Deir ez-Zor

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Deir ez-Zor
دير الزور
ܕܝܪܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ
City
EEST)
Area code(s)Country code: 963
City code: 051
GeocodeC5086
ClimateBWh
International airportDeir ez-Zor Airport

Deir ez-Zor (

Euphrates River 450 km (280 mi) to the northeast of the capital Damascus, Deir ez-Zor is the capital of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate.[3]
In the 2018 census, it had a population of 271,800.

Etymology

Ad-Deir is a common shorthand for Deir Ez-Zor. In

Deir ez-Zor Vilayet.[6]

Many different romanizations are used, including Deir Ezzor, Deir Al-Zor, Deir-al-Zour,[7] Dayr Al-Zawr, Der Ezzor, Deir Azzor, Der Zor, and Deirazzor.

History

Further information:
Sanjak of Zor, and Haj Fadel Government
Statue of Ebih-Il. (Mari, 25th century BC)

Ancient history

Further information: Dura-Europos; Mari, Syria; and Circesium
From the discoveries of Dura-Europos to the southeast of Deir Ezzor.

Archaeological findings in Deir Ezzor indicate that the area has been inhabited since the ninth millennium BC. While the current location of the city has not always had a significant population, it was always an urban area, usually subordinate to more powerful cities, such as kingdoms like the Kingdom of Mari, which rose in the third millennium BC.[8]

During the third millennium BC, the

Assyrian Empire) when some military campaigns by the emperors were destroying entire urban centers for fear of future rebellion, as Deir al-Zour was too small to be considered a threat.[8]

In the third century BC,

Greek culture, the Aramaic language remained prevalent in the city. When Syria came under the Roman Empire in 64 BC, Deir Ez-Zor was a small, marginal village known as Azdra, which the Romans made the center of the region and founded a strong military garrison. Deir Ez-Zor came under the reign of Queen Zenobia of Palmyra in the third century, within an autonomous federation of the Roman Empire.[9]

Muslim conquest

Further information: Iyad ibn Ghanm § Conquest of Upper Mesopotamia
the Levant
.
A map of al-Jazira region (Upper Mesopotamia) in the 8th century. Iyad played a leading role in the Muslim conquest of the region.

After the end of the

Amr ibn al-Aas, and Shurahbil ibn Hasana. Because of the strength and size of the armies of the Byzantine Empire, Abu Bakr ordered Khalid ibn al-Walid
to march with half of the Iraqi army to the Levant and command the armies there.

Khalid set off with his army towards Sham and opened

Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah. Abu Ubaidah was ordered to complete the conquest. He took Damascus, Baalbek, Homs, Hama and Latakia
.

After the successive defeats of the

Saad ibn Abi Waqqas to request support Abu Ubaidah with forces from Iraq, who were then organized under Iyad ibn Ghanm. When the Byzantines who were besieging Homs heard about the army coming from Iraq, they withdrew from Homs. Saad ordered Iyad to invade Upper Mesopotamia
, which he conquered in 17 AH, including Deir Ez-Zor.

At the time, Deir Ez-Zor were adherents of Christianity and Judaism. There was a

Christian monastery in Monastery of the Hermits, which became Omari Mosque. Many of the town's Christians left or converted to Islam.[10]

During the

Abbasid era, Deir Ez-Zor grew. The agriculture in the region prospered because of advances in irrigation. The small town, now called 'Deir Al-Rumman,' did not record any significant events during the decline of the Abbasid state and the ensuing Mamluk period until its destruction by the Mongols in the thirteenth century.[8]

Ottoman Era

Further information: Ottoman Syria
The extent of the Ottoman Empire in 1566, upon the death of Suleiman the Magnificent.

First Ottoman Era (1517–1864)

Ibrahim Pasha, the ruler of Syria (1831–1840).

The first Ottoman era extended from the date the Ottomans entered Syria in 1517 until 1864, where the Ottomans found Deir Ez-Zor a small town on the upper Euphrates and chose it as a center for their employees and settled in some of tribal sheikhs to protect the trade route between Aleppo and Baghdad and The tribe members began to visit it to communicate the men of power and buy their needs.[8]

Some Arab and European travelers visited it and described its construction, economy, and the nature of its inhabitants. According to the description, "Its houses are adjacent over an artificial hill, and its inhabitants are strong, polite, and welcome guests. Their crops were wheat, barley, cotton, and corn, along with orchards full of fruit species, including

palm trees, lemons, and oranges, the chess game is common among elders".[8]

