Dehradun
Dehradun
Dehra Doon | |
---|---|
Metropolis | |
PIN | 248001 |
Telephone code | +91-135 |
Vehicle registration | UK-07 |
HDI (2016) | 0.816 (very high)[12] |
Website | dehradun |
Dehradun (/ˌdɛrəˈduːn/), also known as Dehra Doon, is the capital and the most populous city of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is the administrative headquarters of the eponymous district and is governed by the Dehradun Municipal Corporation, with the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly holding its winter sessions in the city as its winter capital.[13] Part of the Garhwal region, and housing the headquarters of its Divisional Commissioner. Dehradun is one of the "Counter Magnets" of the National Capital Region (NCR) being developed as an alternative center of growth to help ease the migration and population explosion in the Delhi metropolitan area and to establish a smart city in the Himalayas.[14][15] It is the third largest city in the Himalayas after Kathmandu and Srinagar.
Dehradun is located in the Doon Valley on the foothills of the Himalayas nestled between Song River, a tributary of Ganga on the east and the Asan River, a tributary of Yamuna on the west. The city is noted for its picturesque landscape and slightly milder climate and provides a gateway to the surrounding region.
Dehradun is a notable academic and research hub and is home to the
Also known as the "Abode of Drona",[18] Dehradun has been an important center for Garhwal rulers, which was first captured by Gorkha Kings, in January 1804, and then by the British. For its strategic value, in addition to the location of its principal service academy, the Indian Armed Forces maintain a considerable presence in Dehradun, at the Garhi Cantonment and Naval Station. The Uttarakhand Police is the primary law enforcement agency in the city.[19]
It is well connected and in proximity to Himalayan tourist destinations such as
Etymology
Dehradun is made up of two words "dehra" + "dun." "dehra" is a Hindi word with the meaning of temple, whose etymology is: "dev" + "ghar", from Prakrit "devahara."[20][21] "dūn" (or Hindi दून derives from the Sanskrit droṇī (or द्रोणि) and means "a tract of country lying at the foot of hills; a valley"[22][23]
The town was established when
In the
History
The history of the city of
In the seventh century, this area was known as Sudhanagara and was described by the Chinese traveller
Dehradun itself derives its name from the historical fact that
The Mughal Emperor
Dehradun was invaded by Mahmud of Ghazni during his campaigns into India followed by Timur in 1368, Rohilla chief Najib ad-Dawlah in 1757 and Ghulam Qadir in 1785. ..in 1804 battles of khurbura at Dehradun fought between garhwal king Pradyuman shah and gorakha king amar Singh thapa.in which king Pradyuman shah died then this area came under control of gorakha. In 1806 the Nepalese warlord Kaji Amar Singh Thapa under the central leadership of Prime Minister Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa united many of the Indian territories that now fell under places such as Almora, Pathankot, Kumaon, Garhwal, Sirmur, Shimla, Kangra and Dehradun.
On the western front Garhwal and parts of
Post-independence Dehradun and other parts of
Afghan connection
Dehradun's Afghan connection dated back to the
The Afghan royal family maintained a presence in Dehra Dun. It was the birthplace of the second to last
Today the descendants of the former royalty, Yakub Khan and his grandson Sardar Azim Khan's family have integrated with the mainstream of Dehradun life.
Geography
The city of Dehradun mainly lies in Doon Valley and is at a varying height from 410 m (1,350 ft) in Clement Town to above 700 m (2,300 ft) at Malsi which is 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city. However, the average elevation is 450 m (1,480 ft) above sea level.[41] Malsi is the starting point of Lesser Himalayan Range that extends to Mussoorie and beyond. Jaunsar-Bawar hills in Dehradun district rises to 3,700 m (12,100 ft) above sea level. The hilly region of Mussoorie goes up to a height of 1,870–2,017 m (6,135–6,617 ft) above sea level. Its geomorphological and meteorological characteristics make it prone to a number of natural hazards. Beside earthquakes, the region is frequently devastated by landslides, cloudbursts, flash-floods, cold waves and hailstorms.
