Deforestation by continent
Rates and causes of
Global annual deforestation is estimated to total 13.7 million hectares a year, similar to the area of
Africa
By 2008, deforestation in Africa was estimated to be occurring at twice the world average rate, according to the
Mass deforestation threatens food security in some African countries.[14] One factor contributing to the continent's high deforestation rates is the dependence of 90% of its population on wood as fuel for heating and cooking.[15] Research carried out by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) in 2006 shows that rates of illegal logging in Africa vary from 50% in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea to 70% in Gabon and 80% in Liberia,[16] where timber revenues played a major role in financing the Sierra Leone Civil War[17] and other regional armed conflicts until the UN Security Council imposed a ban on all Liberian timber in 2003.[18]
The Democratic Republic of the Congo
Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been caused partly by unregulated logging and mining, but mostly by the demands made by the subsistence activities of a poor population. In the east of the country, for example, more than 3 million people live less than a day's walk from Virunga National Park. Wood from the park's forests is used by many of those people as firewood, lumber for construction, and for the production of charcoal. Deforestation caused by subsistence farming is an acute threat to the park in general, and the habitat of the critically endangered mountain gorilla in particular.[19] From 2014 to 2018, the rate of tree-felling in the Democratic Republic of Congo doubled.[20][21]
Ethiopia
The main cause of deforestation in the East African country of Ethiopia is a growing population and subsequent higher demand for agriculture, livestock production, and biofuel.[22] Other reasons include low education and inactivity from the government,[23] although the current government has taken some steps to tackle deforestation.[24] Organizations such as Farm Africa are working with the federal and local governments to create a system of forest management.[25] Ethiopia, the third largest country in Africa by population, has been hit by famine many times because of shortages of rain and depletion of natural resources. Deforestation has lowered the chance of getting rain, which is already low, and increased erosion. Berkeley Bayisa, an Ethiopian farmer, offers one example of why deforestation occurs. He reported that his district was once forested and full of wildlife, but that overpopulation caused people to come and clear it to plant crops, cutting all trees to sell as firewood.[26]
Ethiopia has lost 98% of its forested regions in the last 50 years.[25] At the beginning of the 20th century, around 420,000 km2 (160,000 sq mi) or 35% of Ethiopia's land was covered with forests. Recent reports indicate that forests now cover less than 14.2%[25] or even only 11.9% as of 2005[update].[27] Between 1990 and 2005, the country lost 14% of its forests or 21,000 km2 (8,100 sq mi).
Kenya
In 1963, Kenya had a forest cover of some 10 percent; by 2006, it had only 1.7 percent.[28] Between 2000 and 2020 Kenya experienced a 6% net loss in tree cover, dropping by -285kha (2850000000 m²).[29]
Madagascar
Deforestation,
Nigeria
According to the FAO, Nigeria has the world's highest deforestation rate of primary forests. It has lost more than half of its primary forest in the last five years. The causes cited are logging, subsistence agriculture, and the collection of fuelwood. Almost 90% of West Africa's rainforest has been destroyed.[33]
Asia
East Asia
Japan
North Asia
Russia
Russia has the largest area of forests of any country on Earth, with around 12 million km2 of
South Asia
India
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Forest loss is acute in
Cambodia
Deforestation in Cambodia has increased in recent years. Cambodia is one of the world's most forest endowed countries, that was not historically widely deforested. However, massive deforestation for economic development threatens its forests and ecosystems. As of 2015[update], the country has one of the highest rates of deforestation in the world.[46]
Deforestation has directly resulted from poorly managed commercial logging, fuel wood collection, agricultural invasion, and infrastructure and urban development. Indirect pressures include rapid population growth, inequalities in land tenure, lack of agriculture technology, and limited employment opportunities.[47]
The Cambodian government has played a large role in shaping the use of the country's forests. An unusually large area of Cambodia has been designated as protected areas and biodiversity corridors, over 38% (more than 7 million hectares) of the total land mass,[48] but many protections have subsequently been overruled by concessions sold to both national and foreign companies for agroindustrial plantations and mining developments, even in national parks.[49]
The Cambodian government has been broadly criticized domestically and internationally for these contradicting policies, and a general lack of enforcement of environmental laws. They have faced pressures to practice a more sustainable forestry overall. The fate of Cambodia's forests will largely affect local communities that rely on the forests for their livelihood. Around 80% of its population lives in rural areas.[49]
