Democratic Action Party
Democratic Action Party | ||
---|---|---|
Anthony Loke Siew Fook | ||
National Chairman | Lim Guan Eng | |
National Deputy Chairman | Gobind Singh Deo | |
National Vice-Chairmen | ||
Deputy Secretaries-General | ||
Founders |
| |
Election symbol | ||
except DAP Sarawak DAP Sarawak only | ||
Party flag | ||
Website | ||
www | ||
This article is part of a series on the |
Politics of Malaysia |
---|
The Democratic Action Party (
The DAP was founded in 1965 by Malaya–based members of the
The DAP draws much of its support from
History
Formation
The party is the direct successor of the Malaysian branch of the Singapore–based People's Action Party (PAP), which was then known as the People's Action Party of Malaya. Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia led to its deregistration in 1965 by the Registrar of Societies (RoS).[3] The deregistered party's leadership consisted of Devan Nair (secretary-general), Chen Man Hin (chairman), D. P. Xavier (assistant secretary-general), Goh Hock Guan (vice-chairman), Seeveratnam Sinnathamby (treasurer), who was the younger brother of Singapore minister S. Rajaratnam, with Zain Azahari bin Zainal Abidin, Chin Chan Sung, Michael Khong Chye Huat, Tan Chong Bee and Too Chee Cheong as committee members.[8]
The Democratic Action Party was officially formed on 11 October 1965 by the remnants of the People's Action Party of Malaya.[3][9] However, the registration of the party was delayed to 18 March 1966[3] while the ruling Alliance Party laid out new conditions for the registration of political parties in the Societies Act 1966. While awaiting the party's registration, party chairman Chen Man Hin won the state constituency of Rahang, Negeri Sembilan as an independent in December 1965.[9]
In the August 1966 the official party organ, The Rocket, was first published.
The party adopted the Setapak Declaration at the first DAP National Congress held on 29 July 1967, declaring itself "irrevocably committed to the ideal of a free, democratic and socialist Malaysia, based on the principles of racial and religious equality, social and economic justice, and founded on the institution of
Early electoral success
In 1967, the party was involved in discussions to form a united front of opposition parties against the Alliance coalition ahead of the 1969 general election without success.[11][12]
In March 1968, the party negotiated an agreement with the People's Progressive Party(PPP) to avoid contesting against each other in the state of Perak for the upcoming general election.[13] The DAP sought to achieve a similar agreement with the United Democratic Party (UDP), whose stronghold was Penang, but failed to come to an understanding with its leader Lim Chong Eu, who sarcastically thanked DAP secretary-general Goh Hock Guan for "his very smug condescension."[14] The same month, the DAP was approached by the newly formed Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia, then led by Syed Hussein Alatas, which suggested the DAP merge into the new party.[15]
Devan Nair, who was amongst those who founded the DAP, returned to Singapore in 1969 after being withdrawn as a candidate for the 1969 general election,[16] later becoming its president in 1981. Lee Kuan Yew, then Prime Minister of Singapore under the PAP, explained in 1981 that "the Cabinet decided that Singapore-Malaysia relations would always be bedevilled if Devan Nair remained a DAP leader. I persuaded him to come back".[17]
The DAP contested a
The DAP went on to win 13
When parliament reconvened, it passed pieces of legislation such as the
1970–2007
The party boycotted the National Consultative Council, a body formed in the aftermath of the 1969 racial riots to "establish positive and practical guidelines for inter-racial co-operation and social integration", in protest of the government's continued detention of its secretary-general, Lim Kit Siang, under the Internal Security Act.[27][28]
In 1978, the party experienced a split when founding member and Penang state chairman Yeap Ghim Guan left and formed the Socialist Democratic Party after attempts by the national leadership to take over the party's state leadership. Yeap was joined by the entire state committee and member of parliament for Petaling Oh Keng Seng. They were later joined by party stalwart Fan Yew Teng, who had served as acting secretary-general while Lim was detained under the Internal Security Act[29] and was the member of parliament for Menglembu. Those who had left the party all labelled Lim's leadership as "dictatorial".[30]
The party suffered more defections in the lead-up to the 1978 Malaysian general election, when one of its most prominent Malay members, Daing Ibrahim Othman, left the party in protest of the leadership's decision to move him to another constituency, which was followed by a number of resignations in Negeri Sembilan for similar reasons.[30]
During the
In 1995, the party ran what has become widely known as the "Robocop" campaign to wrest Penang from the Barisan Nasional. Despite the hype, the campaign was a failure as the party only won one state and three parliamentary seats. The strategy backfired when Prime Minister Mahathir, BN leaders and the media criticised Lim Kit Siang as a "robot" and "soulless" person.[32]
Following the ousting of Deputy Prime Minister