Deir Ez-Zor has repeatedly been subjected to

sultans and officials. The city's people armed themselves with guns and organized a national army to defend the city resulting in the decline of the Bedouin attacks. Still, its negative effects were the shrinking of the city. Still, the isolation benefited the city's people because they relied on themselves to make many of their needs and those of neighboring villages, such as axes, spears, swords, gunpowder, and weaving cotton.[8]

When security was relatively stable, the commercial convoys started passing through the area, and Deir Ezzor was a station for them, providing them with food, feed, and comfort. The khans were established in it, and the road between Aleppo and Baghdad began to revive it and get it out of isolation. Young people start traveling to Hauran with the beginning of the spring for trading or work and then return in the early fall; they also travel to Aleppo, Baghdad, Mardin and Urfa for trading.[8]

In 1831 Ibrahim Pasha took over Deir Ezzor and annexed it to Hama Sanjak and appointed Maejun Agha governor of the city, Egyptian rule remained until 1840 when the authority of the Ottoman returned to the city, Perhaps the most prominent feature of Ibrahim Pasha's rule is the proliferation of weapons among the city's inhabitants, especially rifles, known as "Brahimiyat," which constituted a major tool to defend the city and repel Bedouin attacks.[11]

Second Ottoman Era (1864–1918)

Zor Sanjak
Further information: Zor Sanjak
Ottoman Syria until World War I. Present borders in grey.

On 2 January 1858, the

Ottoman army subdued the city, Omar Pasha recruited 16 young men from the city to replace the Ottoman soldiers killed.[12]

In 1864 the city revolted against Ottoman rule, and Soraya Pasha, the governor of Aleppo, sent a military force to suppress it. After the campaign, Soraya Pasha came to Deir Ezzor He made it the center of the district's headquarters (

Qaimakamiyya), and he returned to Aleppo after appointing Omar Pasha governor, whose rule did not last more than 6 months. Khalil Bey Saqib was appointed as Kaymakam
of Deir Ezzor after it was annexed to Aleppo.

During his reign, it established the government house (Dar Al Saraya), a military barracks, a hospital and some trade markets. Some of the arrivals from Urfa settled in the city to help Khalil Bey Saqib with the administration, as well as starting campaigns to settle the Bedouin in urban centers on the Euphrates.[13]

In 1868, the

Hasakah.[12]

The rulers (

Mutasarrıfs) solidified security, especially during Arslan Pasha's reign, and were interested in organizing and planning the city, building schools and streets and established the first public park. They also built bridges on the Euphrates and some mosques and encouraged afforestation
and they used boats to cross the Euphrates. They reformed the tax system and introduced European uniforms into the city and did not generalize it.

The era of the

Mutasarrıfs successively ruled it, the most recent being Hilmi Bey, who left the city with the Ottoman army on 6 November 1918. The continuous change of rulers (Mutasarrıfs) and lack of resources and disruption of conditions in the Ottoman empire affected negatively on the urban, economic, cultural and social activity of the city. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 brought calamities, with many young people being recruited, famine] and disease spread, livelihoods were confiscated, trade stopped and agriculture declined. But in the opinion of historian Abdul Qadir Ayyash, Deir Ezzor owed its civilization to the Ottoman rulers despite their mistakes.[12]

Armenian genocide

Further information:
Deir ez-Zor Camps and Armenian genocide
The Armenian leader Papasian considers the last remnants of the murders at Deir ez-Zor in 1915–1916.

At the beginning of World War I in 1914, the Ottoman empire began systematic campaigns to kill and displace Armenians. Beginning April 1915, this was carried out through massacres, forced deportations, and displacement, which were marches under harsh conditions designed to lead to the death of the deportees. Researchers estimate the number of Armenian victims as between 1 million and 1.5 million.[14][15]

Deir Ezzor was the last destination of the forced displacement of Armenian convoys and the scene of killings and slaughter by the Turkish gendarmerie, where the Ottoman authorities planned to exterminate Armenians by the Arabs. But their plans failed because the people of Deir Ez-Zor regretted what happened to the Armenian men, women, and children, prompting Haj Fadel Al-Aboud who was mayor of Deir Ezzor, to help and protect them and provide them with food, housing, all livelihoods, and safety.[16][17]

Despite Armenians coming to the region, as part of death marches, the liberation that they achieved ultimately benefited the city; increasing population and growth rates. Historically, the city of Deir Ezzor has a special place for Armenians in

Armenian Orthodox of Cilicia as a pilgrimage to the Armenians.[18][19]

Post World War I

Further information: Fadel Al-Aboud, Haj Fadel Government, Occupation of Zor, and Arab Kingdom of Syria

The first government of Haj Fadel

Fadel Aboud Al-Hassan
Head of Deir ezzor Government 1918.
King Faisal
in 1920.

