Deltamethrin
Names | |
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Preferred IUPAC name
(S)-Cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl (1R,3R)-3-(2,2-dibromoethen-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate | |
Other names
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Identifiers | |
3D model (
JSmol ) |
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6746312 | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard
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100.052.943 |
EC Number |
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KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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RTECS number
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UNII | |
UN number | 3349 |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
C22H19Br2NO3 | |
Molar mass | 505.206 g·mol−1 |
Density | 1.5 g cm−3 |
Melting point | 98 °C (208 °F; 371 K) |
Boiling point | 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K) |
Pharmacology | |
QP53AC11 (WHO )
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Hazards | |
GHS labelling: | |
Danger | |
H301, H331, H410 | |
P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P301+P310, P304+P340, P311, P321, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, P501 | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid ester insecticide. Deltamethrin plays a key role in controlling malaria vectors, and is used in the manufacture of long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets; however, resistance of mosquitos and bed bugs to deltamethrin has seen a widespread increase.
Deltamethrin is toxic to aquatic life, particularly fish. Although generally considered safe to use around humans, it is still neurotoxic. It is an allergen and causes asthma in some people.
Usage
Deltamethrin is a highly effective insecticide. It is used, among other applications, for the production of
Deltamethrin plays a key role in controlling malaria vectors, and is used in the manufacture of long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets. It is used as one of a battery of pyrethroid insecticides in control of malarial vectors, particularly Anopheles gambiae, and whilst being the most employed pyrethroid insecticide, can be used in conjunction with, or as an alternative to, permethrin, cypermethrin and organophosphate-based insecticides, such as malathion and fenthion. Resistance to deltamethrin (and its counterparts) is now extremely widespread and threatens the success of worldwide vector control programmes.
Production
Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid composed of a single stereoisomer, of a possible 8 stereoisomers, selectively prepared by the esterification of (1R,3R)- or cis-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid with (alpha,S)- or (+)-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol or by selective recrystallization of the racemic esters obtained by esterification of the (1R,3R)- or cis-acid with the racemic or (alpha-R, alpha-S, or alpha-R/S)- or + or − alcohol.
Resistance
Resistance has been identified in several insects, including important vectors of malaria like the mosquito Anopheles gambiae as well as non-disease carrying pests like bed bugs.
Mosquitoes
Methods of resistance include thickening of the cuticle of the insect to limit permeation of the insecticide, metabolic resistance via overexpression of metabolizing cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases and glutathione-S-transferases, and the knockdown resistance (kdr) sodium channel mutations which render the action of insecticides ineffectual, even when co-administered with piperonyl butoxide. Characterization of the different forms of resistance among mosquitoes has become a top priority in groups studying tropical medicine due to the high mortality of those who reside in endemic areas.[2]
Bed bugs
Two mutations, the valine to leucine mutation (V419L) and the leucine to isoleucine mutation (L925I) in voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit gene, have been identified as responsible for knockdown resistance to deltamethrin in
Side effects
Deltamethrin belongs to a group of pesticides called synthetic pyrethroids. This pesticide is toxic to aquatic life, particularly fish, and therefore must be used with extreme caution around water.
In humans
Although generally considered safe to use around humans, it is still neurotoxic. Pyrethroids like Deltamethrin can be allergens and cause asthma in some people.[4]
Deltamethrin temporarily attacks the nervous system of any animal with which it comes into contact. Skin contact can lead to tingling or reddening of the skin local to the application. If taken in through the eyes or mouth, the most common symptom is facial
Deltamethrin is able to pass from a woman's skin through her blood and into her breast milk, although breastfeeding remains safe under prevailing conditions. In South Africa, residues of deltamethrin were found in
A 2015 study conducted in Brittany, France, found a negative correlation between deltamethrin exposure (measured through the presence of a metabolite in urine) and cognitive scores in infants.[7]
In domestic animals
Cases of toxicity have been observed in cattle, following use of agricultural deltamethrin preparation in external application for tick control.[citation needed]
References
- ISBN 978-92-4-156515-8.
- PMID 19043575.
- PMID 20301216.
- ^ "Cockroach Control". Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
- S2CID 29920559.
- PMID 16564119.
- PMID 26057254.
External links
- Deltamethrin Technical Fact Sheet - National Pesticide Information Center
- Deltamethrin General Fact sheet - National Pesticide Information Center
- Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids Fact Sheet - National Pesticide Information Center
- Deltamethrin Pesticide Information Profile - Extension Toxicology Network
- Deltamethrin Development Exposure - FASEB Journal