In the
In the
2008–2015
In the
At the DAP election in December 2012, Vincent Wu, who was initially declared to have secured the sixth spot with 1,202 votes, dropped to 26th place because he had actually secured only 669. Zairil Khir Johari was elected to the central executive committee (CEC) with 803 votes to secure the 20th spot. The glitch, reportedly because of a vote tabulation error due to the copy-and-paste method in Microsoft Excel, had raised suspicion.[43] The DAP admitted to the counting error after discovering the mistake. The DAP election fiasco had caused unease among party members and led to protests to the Registrar of Societies (RoS). Two dissatisfied life members of the DAP then lodged reports with the RoS on the party elections following the revelations.[44] Following the report the RoS had informed DAP of the dispute by its members and in turn as provided for under Section 3A of the Societies Act 1966 did recognise the office-bearers of the committee formed in the party elections on 15 December 2012, the point of contention.[45]
DAP chairperson Karpal Singh said DAP will contest under the PAS logo for the Peninsula and PKR logo in Sabah and Sarawak in the 13th general election, following the Registrar of Societies' (RoS) failure to respond on the withdrawal letter of RoS informing that it does not recognise the party's top leadership line-up. DAP had appealed to the RoS to withdraw its letter to suspend the party's existing central executive committee (CEC) but the department was silent on the matter.[46]
On 19 April 2013, DAP secretary-general Lim Guan Eng informed all its 51 parliament and 103 state candidates to use the rocket symbol first during nomination tomorrow, and show the Election Commission the letter of authorisation signed by secretary-general Lim Guan Eng. If the rocket symbol is rejected, then use the letter of authorisation signed by PAS secretary-general Mustafa Ali for Peninsula Malaysia and PKR letter of authorisation for Sabah and Sarawak. This came after the DAP decided to use PAS and PKR symbols for the coming general election on 5 May.[46] He said the DAP headquarters in Kuala Lumpur received a letter by hand from the RoS at 10 p.m. on 19 April, stating that it had no objections to the DAP using the logo, and that the Election Commission (EC) had informed all returning officers to accept nominations from the DAP.[47]
On 29 September 2013, DAP held a special congress to vote for a new Central Executive Committee.[48]
2015–2019
On 22 September 2015, the
On 12 February 2017,
The party participated in the
2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis
On 24 February 2020, the DAP became the largest party in the Dewan Rakyat for the first time after 11 of the People's Justice Party's 50 MPs resigned during the political crisis. UMNO had also lost 16 of its 54 MPs over several months, mostly through defections to Bersatu. Though the political crisis resulted in the collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government, it retained its 42 MPs. However, over the course of the crisis, a number of state assemblymen defected to opposing coalitions. On 9 March 2020, Paul Yong and A Sivasubramaniam left the party to join the new Perikatan Nasional state government in Perak.[56] The next day on 10 March, DAP expelled Norhizam Hassan Baktee, assemblyman for Pengkalan Batu, over his support for the new Perikatan Nasional government in Melaka.[57] The party also expelled Sabah assemblyman Ronnie Loh for his support of Perikatan's attempt to replace Sabah state government led by Shafie Apdal and his Warisan Plus coalition.[58]
Separately, the party's Sarawak vice-chairman and Padungan assemblyman Wong King Wei resigned on 27 July 2020, claiming the party had deviated from its objectives and citing his disillusionment with party leadership. He continued to hold his seat as an independent until his term ended in 2021.[59]
Ethnic diversity
DAP was founded by
Allegations of racism and chauvinism
Despite constant rebuttals by party leaders, DAP has been depicted by their political opponents, especially from UMNO, as a party that favours the Malaysian Chinese minority above others.[65] This allegation of racial chauvinism culminated in a two-piece television program broadcast on government-controlled TV channel Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) entitled "Bahaya Cauvinisme", which translates to "Dangers of Chauvinism". The program forced then party leader Lim Kit Siang to issue a formal media statement to counter the allegations.[66]
On 15 November 2011, Ismail Sabri Yaakob, the Malaysian Minister for Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism, accused DAP's publicity chief, Tony Pua of racism for making repeated attacks against the Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia, a government initiative to supply cheap retail products to Malaysian consumers. Tony Pua was criticised for singling out Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia, whose suppliers to the store generally come from the Malaysian Bumiputra community, and for not investigating the quality of products supplied by Malaysian-Chinese suppliers or making similar accusations against independent Malaysian-Chinese stores.[67]