Trouble broke out in the city of Deir al-Zour after the Ottomans left on 6 November 1918, where people began looting and stealing from each other across the area, so it was necessary to have a strong authority for protecting the city and its people and that led Al-Hassan who was the mayor to form his first government in the city and asking all tribal leaders in the villages and surrounding districts to support him and pledge allegiance to him. One of the priorities of this government was maintain the security and running the affairs of the city. This government later known as the "Haj Fadel Government".[20][21][22]

The government continued until the arrival of Sharif Nasser, the cousin of prince

Faisal Bin Al-Hussein, on 1 December 1918, and Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah on 7 December 1918.[23]

British period

On 11 January 1919, the

British army occupied the city via the Iraqi border and annexed it to Iraqi territory. The British government took care of the security and cleanliness of the city and set up a primary school that started teaching English. Fadel Al-Aboud remained mayor, During this period, Fadel Al-Aboud and a number of leaders of the Baggara tribe, Agedat and other tribes represented the Euphrates region at the Syrian National Congress held in late June 1919 Which declared on 8 March 1920 the independence of Syria and establishment of Arab Kingdom of Syria and the appointment of Faisal Ibn Al-Sharif Hussein as King.[24][25]

The people of Deir Ezzor sought to get rid of British rule and wrote their wish to the

British occupation. So they appointed Ramadan al-Shallash as governor of Raqqa to be a step to liberate Deir Ezzor, Officer Ramadan al-Shallash came and occupied Deir Ezzor with the help of her people and "Albu Saraya" clan, and British troops withdrew on 27 December 1919 to the Iraqi border.[26]

The Second government of Haj Fadel

On 27 December 1919, Ramadan al-Shallash took over the administration of Deir Ez-Zor as a military ruler, and his authority was nominal and the real ruling was to the city's notables, and they were not satisfied with his actions. Hence, they took him out of the city after two months.[27]

After the Battle of Maysalun on 24 July 1920 and occupation of Damascus by the French forces, the city of Deir ez-Zor was in a state of chaos and insecurity, which prompted Al-Hassan to form his second government, Which has done great services in protecting the city and maintaining the security of its people despite its limited capabilities. This government continued its work until 23 November 1920, when it was dissolved by a decision of the French occupation authorities.[28][29]

King

French Mandate
era.

French Mandate

Further information:
French mandate of Syria
General Yusuf al-Azma
Henri Gouraud

In July 1920, French General

King Faisal
, known as the "Gouraud ultimatum ", he set four days to accept it.

Although the Syrian government accepted the ultimatum and accepted the demands of General Gouraud to demobilize the Syrian army and withdraw the soldiers from the mounds of the village of Majdal Anjar in violation of the decision of the Syrian National Congress, on 24 July 1920, French troops began to march on the orders of General Goubeier (By order of General Gouraud) towards Damascus, While the Syrian army stationed on the border was retreating, and when General Gouraud) asked about this matter, replied that Faisal's message by accepting the ultimatum had reached him after the deadline.

on 24 July 1920, the

Yusuf al-'Azma
, After its control over the entire Syrian territory, France resorted to the fragmentation of Syria into several independent states or entities:

The city of Deir Ezzor, Raqqa and Al-Hasakah were followed to Aleppo.

When the

Ibrahim Hanano, In June 1922 he was released and returned to Deir Ez-Zor.[30][29]

Later, Fadel Al-Aboud was sentenced to exile to the city of

French colonialism in protest against the military campaign by the French army against the Bukhabur tribes that refused to pay taxes to the French colonizer, and insulting Wali Deir al-Zour Khalil Isaac, who was cooperating with the French.[31][32][33][30]

In June 1922, under the pressure of the Syrian people and the continued demonstration, Gouraud declared the creation of a Syrian federation on a federal basis between Damascus, Aleppo, and

Subhi Barakat
, who is close to the French colonial authorities, was elected president of the federation.

The struggle against the Mandate

Further information:
The epic of Ain Albu Gomaa and Ayyash Al-Haj
Ayyash Al-Haj
French Mandate of Syria
Hassan Al-Abed Al-Salamah, the moment of his execution by the French occupation
Ayyash Al-Hajj grave at the Sultan Ibrahim al-Adham mosque in Jableh.

