Deira
Kingdom of Deira | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. 450–654 | |||||||||||
Early Medieval | |||||||||||
• Established | c. 450 | ||||||||||
• Shared crown with Bernicia | 604 | ||||||||||
• merged with Bernicia | 654 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Deira (
Etymology
The name of the kingdom is of
History
Brythonic Deira
Following the
Early Deira may have centred on Petuaria (modern Brough) and archaeological evidence shows that the town was refortified. Petuaria was a great tribal centre for the Parisi, but declined in importance from the mid-fourth century (possibly as the harbour silted up). After this period, Derventio (modern Malton) may have functioned as the region's capital.[6]
It is not known if Deira was ever an independent Brythonic kingdom, and no British king has been identified with the area from the surviving genealogies, poems or chronicles. However the area was subject to the same fractious inheritance traditions and changing power dynamic (following the Roman withdrawal) that allowed Elmet and Bernicia to become independent hereditary kingdoms in the early fifth century. In Welsh literature, Deira is part of the Hen Ogledd (The Old North) region, which was divided into many related kingdoms after the death of Coel Hen (Coel the Old).[7][8]
Anglian Deira
The kingdom, which was previously ruled by a British dynasty, was probably created in the third quarter of the fifth century when Anglian warriors invaded the Derwent Valley.[9] Anglian Deira's territory also extended from the Humber to the Tees, and from the sea to the western edge of the Vale of York. It later merged with the kingdom of Bernicia, its northern neighbour, to form the kingdom of Northumbria.
According to
Archaeology suggests that the Anglian royal house was in place by the middle of the fifth century, but the first certainly recorded king is
Anglian kings of Deira
| Reign | Incumbent | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 559/560 to 589 | Ælla (Aelli) |
ÆLLA YFFING DEIRA CYNING ÆLLA REX DEIRA |
|
| 589/599 to 604 | Æthelric (Aedilric) |
ÆÞELRIC IDING BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING ÆÞELRIC REX BERNICIA ET DEIRA |
|
| Bernicia Dynasty | |||
| 593/604? to 616 | Æthelfrith | ÆÞELFERÞ ÆÞELRICING DEIRA CYNING ÆÞELFERÞ REX DEIRA |
Killed in battle |
| Deira Dynasty | |||
| 616 to 12/14 October 632 | Edwin | EDVVIN ÆLLING BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING EDVVIN REX BERNICIA ET DEIRA |
Killed in battle by Cadwallon of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia |
| late 633 to summer 634 | Osric | OSRIC ÆLFRICING DEIRA CYNING OSRIC REX DEIRA |
|
| Bernicia Dynasty | |||
| 633 to 5 August 642 | Oswald | OSVVALD BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING OSVVALD REX BERNICIA ET DEIRA |
Killed by King of Mercia ; Saint Oswald
|
| 642 to 644 | Oswiu
|
OSVVIO ÆÞELFRIÞING BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING OSVVIO REX BERNICIA ET DEIRA |
|
| Deira Dynasty | |||
| 644 to 651 | Oswine | OSVVINE OSRICING DEIRA CYNING OSVVINE REX DEIRA |
Murdered |
| Bernicia Dynasty | |||
| summer 651 to late 654 or 655 | Æthelwold
|
ÆÞELVVALD OSVVALDING DEIRA CYNING ÆÞELVVALD REX DEIRA |
|
| 654 to 15 August 670 | Oswiu
|
OSVVIO ÆÞELFERÞING NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING OSVVIO REX NORÞANHYMBRA |
Restored |
| 656 to 664 | Alchfrith
|
ALCHFRIÞ DEIRA CYNING ALCHFRIÞ REX DEIRA |
|
| 664 to 670 | Ecgfrith | ECGFRIÞ DEIRA CYNING ECGFRIÞ REX DEIRA |
|
| 670 to 679 | Ælfwine | ÆLFVVINE DEIRA CYNING ÆLFVVINE REX DEIRA |
|
Notes
- ^ A Complete Pronouncing Gazetteer, Or, Geographical Dictionary of the World, 1880
- ^ McCarthy, Mike (2014). "An Early Historic Celtic Kingdom near the Solway". The History Files. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
- ^ Higham, p. 81
- ^ Library Ireland Archived 8 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine – Sketches of Olden Days in Northern Ireland
- ^ Mills 2003, p. 430.
- ^ B. Sitch & A. Williams (1992). Roman Humberside. Humberside County Council Archaeology Unit.
- ^ Morris, p. 54.
- ^ Koch 2006, pp. 584–585.
- ^ Higham, p. 98
- ^ Malam 2011, p. 24.
- ^ Higham, pp. 77-78
- ISBN 0460106244.
- ^ D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings (1991, 2000), page 78.
- ^ Bede 1910, Book III.
References
- Bede (1910). Lionel C. Jane (ed.). . Translated by John Stevens – via Wikisource.
- Higham, N.J. (1993). The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 0-86299-730-5
- Mackenzie, E.; Ross, M. (1834). An Historical, Topographical, and Descriptive View of the County Palatine of Durham. Vol. I. Newcastle upon Tyne: Mackenzie and Dent. p. xi.
- Malam, John (2011). Yorkshire, A Very Peculiar History. Book House. ISBN 978-1907184574.
- Mills, Anthony David (2003). A Dictionary of British Place-Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852758-9.
- Morris, John (1973). The Age of Arthur. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
- Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-440-7.
Further reading
- ISBN 1-900188-90-2
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