The
This district is divided into two major parts: the main city Dehradun surrounded by Shivalik and the Jaunsar-Bawar, which is in the foothills of Himalayas. In the north and northwest it borders on the district of
Heritage canal network
There was once an extensive canal network in the city, which irrigated many surrounding villages and produced a cooler microclimate in the region. The earliest canal, Rajpur canal, was laid in the 17th century but after Dehradun became the state capital in 2000, most of the heritage canals were covered or demolished to widen the city roads.[44] Environmental groups have campaigned for the revival of the network, citing its benefit for the city's ecology, aesthetics, microclimate and built environment.[45]
Climate
The climate of Dehradun is
Climate data for Dehradun (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 28.6 (83.5) |
31.2 (88.2) |
37.2 (99.0) |
40.8 (105.4) |
43.1 (109.6) |
43.9 (111.0) |
40.6 (105.1) |
37.2 (99.0) |
36.6 (97.9) |
36.1 (97.0) |
30.6 (87.1) |
28.7 (83.7) |
43.9 (111.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.8 (67.6) |
22.1 (71.8) |
26.8 (80.2) |
32.3 (90.1) |
34.8 (94.6) |
34.2 (93.6) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.0 (86.0) |
29.9 (85.8) |
28.8 (83.8) |
25.3 (77.5) |
21.5 (70.7) |
28.0 (82.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.2 (43.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
12.5 (54.5) |
16.8 (62.2) |
20.6 (69.1) |
22.7 (72.9) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.6 (72.7) |
20.8 (69.4) |
15.6 (60.1) |
10.8 (51.4) |
7.2 (45.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −1.1 (30.0) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
7.2 (45.0) |
11.3 (52.3) |
13.1 (55.6) |
13.2 (55.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
14.3 (57.7) |
8.4 (47.1) |
2.8 (37.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 43.5 (1.71) |
57.9 (2.28) |
45.8 (1.80) |
32.9 (1.30) |
51.4 (2.02) |
231.1 (9.10) |
621.6 (24.47) |
714.9 (28.15) |
305.9 (12.04) |
38.3 (1.51) |
5.2 (0.20) |
13.0 (0.51) |
2,161.5 (85.10) |
Average rainy days | 2.8 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 10.3 | 20.5 | 21.6 | 12.0 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 84.3 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
65 | 56 | 45 | 34 | 37 | 53 | 78 | 82 | 76 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 61 |
Source: India Meteorological Department[48][49] |
Demographics
The 2011 census reported a population of 578,420 in Dehradun city;[4] male and female are 303,411 and 275,009 respectively. The sex ratio of the city is 906 per 1000 males.[4] Natives of Uttarakhand form the majority of Dehradun's population. The sex ratio of the city is 907 per 1000 males and child sex ratio of is 873 girls per 1000 boys, lower than the national average.[4] The number of children of age under six in Dehradun city was 80,180 as per figure from Census India report on 2011. There are 50,600 boys and 28,580 are girls.[4] Total numbers of slums in Dehradun city and its Out Growth numbers 32,861 in which population of 158,542 resides. This is around 27.58% of total population of Dehradun city & its outgrowth which is 574,840.
Dehradun's literacy rate at 89.32% is the highest in the region. Male literacy is 92.65% and female literacy is 85.66%. The number of literates in Dehradun city is 463,791, of which 251,832 are males and 211,959 are females.[4]
Government and politics
As capital of the state of Uttarakhand, Dehradun houses important state government facilities such as the offices of the local governing agencies, the Vidhan Sabha (the home of the Uttarakhand state legislature), and Raj Bhavan (the residence of the governor of Uttarakhand). Most government establishments and institutions are housed in the city.