There were contacts between the leaders of the

Jabal al-Arab, after returned Al-Ayyash from Damascus he started to arouse the enthusiasm of the people of Deir ez-Zor and invite them to fight, and agreed with his brother Mahmoud to go to the villages of the Albu Saraya clan that living west of Deir ez-Zor and which have a strong friendship with his father Ayyash Al-Haj, to form revolutionary groups with them to strike the French forces.[34][35][36]

Al-Ayyash managed to form a revolutionary group of thirteen armed men who were ready to take any military action against the French forces, They are:[37][38][39][34]

  1. Mahmoud Al-Ayyash
  2. Hakami Al-Abed Al-Salameh (Al-Shumaitiya village).
  3. Aziz Al-Ali Al-Salamah (Al-Shumaitiya village).
  4. Haji Ali Al-Abed Al-Salama (Al-Shumaitiya village).
  5. Hassan Al-Abed Al-Salamah (Al-Shumaitiya village).
  6. Hamza Al-Abed Al-Salama (Al-Shumaitiya village).
  7. Aslibi Masoud Al-Abdul Jalil (Al-Shumaitiya village).
  8. Khaleef Al-Hassan Al-Muhammad (Al-Kuraitia village).
  9. Lions of Hamdan (Al-Kuraitia village).
  10. Ahmed Al-Hassan (Al-Kuraitia village).
  11. Hameed Al-Sultan (Al-Kuraitia village).
  12. Abdullah Al-Khalaf Ibrahim (Deir ez-Zor city).
  13. Hamad Bin Rdaini – Al-Baggara tribe.

Some Syrians working with the French at translation centers, and others were secretly at the service of the revolutionaries and reporting news and information to Mohammed ِAl-Ayyash about the situation and movements of the French and their activities and the timing of their military operations. This helped Al-Ayyash guides the revolutionaries to strike the French forces.

In early June 1925, the translators informed Mohammed Al-Ayyash that a military vehicle carrying four French officers from France to inspect the French military construction departments in Syria and

Al-Raqqa, where the highway runs through a profound valley and has a narrow stone bridge.[22][35][36][34]

If each of the criminals who committed this terrible offense deserves dying once, the gang leader Mohammed ِAl-Ayyash deserves hanging twice.

Officer Bono 1925.[34]

When the military vehicle arrived, the revolutionaries attacked and arrested the officers and took them with their car after they took their weapons to a desert called "Al-Aksiyya", and threw them with their driver in one of the abandoned wells where they died.[40][41][42]

The French were incensed for losing contact with their officers and began an extensive campaign including planes to search for them and when they found their bodies and inquired from the informants about the names of the

revolutionaries
, they sent a large military force equipped with heavy guns and planes to attack the Albu Saraya clan and blockade it.

French
planes began bombing the clan villages with a devastating bombardment where the houses were destroyed, as were children and women and killed. Livestock was destroyed, as well as farms and crops. Civilians were killed, among them "Hanash Al-Mousa Al-Ani," "Ali Al-Najras," and a pregnant woman, and many were wounded by bullets and shrapnel from Airplane bombs. All of this was to pressure the people to surrender the revolutionaries.

When the

French realised that the bombing did not convince the local people to give up the revolutionaries, they threatened to arrest the women of the revolutionaries, their mothers and sisters until the revolutionaries surrender themselves to the French, when the news arrived to the revolutionaries, they emerged from their hideouts and surrendered themselves to avoid arresting their women.[43][44]

The revolutionaries were tried in

French intelligence in Deir Ez-Zor, who said: If each of the criminals, who committed this terrible offense deserve dying once, the gang leader Mohammed Al-Ayyash is deserving hanging twice.[40][41][42]

The French High Commissioner in

Tartous city.[45]

Shortly after Ayyash Al-Haj family's living in Jableh, the French authorities assassinated Ayyash Al-Haj in a café outside the city by poisoning his coffee, and prevented the transfer of his body to Deir Ez-Zor city for reasons of public security, He was buried in Jableh in the cemetery of Sultan Ibrahim ibn Adham Mosque where the absent prayers held for the spirit of this martyr mujahid in all the Syrian cities.[40][41][42]

Independence

Flag of Independence in the Syrian Republic 1946.
Former Deir ez-Zor suspension bridge crossing the Euphrates.

