Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, 2011.
- ^ Resources, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and. "Phomopsis Cane and Leaf Spot on Grapevines". agriculture.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - PMID 30812895.
- ^ S2CID 40444413.
- ^ JSTOR 3761631.
- ^ a b Krol, Ewa (1 January 2005). "Influence of some chemicals on the viability of Phomopsis viticola Sacc. spores".
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(help) - University of Wisconsin, entomology); Lewis, Donald; (Iowa State University, entomology); Lewis-Ivey, Melanie; (Ohio State University, plant pathology); Welty, Celeste; (Ohio State University, entomology) (eds.). "Midwest Fruit Pest Management Guide 2021–2022" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2021.)
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has generic name (help
- Lecomte P, Péros JP, Blancard D, Bastien N, Délye C (October 2000). "PCR assays that identify the grapevine dieback fungus Eutypa lata". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (10): 4475–80. PMID 11010901.
- "An Online Guide to Plant Disease Control: Grape: Eutypa Dieback" Oregon State University Extension;
- Ramsdell DC (October 1994). "Common Diseases of the Grapevine in Michigan". MSUE Fruit IPM Extension Bulletin. E-1732. Archived from the original on 1 December 2006.
- "Eutypa Dieback of Grape" Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet HYG-3203-95;
- Munkvold, G. P. (2001) "Eutypa dieback of grapevine and apricot" Plant Health Progress Online ;
- EPPO Standards: Good plant protection practice: Grapevine PP 2/23(1), 2002, Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 32: pp. 367–392;
- Winter, Mick, (July 2000). Wine Business Monthly "Eutypa Dieback: The Next Grapevine Threat is Already Here"
- Farr, D. F., and Rossman, A. Y. 2012. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved 15 September 2012 from: [1]