Cambodia'sIndonesia
As of 2008[update], at present rates, rainforests in Indonesia would be logged out in 10 years, Papua New Guinea in 13 to 16 years.[53]
Indonesia had lost over 72% of intact forests and 40% of all forests completely in 2005.[54] Illegal logging took place in 37 out of 41 national parks. Illegal logging costs up to US$4 billion a year. The lowland forests of Sumatra and Borneo were at risk of being wiped out by 2022. According to Transparency International, numerous controversial court decisions in this area have raised concerns about the integrity of the judiciary.[55]
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
As in other
A 2010 land cover mapping by the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) revealed that the total forest cover of the Philippines is 6,839,718 hectares (68,397.18 km2) or 23% of the country's total area of 30,000,000 hectares (300,000 km2).[66]
Deforestation affects biodiversity in the Philippines and has long-term negative impacts on the country's food production.[67] Deforestation in the Philippines has also been associated with floods, soil erosion, deaths, and damage to property.[68]Thailand
Between 1945 and 1975,
The
During the 20th century, deforestation in Thailand was driven primarily by agricultural expansion,[76] although teak deforestation happened as a direct result of logging. The Royal Forest Department has been referred to as "Forest Death" by environmental activists and those living with a close relationship with the forest, as its general promotion of deforestation for logging and other agricultural ventures resulted in the large decline in forest cover.[77] Much of the growth of cropland in the highlands of Thailand, where most of the deforestation has occurred, comes as a result of the growth and globalization of Thailand's agricultural economy and the relative scarcity of land available in the lowlands.
The Thai government, through both legislation and action of the Royal Forest Department, is beginning to emphasize forest restoration through a combination of policies seeking the reservation of existing forest land for conservation and the promotion of tree plantations to contribute to the amount of forest cover.[79] Notably, the country's policies seeking to emphasize conservation and amelioration of upland forests have come into significant conflict with upland communities, whose traditional means of agricultural practice and habitation have been significantly impacted.[72] In addition, a contingent of Buddhist monks in the country, known as "ecology monks", have become increasingly engaged in activities promoting environmental conservation and protection of original forest land.[80][81]Vietnam
According to a 2005 report conducted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Vietnam has the second highest rate of deforestation of primary forests in the world, second only to Nigeria.[82][needs update] The use of defoliants during the Vietnam War had a devastating and long-lasting impact on the country's forests and ecology,[83] affecting 14-44% of total forest cover, with coastal mangrove forests being most affected.[84]
However, regarding totalEurope
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Europe has lost more than half of its forests in the past 6,000 years. This has primarily been due to agricultural expansion and demand for wood fuel.[87] According to satellite data, the loss of biomass in EU’s forests increased by 69% in the period from 2016 to 2018, compared with the period from 2011 to 2015.[88][89]
Finland
Deforestation is 6% of Finland's total climate-warming emissions. Forests that are cut down for buildings, roads, and new fields total 19 000 hectares annually. The Rinne Cabinet of Prime Minister Antti Rinne has aimed to tax building in forests, but no tariff was in place in August 2019.[90]
Finnish forest management practices have resulted in significant net releases of carbon into the atmosphere from Finnish forest andIceland
Prior to the deforestation of Iceland in the Middle Ages, some 40% of the land was forested.[92] Today, the country is about 2% forested, with the Icelandic Forest Service aiming to increase that share to 10% through reforestation and natural regrowth.[93] Iceland has undergone extensive deforestation since Scandinavians settled in the ninth century. At the time of human settlement about 1,150 years ago, birch forest and woodland covered 'at least 25%' of Iceland's land area. The settlers began by cutting down the forests and burning shrubland to create fields and grazing land. Deforestation did not end in Iceland until the middle of the 20th century. Afforestation and revegetation have restored small areas of land.[94] However, agriculture was the main reason birch forests and woodland did not grow back.[citation needed]
Italy
Sicily is an oft-cited example of man-made deforestation, practiced since Roman times when the island was made into an agricultural region,[95] and continued to this day. Deforestation gradually modified the climate, leading to a decline in rainfall and the drying of rivers. Today, the entire central and southwest provinces are practically without any forests.[96] This has also affected Sicily's wild fauna, of which little is left in the island's pastures and crop fields.[95]
Netherlands