Dehradun city falls in Garhwal division of Uttarakhand which is headed by the
Civic administration
Nagar Nigam Dehradun, also called Dehradun Municipal Corporation, is the local government of the city. The corporation originated in 1998. Prior to December 2003, this body was known as Dehradun Municipal Council, and after revamping the municipality, the Dehradun Municipal Corporation came into existence under the Uttarakhand (The Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959) (Amendment) Act, 2017.[57]
As of 2018, the municipality covers an area of 196.48 km2 (75.86 sq mi) and administers a population of 803,983.[2][3][58] In 2017, with the inclusion of 72 adjoining villages in the DMC limits, the number of wards increased from 60 to 100.[59] As of 2020, the corporation consists of 100 wards and the elected head is the mayor who presides over a deputy mayor and 99 other corporators representing the wards.[60][61] The mayor is directly elected for a period of five years and is currently Sunil Uniyal Gama, elected in November 2018.[62][63]
The
Other urban entities involved in civic services and city governance and management include
Police administration
The headquarters of Uttarakhand Police are located in Dehradun.[71] While the state is headed by the Director general of police, the district is headed by Deputy inspector general of police (DIG) Garhwal.[72][73] The city's nodal police officer is the superintendent of police (SP City)[74] who reports to the senior superintendent of police (SSP) who also holds the post of DIG.[75]
Dehradun falls under the Lucknow zone of the Chief Bureau of Investigation (CBI), which is part of the central government.[76] Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACB) Dehradun, has jurisdiction over 13 districts in Uttarakhand.[77][76]
Civic utilities
Water supply
Dehradun city receives potable water from two primary sources- surface water and groundwater to meet its supply needs. a state agency.
Solid waste management, sewerage
The sewage[81] of Dehradun is operated and maintained by Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan (UJS) but is also selectively under the aegis of the Smart City project funded by the central government.[82] As per a report from 2015, only 25% of the city is covered by the existing sewage system.[79] According to the Smart Cities Annexe 2, the sewerage covers 30% of the city, and has an efficiency of 10%.[83]
The city of Dehradun generates 350 metric tons (350,000 kg; 390 short tons) of waste per day.[84] The landfill or dumping site has since shifted from the dumping ground on Sahastradhara[85][86][87] road in 2017[88] to one centralised solid waste processing plant in Dehradun, Shishambara[89] on the outskirts of the city which has the capacity of 600 MP per day.[84] Only 69 of the 100 wards in the city are covered by this plant[88] and only 3% of the wards in Dehradun have 100% segregation of waste at source.[90] Segregation of waste at source is lacking in the city, although the municipality spends around one crore per month on collection and transportation of solid waste.[84] A decentralised pilot project was started in Nathuwala ward with the help of local residents and an NGO called Feedback Foundation and has since been declared a zero waste zone.[88]
Electricity in Dehradun is regulated through the Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited (UPCL), while Fire services are handled by the Uttarakhand Fire and Emergency Services. State-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, or BSNL, as well as private enterprises, among them Vodafone, Bharti Airtel, Reliance, Idea Cellular, and Tata Teleservices are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.
Public health
The healthcare facilities in Dehradun consist of private and public hospitals, formal and informal service providers as well as secondary and tertiary healthcare with single clinic doctors. In spite of having special status under the National Health Mission, the city is facing a healthcare crisis due to the shortage of medical manpower in the state and financial constraints. Hospitals and medical centers in the Dehradun are plagued by non-functioning equipment in the operating theatre and the insufficient number of labour rooms.[91] Hospitals in the city include the Doon Hospital, Max Super Specialty Hospital, Shri Mahant Indresh Hospital, Himalayan Hospital, Uttaranchal Ayurvedic Hospital, Combined Medical Institute (CMI) Hospital, Luthra Hospital, and Government Hospital Premnagar (managed by the state government).
Education
Schools
Schools in Dehradun are classified as aided, unaided and Government schools. These schools are affiliated with
Uttarakhand Board of School Education is responsible for administering courses of instructions, textbooks, and to conduct examinations for secondary school students of the state. The board was set up in 2001 and is headquartered in Ramnagar.[citation needed]
Dehradun is known as "a town of schools".