The city was neglected during the reign of the

first ٍSyrian republic
and illiteracy was rampant by 95%. However, some achievements belonged to that stage, such as building the suspension bridge and the establishment of the first bank in addition to the palace of justice, the national library, the city museum, and the municipal stadium; during this period, literary and cultural clubs increased, electricity existed, and cafes became widespread.

The city participated vigorously in the sixtieth strike in 1936 and saw a large march on 10 February 1936; this strike led to the signing of the independence agreement between Syria and France and the arrival of the national bloc to power after parliamentary elections held at the end of the year in which three deputies represented the city.[46]

In 1941, the twenty-fifth government was formed in the modern history of Syria and the tenth in the era of the

Free French.[46][47]

The city has maintained its struggle and political role in addition to its civil activity even during the independence phase; in 1946, the wheat uprising against Governor Makram al-Atassi began due to the monopoly of the authority with the good wheat in the city, and the people succeeded in obtaining their rights.

In 1952 cotton cultivation was widespread, and automated pumping engines were introduced, which increased the area of arable land and cotton became the first crop of the city instead of wheat. The discovery of oil and salt during the reign of the second Syrian republic near the city helped to develop and expand urbanization and the increase the number of public and private companies that working in it, as well as increasing migration from the

countryside towards it.[48]

Protests (2011–2012)

Further information:
Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–14)
The destroyed city of Deir Ez-Zor in 2018.

Deir Ezzor was one of the first cities that saw large demonstrations. The demonstrations began in the city on 15 March 2011, which was the first day in the movement of protests demanding the overthrow of the Syrian government. On 15 April 2011, a large demonstration was launched from the city's stadium despite the using of live bullets by the security forces and the militias supporting it.[49][50]

In the demonstrations on Friday, 22 April 2011 (the sixth Friday in the history of the

Syrian revolution), the statue of Basil al-Assad was shot down, until then, the Syrian government had been cautious about the protests in Deir Ezzor, because of their clan nature and the size of their area and the presence of quantities of weapons in it stored from the days of the Iraq war. When the demonstrators headed towards the statue of Basil al-Assad, the riot police fired only in the air. It is said that the demonstrators were not shot and prevented from dropping the statue because the security commanders did not know or appreciate the reaction that the people of the city could issue if one of the demonstrators were killed.[51]

Syrian security forces took complete control of the city in August 2011, but the Free Syrian Army (associated with the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces) returned to take control in June 2012.

Partial ISIS takeover

See also:
Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–19)

By the beginning of 2014,

ISIS announced the annexation of the city and a detachment of Syrian Armed Forces remained besieged in a small section of Deir Ez-Zor.[52]
The Deir Ez Zor district remained one of the few Syrian Government strongholds in eastern Syria for more than two years.

ISIS militants launched an offensive in May 2015, capturing Palmyra and cutting off the remaining supply line to Deir ez-Zor.[53] The city was then effectively under siege by ISIS, leaving supplies to be solely delivered by transport helicopters.[53] ISIS attempted to stop the supplies by daily attacking the Deir Ez-Zor Airbase. However, their attempts failed due to the presence of the elite Republican Guards of the 104th Airborne Brigade led by Brigadier General Issam Zahreddine.[53]

From 10 April 2016 to 31 August 2017, the World Food Programme supplied the city with food and essential relief items through a high-altitude airdrop service. With a Russian contracted Il-76 aircraft and parachute systems provided by Canada, the USA, and Russia, a total of 8015 pallets with an average weight of 754 kg were dropped into the besieged city of Deir-Ez-Zor. Three hundred nine flights were performed during the operational period.

In early September 2017, the Syrian Army, moving from

fully recaptured the city.[56] Concurrently with its operations to capture Deir ez-Zor, the Syrian Army launched a campaign
to secure the whole western bank of the Euphrates, which ended on 17 December 2017.

From 8 September 2017 to 23 March 2019,

CJTF–OIR took place against the last bastion of the Islamic State in Syria. The campaign ended with a decisive victory for the SDF and its allies, and resulted in the capture of all of ISIL territory in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate after the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani
.

In December 2022,

oil workers were killed by ISIS.[57]

On late August 2023, multiple skirmishes took place between SDF fighters and local arab tribes which left dozens killed.

Economy

The city and its rural surrounding is a fertile and prosperous farming area, with livestock-breeding (for

awassi sheep), cereals and cotton crops. Many agribusiness
institutions work there as well.

Since the discovery of

salt mines
nearby.

Culture

Armenian genocide Museum in Deir ez-Zor

The majority of Deiries (from Deir ez-Zor) are Arab Muslims, with few

Armenian and Assyrian/Syriac
families.