The Netherlands, once home to forests and marshes, has also experienced deforestation. The remaining forests and marshes are strictly regulated by staatsbosbeheer (or in English: state forest management) and crisscrossed by service roads and cycling paths. But they are also protected by the Dutch government with the government taking action with many national parks and protected regions.[citation needed]
Russia
United Kingdom
Nearly all forests in the UK have been turned into pasture over the centuries.[97][98] As of 2021[update], 13.2% (3.2 million ha) of the UK is woodland which is an increase from 12% in 1998.[98] However, much of the increased cover is non-native trees.[98] A bucolic, rolling landscape has replaced the idea of true forests in the minds of most Britons.[citation needed]
North America
Caribbean
Haiti
Central America
The history of most Central American countries involves cycles of
Northern America
Canada
This section needs to be updated.(December 2019) |
In 2005, an estimated 56,000 hectares were deforested in Canada. Deforestation affected less than 0.02% of Canada’s forests in 2005. The agricultural sector accounted for just over half of the deforestation in 2005, the result of forests having been cleared for pasture or crops. The remainder was caused by urban development, transportation corridors, and recreation (19%); hydroelectric development (10%); the forest sector (10%); and other natural resource extraction industries (8%). About two thirds of this deforestation occurred in
In Canada, prior to 2000, less than 8% of the boreal forest was protected from development and more than 50% has been allocated to logging companies for cutting.[102]
British Columbia
Deforestation in British Columbia has resulted in a net loss of 1.06 million hectares (2.6 million acres) of tree cover between the years 2000 and 2020.[103] More traditional losses have been exacerbated by increased threats from climate change driven fires, increased human activity, and invasive species. The introduction of sustainable forestry efforts such as the Zero Net Deforestation Act seeks to reduce the rate of forest cover loss.
In British Columbia, forests cover over 55 million hectares, which is 57.9% of British Columbia's 95 million hectares of land.United States
In 1600, prior to the arrival of European-Americans, roughly half of the land area of the present-day United States was forest—about 4,000,000 square kilometres (990,000,000 acres). For the next 300 years land was cleared, mostly for agriculture, at a rate that matched the rate of population growth. For every person added to the population, one to two hectares of land was cultivated. This trend continued until the 1920s when the amount of crop land stabilized in spite of continued population growth. As abandoned farmland reverted to forest, the amount of forestland increased from 1952, reaching a peak in 1963 of 3,080,000 km2 (760,000,000 acres). Since 1963 there has been a steady decrease of forest area with the exception of some gains from 1997.[citation needed]
Oceania
Australia
Due to relatively recent colonisation, Australia has had high rates of deforestation, primarily due to clearing for agricultural purposes.[106] Since colonisation approximately 50% of rainforests have been cleared and overall forest cover has reduced by over a third.[107] In 2007, rates were expected to decrease with the implementation of new legislation.[108][109]
In 1998, deforestation was thought to be responsible for around 12% of Australia's total carbon emissions.[106] Between 2000 and 2015 emissions from land clearing decreased by 64%.[110]
An additional factor currently causing the loss of forest cover is the expansion of
New Zealand
In the 800 years of human occupation of New Zealand, 75% of the forests have been lost. Initially, it was by wholesale burning by the British. Remaining forests were logged for lumber for the burgeoning population. By 2000, all logging of native trees on public land was stopped. Logging on private land is controlled with a permit system and with the Resource Management Act.[citation needed]
Papua New Guinea
South America
Amazon Rainforest
This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. (June 2021) |
The
Over one-third of the Amazon rainforest is designated as formally acknowledged indigenous territory, amounting to more than 3,344 territories. Historically, indigenous Amazonian peoples have relied on the forest for various needs such as food, shelter, water, fiber, fuel, and medicines. The forest holds significant cultural and cosmological importance for them. Despite external pressures, deforestation rates are comparatively lower in indigenous territories.[114]
By the year 2022 around 26% of the forest was considered as deforested or highly degraded.[115]
Brazil
There is no agreement on what drives deforestation in Brazil, though a broad consensus exists that expansion of croplands and pastures is important. Increases in
In 2008, Brazil's government announced a record rate of deforestation in the Amazon.[136][137] Deforestation jumped by 69% in 2008 compared to 2007's twelve months, according to official government data.[138] Deforestation could wipe out or severely damage nearly 60% of the Amazon rainforest by 2030, according to a 2007 report from WWF.[139]
Bolivia
Bolivia has the 13th largest national share of the world's