Higher education and research
After completing their secondary education, students typically enrol in schools that have a higher secondary facility and are affiliated with the Directorate of higher education, the
Uttarakhand Technical University has eight constituent institutes[95] and approximately 132 affiliated colleges[96]
The campus of Forest Research Institute which was established in the year 1906 hosts the Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), the staff college that trains officers selected for the Indian Forest Service (IFS). Wildlife Institute of India (WII) is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate change, Government of India which carries out wildlife research.
Dehradun has four medical colleges. Government Doon Medical College is the only government medical college located in the city. Private medical colleges include Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical & Health Sciences affiliated to Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University and Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences affiliated to Swami Rama Himalayan University. These three medical colleges caters to the population of Dehradun and nearby hilly areas. National Institute for Empowerment of People with Visual Disabilities[97] (NIEPVD) plays a key role in helping blind people. It is the first such institute in India and the first press for Braille script in the country[98] which provides education and service to the blind children. Dehradun houses organisations like the Latika Roy Foundation[99] for people with disabilities to access education, employment, and full inclusion in the community. The ASK Foundation, an educational charity, is also located in Dehradun.[100]
Notable scholars who were born, worked or studied in Dehradun include former prime minister
.Economy
The main source of economy in Dehradun is its
The largest profession in Dehradun is agriculture. Staple foods are rice and dal with raita, curd and salad. Dehradun is known for its lychees and for growing the world's finest basmati rice.[102][103]
It hosts training institutions of national importance such as the Indian Military Academy, Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), Zoological Survey of India (ZSI). It is home to national foundations such as the Ordnance Factory Dehradun, Instruments Research and Development Establishment (IRDE), Defence Electronics Application Laboratory (DEAL) and other defence establishments. Other institutions include the Indian Institute of Petroleum, National Institute for Visually Handicapped, Central Soil and Water Conservation Research & Training Institute, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (Keshav Dev Malviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Institute of Drilling Technology), Uttarakhand Space Applications Centre, Survey of India, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Forest Survey of India (FSI), Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Wildlife Institute of India, Forest Research Institute (FRI), Army Cadet College and the Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC).[104]
Major defence production establishments include the Ordnance Factory Dehradun, the Opto Electronics Factory of the
Transport
Airway
Dehradun is served by
Railway
Roads
Dehradun lies on the
Culture
After becoming the capital, there has been continuous growth in education, communication and transport. As the state capital, Dehradun is home to many government institutions.
City buses are identified with blue bars. There are auto rickshaw which are often used for transportation but blamed for pollution and noise. The evening buzz of Rajpur road is an attraction. The city center is easily recognised by the
Dehradun was home to freedom fighters whose names are engraved in gold on the Clock Tower. It was called "The Gray City" in the initial days because ex-Army officers and VIPs considered this place ideal for residence after retirement.[110]
There are fairs (
Tourism
Tourist destinations
The tourist destinations can be divided into four or five areas: nature, sports, sanctuary, museums and institutions. The nearby hill stations are well known for their natural environment,[117] temples for its faith dimensions, sanctuary for animal and bird lovers. Hill stations include Mussoorie, Sahastradhara, Chakrata, and Dakpathar. Famous temples include Tapkeshwar, Lakhamandal and Santala Devi.
-
Hanuman Idol at Tapkeshwar Temple
-
An Indian monkey in Malsi Deer Park
-
Hanol Temple
-
Robbers Cave, Dehradun
-
Front view of Buddha Temple Dehradun Uttarakhand
-
Santala Devi Temple Dehradun
Places of interest
There are a number of small towns and tourist sites in Dehradun District.