Deir ez-Zor was the final concentration place for

Euphrates River. The Armenian genocide Memorial Church
commemorated the memory of Genocide victims who lost their lives, but it was destroyed on 21 September 2014 by ISIS (daash).

Successive waves of new settlers from surrounding countrysides and provinces were heavily related to severe drought in late 1950s and 1990s most of them looking for standard jobs and giving up their farming and herding lifestyle. The

Apostolic Age
, with few active churches and chapels belong to different congregations.

The city was also famous for the

Arabic: الجسر المعلق) which spanned the Euphrates[3]
and was destroyed in 2013 during the civil war. The Deir ez-Zor Museum keeps thousands of antiquities collected from nearby archaeological sites in Northern Mesopotamia.

Main campuses of

Aljazeera University are also located there.[59]
Many other polytechnic schools and professional institutes provide tertiary education are based in the city as well.

The local daily newspaper Al Furat and few other publications are published there and circulated in neighbouring Al-Hasakah and Raqqa governorates.

International relations

Deir ez-Zor is home to the third Armenian diplomatic mission in Syria; the Honorary Consulate of Armenia, opened on 11 February 2010.[60]

Deir ez-Zor Airport is an under-developed domestic and international terminal and important hub mostly connecting with Damascus and destinations in the Persian Gulf region.

Twin cities

Climate

hot desert
(BWh).

Climate data for Deir Ez-Zor (1961–1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.5
(72.5) 		26.1
(79.0) 		32.7
(90.9) 		40.0
(104.0) 		41.6
(106.9) 		44.2
(111.6) 		47.5
(117.5) 		47.8
(118.0) 		43.0
(109.4) 		41.0
(105.8) 		31.5
(88.7) 		23.0
(73.4) 		47.8
(118.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 12.2
(54.0) 		15.1
(59.2) 		19.5
(67.1) 		25.4
(77.7) 		31.7
(89.1) 		36.9
(98.4) 		39.9
(103.8) 		39.3
(102.7) 		35.3
(95.5) 		28.8
(83.8) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.0
(57.2) 		26.6
(79.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.7
(44.1) 		9.1
(48.4) 		13.1
(55.6) 		18.7
(65.7) 		24.5
(76.1) 		29.6
(85.3) 		32.6
(90.7) 		31.7
(89.1) 		26.9
(80.4) 		20.9
(69.6) 		13.3
(55.9) 		8.1
(46.6) 		19.6
(67.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5) 		3.7
(38.7) 		7.0
(44.6) 		12.0
(53.6) 		17.1
(62.8) 		21.9
(71.4) 		25.1
(77.2) 		24.5
(76.1) 		19.4
(66.9) 		13.7
(56.7) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.2
(37.8) 		13.1
(55.6)
Record low °C (°F) −7.2
(19.0) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		8.0
(46.4) 		10.6
(51.1) 		17.6
(63.7) 		16.8
(62.2) 		11.4
(52.5) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−9.3
(15.3) 		−9.3
(15.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 28.1
(1.11) 		24.1
(0.95) 		27.8
(1.09) 		22.2
(0.87) 		8.6
(0.34) 		0.3
(0.01) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.01) 		8.0
(0.31) 		12.4
(0.49) 		24.1
(0.95) 		155.8
(6.13)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 4.8 4.3 4.3 3.5 1.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.5 2.6 4.1 27.0
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		76 67 57 49 38 27 26 28 32 42 57 75 48
Mean monthly sunshine hours 161.2 179.2 223.2 243.0 310.0 351.0 372.0 356.5 309.0 257.3 207.0 161.2 3,130.6
Mean daily sunshine hours 5.2 6.4 7.2 8.1 10.0 11.7 12.0 11.5 10.3 8.3 6.9 5.2 8.6
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[62]
Source 2:
NOAA[63]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Deir ez-Zor city population". Archived from the original on 31 July 2012.
  2. ^ "President al-Assad issues decrees on appointing new governors for five Syrian provinces". 26 October 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Syrian Ministry of Tourism (in Arabic)". Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
  4. ^ R. Payne Smith, Thesaurus Syriacus, s.v. ܕܝܪܐ; ܙܥܘܪܬܐ
  5. ISBN 0-06-065779-0
  6. ^ Shaw, S. J. (1978): The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831–1914. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 9: 325–338.
  7. ^ BBC TV World News (7 Dec 2015) – Deir-al-Zour is variant used by BBC News
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