Due to mostly cattle ranching, mechanized cultivation and small-scale agriculture, Bolivia lost approximately 200,000 hectares of rainforest per year between 2006 and 2010.[142] Demand for Bolivian agricultural products has risen in part due to the integration of Bolivian agriculture into international commodity markets.[142] Brazilian companies and farmers in particular have made large investments giving them increasing control and influence over Bolivian land, which has resulted in deforestation.[142] The Tierras Bajas region in eastern Bolivia, which was a site of a World Bank Development project, has seen some of the greatest deforestation due to the establishment of industrial scale soybean plantations largely by foreign landowners. [143]
Colonization schemes have also contributed to deforestation in Bolivia.[144] Since the 1960's, the Bolivian lowlands have seen large scale colonization by rural nationals from the Andean region as well as America and Japan.[144] This has largely been encouraged by the Bolivian government.[144] Inexpensive land and fertile soil were additional driving factors for these immigrants who contributed to organizing commercial farming causing deforestation to increase by 60% from the 1980's to the 1990's.[145]
In recent years, the growth of coca-leaves has become widespread in Bolivia. To create space for these large plantations, large areas have been deforested via slash and burn operations.[146] An estimated 4 hectares of forest need to be cleared for each one hectare of land needed for the cultivation of coca. [146]
Logging, which is often done illegally in Bolivia, and forest fires are additional causes of deforestation.[146] Illegal logging has occurred even in the Isiboro Secure National Park and Indigenous Territory (TIPNIS) which is a designated state park.[147] Concerns about the impact of illegal logging on deforestation were so serious that in 2011 Bolivian protestors were able to halt the construction of a highway that would have increased access to the TIPNIS territory.[147] Bolivia's highway network remains underdeveloped, restricting access to specific forested areas.[146] However, as the country progresses, expanded road construction might not only lead to deforestation but also enhance access for illegal loggers to these forested regions.[146]
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
40,804 | 39,046 | 38,164 | 37,164 | 36,164 | 2.8% |
As reported to the Global Forest Resources Assessment.[140]
|
The final figure (2.8%) represents the percentage of worldwide total in 2015.
Forest Type | Area (ha) |
Percent of forest |
Percent of Bolivia | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Amazon forest | 19,402,388 | 37.7 | 17.7 |
2 | Chaco forest | 9,098,162 | 17.7 | 8.3 |
3 | Chiquitano forest | 8,645,849 | 16.8 | 7.9 |
4 | Yungas forest | 6,565,994 | 12.8 | 6.0 |
5 | Tucumano forest | 3,322,885 | 6.5 | 3.0 |
6 | Flooded forest | 3,047,598 | 5.9 | 2.8 |
7 | Pantanal forest | 1,147,401 | 2.2 | 1.0 |
8 | Dry inter-Andean forest | 172,227 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
9 | Andean forest | 4,496 | 0.01 | 0.0 |
Total forest, 2013 | 51,407,000 | 100 | 46.8 |
Chile
Despite modern views of Atacama Desert as fully devoid of vegetation in pre-Hispanic and Colonial times a large flatland area known as Pampa del Tamarugal was forested, with demand of firewood associated silver and saltpeter mining causing widespread deforestation. While Tarapacá was still part of Peru demand of firewood by salpeter processing using the paradas method led to widespread deforestation around La Tirana and Canchones plus some areas to the south of these localities.[148] Reforestation efforts in Pampa del Tamarugal begun in 1963 and since 1987 reforestated areas are protected in the Pampa del Tamarugal National Reserve.[148]
Colombia
Colombia loses 2,000 km2 of forest annually to deforestation, according to the United Nations in 2003.[149] Some suggest that this figure is as high as 3,000 km2 due to illegal logging in the region.[149] Deforestation results mainly from logging for timber, small-scale agricultural ranching, mining, development of energy resources such as hydro-electricity, infrastructure, cocaine production, and farming.[149]
Deforestation in Colombia is mainly targeted at primary rainforests. This has a profound ecological impact in that Colombia is extremely rich in biodiversity, with 10% of the world's species, making it the second most biologically diverse country on Earth.[149]
In 2024, deforestation in Colombia's Amazon region has increased by 40% during the first quarter compared to the same period last year, according to a report.[150] This rise in deforestation is occurring amidst the influence of a strong El Niño weather phenomenon, causing dry and hot conditions that have led to droughts and fires throughout Colombia.Peru
See also
- Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
- List of conservation issues
- List of environmental issues
- Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation(REDD)
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{{cite book}}
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Further reading
- Cheung, Sze Pang; Chung, Tiy; Stark, Tamara (April 17, 2007). "Merbau's Last Stand: How Industrial Logging Is Driving the Destruction of the Paradise Forests of Asia Pacific" (PDF). Netherlands: Greenpeace International.
- Corlett, Richard T. (2013). "Becoming Europe: Southeast Asia in the Anthropocene". Elementa. 1: 000016. .