Kipling Trail
The Kipling Trail is the old walking route between Dehradun and Mussoorie that was named after English novelist Rudyard Kipling, who is believed to have walked the trail in the 1880s. It begins at Shahanshahi Ashram in Rajpur village. The trail is being revived as nature, history and hiking enthusiasts are increasingly using the trail over driving up to the hill station.
Khalanga War Memorial
The Battle of Nalapani was the first battle of the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–1816, fought between the forces of the British East India Company and Nepal, then ruled by the House of Gorkha. The battle took place around the Nalapani fort, near Dehradun, which was placed under siege by the British between 31 October and 30 November 1814.
Maa Bala Sundari Mandir
There are various temples of Maa Bala Sundari Devi situated in India and this is one such temple. The main temple is in Trilokpur, Himachal Pradesh. This temple is situated approximately three km (1.9 mi) South-West Direction of
", and thus are often used in connection with Maa Bala Sundari.Various modes of transportation are available from Sudhowala, including ponies, electric vehicles and palkis operated by 2 or 4 persons. Many pilgrims visit from the northern Indian states to get the blessings of Mahamaya Bala Sundari. A trust is also run by Mandir Maa Bala Sundari Trust, Sudhowala.
Dehradun International Cricket Stadium
Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun is a multi-purpose stadium in the Raipur area of Dehradun, Uttarakhand.[119] It is the first international level stadium in the state.
Robber's Cave
The cave is about 600 metres (2,000 ft) long, divided into two main parts. The cave has a highest fall of about 10 metres (33 ft). In the central part there is a fort wall structure which is now broken.
It is a natural cave formation where rivers flows inside the cave. The place is a tourist site and is maintained by Uttarakhand State. Local bus services are available up to Anarwala village, from where it is a 1 km trek.[120][122]
Lachhiwala Picnic Spot
It is a popular tourist destination especially during summers. It is well known for its forests, man-made water pools and bird watching. It is now known as Nature Park.[citation needed]
Tapkeshwar Temple
It is a temple of Pashupati Shiva. It is situated beside a forest on the bank of the Asan river and the main deity (
Dehradun Zoo
Formerly known as Malsi Deer Park, the main objectives of Dehradun Zoo are conservation of wild animals, developing an education center and a rescue center for wild animals. It is located on the foothills of Shivalik Range on the Mussoorie Road. It is about ten km (6.2 mi) away from Dehradun and 23 km (14 mi) from Mussoorie.
Forest Research Institute
The institute is one of the oldest and biggest forest-based training institutes in India. The institute is known for its research work and wonderful architecture that dates to British Raj. FRI is affiliated to the Forest Research Institute University and is approved by the University Grants Commission (UGC). The aim of the institution is to accomplish the needs of the Indo-Gangetic plains of Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi and western Uttar Pradesh, as well as the Uttarakhand Himalayas.[125]
Uttara Museum of Contemporary Art
The museum was founded in 2017 and is Uttarakhand's first art museum. It exhibits various aspects of the calamity and the folk culture of Uttarakhand through
Regional Science Center
Regional Science Center (RSC) is located within the campus of Uttarakhand Council of Science and Technology (UCOST) at Vigyan Dham, Suddhowala on the outskirts of Dehradun. The Uttarakhand Regional Science Center is developed by the National Council for Science Museum (NCSM) in collaboration with the UCOST. The Regional Science Center is a common destination for school educational tours and hosts a science museum, planetarium, a 3D theatre, science gallery and scientific law based interactive exhibits.[131]
Lambi Dehar Mines
A deserted Limestone Mine supposed to be a haunted place is located in the Mussoorie Range of Dehradun District.[132]
Virasat
Virasat is a cultural festival that celebrates all aspects of the country's cultural heritage.[133] The festival was held for the first time in 1995 in Dehradun.[133][134] It is recognised as the Afro-Asia's biggest folk life and heritage festival.[135] Organised by REACH (Rural Entrepreneurship for Art & Cultural Heritage), this week-long festival includes performances and workshops in Indian folk and classical arts, literature, crafts, theatre, cinema and yoga.[133][134]
Virasat 2008 expanded the festival into a nationwide event.[136]
Media
Most of the media houses in Uttarakhand are based in Dehradun. Among Dehradun's widely circulated Hindi-language newspapers are Dainik Tribune, Shah Times, Uttarakhand Aaj, Dainik Jagran, Gorkha Sandesh, Hindustan Rashtriya Sahara, Divya Himgiri, and Amar Ujala. The Dehradun Street and The Garhwal Post are two major English-language newspapers that are produced and published from the city. Other popular English-language newspapers published and sold in Dehradun include The Himachal Times, Deccan Herald, The Times of India, and Hindustan Times.
Sport
The high mountains and rivers of Uttarakhand attract many tourists and adventure seekers. It is also a favourite destination for
As in the rest of India, cricket is popular among city youth.
area of Dehradun.In sports tourism, the Doon Ice Rink at Maharana Pratap Sports Complex, Raipur is the first full-sized ice arena in India.
Since, the formation of the state in 2000, the state suffered a blow to its sports facilities as
- Doon School Ground
- RIMC Cricket Ground
- Abhimanyu Cricket Academy Ground
- MPSC Cricket Ground
- Rangers College Cricket Ground
- Survey of India Cricket Ground
- Doon Cricket Academy Ground
- Tanush Cricket Academy Ground
Architecture
After Dehradun was made the capital of Uttarakhand, there was a construction boom, especially in residential properties. [citation needed] Modern buildings have gradually supplanted older architectural styles including those related to the British colonial rule of India. Important older buildings still upstanding include the Clock Tower, Forest Research Institute, CNI College, Morrison Memorial Church, Inamullah Building, Jama Masjid, Osho Meditation Centre, Indian Military Academy and Darbar Sahib.
In popular culture
George Harrison of the Beatles wrote a song called "Dehra Dun" during the group's stay in Rishikesh in early 1968. The song remained unreleased until its appearance on the super deluxe edition of Harrison's album All Things Must Pass in 2021.
Notable people
List of notable personalities from Dehradun :
- Abhinav Bindra – Olympic gold medalist shooter
- Anshul Jubli – MMA fighter, Road to UFC Season 1 winner
- Dehra Parker (1882–1963) – former MP of Parliament of Northern Ireland
- Jubin Nautiyal – Indian singer
- Raghav Juyal – dancer, television host
- Amardeep Jha – film actress
- Anirudh Dave– TV actor
- Anirudh Agarwal – actor
- Ali Abbas Zafar – film director
- Saira Banu – former film actress in the 1960s
- Bobby Cash – country music artist
- Archana Puran Singh – TV, film actress
- Vikas Gupta – producer, TV presenter, former Bigg Boss contestant
- Vir Das – film actor and stand-up comedian
- Anirudh Thapa – football player
- Asha Negi – television actress
- Surendra Pal Joshi
- Deepa Sahi – actress
- Deepak Dobriyal – TV actor
- Hemant Pandey – film actor
- Himani Shivpuri – Actress
- K. N. Singh – actor
- Madhurima Tuli – actress
- Monisha Kaltenborn – businesswoman
- Nirmal Pandey – actor
- Nitin Sahrawat actor, environmentalist
- Prerna Arora- Bollywood producer and director
- Rrahul Sudhir – TV actor
- Sanjay Kaul - political activist
- Shivangi Joshi – TV actor
- Shraddha Sharma – singer
- Sonam Bisht – television actress
- Sudhanshu Pandey – model
- Tom Alter – former TV and film actor
- Udita Goswami – former actress
- Lokesh Ohri – anthropologist and heritage activist
- Vikram Singh Chauhan – television actor
See also
- Dehradun Municipal Corporation
- List of cities in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh by population
- Garhwal Division
- Doiwala
- Haridwar
- Roorkee
- Rishikesh
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External links
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. VII (9th ed.). 1878. p. 32-33. .
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 932. .