Allegations of racism have forced DAP party leader Lim Guan Eng to issue a formal denial in the Penang High Court.[68]
Party symbols
Party logo
The symbol or logo of the DAP (see above) is the rocket, which it has used since the 1969 general election. Its components are symbolised as follows:
- The red rocket symbolises the Party's aspiration for a modern, dynamic and progressive society
- The four rocket boosters represent the support and drive given to the Party objectives by the three major ethnicities (Malay, Chinese, Indian) and others
- The blue circle stands for the unity of the multi-racial people of Malaysia
- The white background stands for purity and incorruptibility
Ubah mascot
In 2008, DAP initially introduced "Rocket Kid", a rocket as the party's official mascot during the
Songs
DAP's official party anthem is Berjuang Untuk Rakyat Malaysia (Fighting for the Malaysian People).[74]
Other than the official party anthem, DAP has also unveiled several theme songs and music videos mostly with an Ubah theme such as "Ubah" with over 1,000,000 views, 明天 with over 500,000 views and "Ubah Rocket Style" with over 300,000 views, which is a parody of the viral YouTube hit "Gangnam Style".[75]
Leadership structure
Central Executive Committee
The Central Executive Committee (CEC) serves as the party's executive body and its 30 members are elected by party delegates during a national congress held every three years. The CEC, in turn, elects the party's national leadership from among its own members, including the Secretary-General, in whom executive power is vested. The current Secretary-General is Minister of Transport Anthony Loke. The latest leadership structure can be found below.[5][76][77]
|
|
Lists of the leaders of the Democratic Action Party
Life Advisor
No. | Portrait | Life Advisor
(Lifespan) Office |
Term of office & mandate
(Duration in years and days) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chen Man Hin (1924–2022) MP for Seremban, 1974–1982 & 1983–1990 MP for Seremban Timor, 1969–1974 MLA for Rahang, 1965–1982 |
3 December 1999 | 17 August 2022 | 13th (1999) | |
22 years, 257 days | 14th (2004) | ||||
15th (2008) | |||||
16th (2012, 2013, 2017) | |||||
17th (2022) |
Advisor
No. | Portrait | Advisor
(Lifespan) |
Term of office & mandate
(Duration in years and days) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tan Kok Wai (born 1957) MP for Sungai Besi, 1986–1995 MP for Cheras, since 1995 |
20 March 2022 | Incumbent | 17th (2022) | |
2 years, 8 days |
Mentor
No. | Portrait | Mentor
(Lifespan) Office |
Term of office & mandate
(Duration in years and days) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ipoh Timor, 2004–2013 , 1990–1995
MP for Gelang Patah, 2013–2018 MP for Iskandar Puteri, 2018–2022 MLA for Kubu, 1974–1982 MLA for Kampong Kolam, 1986–1990 MLA for Padang Kota |
20 March 2022 | 12 April 2022 | 17th (2022) | |
23 days |
National Chairmen
No. | Portrait | National Chairman
(Lifespan) Office |
Term of office & mandate
(Duration in years and days) |
National Deputy Chairman | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chen Man Hin (1924–2022) MP for Seremban, 1974–1982 & 1983–1990 MP for Seremban Timor, 1969–1974 MLA for Rahang, 1965–1982 |
18 March 1966 | 3 December 1999 | 1st (1967) | ||
33 years, 260 days | 2nd (1969) | |||||
12th (1995) | ||||||
2 | Ipoh Timor, 2004–2013 , 1990–1995
MP for Gelang Patah, 2013–2018 MP for Iskandar Puteri, 2018–2022 MLA for Kubu, 1974–1982 MLA for Kampong Kolam, 1986–1990 MLA for Padang Kota |
3 December 1999 | 4 September 2004 | 13th (1999) | ||
4 years, 276 days | ||||||
3 | Karpal Singh (1940–2014) MP for Jelutong, 1978–1999 MP for Bukit Gelugor, 2004–2014 |
4 September 2004 | 29 March 2014 | 14th (2004) | Tan Kok Wai (–2014) | |
9 years, 206 days | 15th (2008)
16th (2012, 2013) | |||||
4 | Tan Kok Wai (born 1957) MP for Sungai Besi, 1986–1995 MP for Cheras, since 1995 |
29 March 2014 | 20 March 2022 | – 16th (2017) | Gobind Singh Deo (since 2017) | |
7 years, 356 days | ||||||
5 | Lim Guan Eng (born 1960) MP for Kota Melaka, 1986–1999 MP for Bagan, since 2008 MLA for Air Putih, since 2008 |
20 March 2022 | Incumbent | 17th (2022) | ||
2 years, 8 days |
Secretaries-General
No. | Portrait | Secretary-General
(Lifespan) Office |
Term of office & mandate
(Duration in years and days) |
Deputy Secretary-General | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bangsar , 1964–1969
|
18 March 1966 | 30 July 1967 | – | D. P. Xavier | |
1 year, 134 days | ||||||
2 | Bangsar , 1969–1974
|
30 July 1967 | 1 October 1969 | 1st (1967) | ||
2 years, 63 days | ||||||
3 | Ipoh Timor, 2004–2013 , 1990–1995
MP for Gelang Patah, 2013–2018 MP for Iskandar Puteri, 2018–2022 MLA for Kubu, 1974–1982 MLA for Kampong Kolam, 1986–1990 MLA for Padang Kota |
1 October 1970 | 3 December 1999 | 2nd (1969) | Lim Guan Eng (1995–2004) | |
29 years, 63 days | 12th (1995) | |||||
4 | rowspan="4" | rowspan="4" | Kerk Kim Hock (1956–2017) MP for Pasir Pinji, 1990–1999 MP for Kota Melaka, 1999–2004 MLA for Durian Daun, 1986–1990 |
3 December 1999 | 5 May 2002 | 13th (1999) | |
2 years, 153 days | ||||||
22 September 2002 | 28 March 2004 | |||||
1 year, 188 days | ||||||
5 | Lim Guan Eng (born 1960) MP for Kota Melaka, 1986–1999 MP for Bagan, since 2008 MLA for Air Putih, since 2008 |
4 September 2004 | 20 March 2022 | 14th (2004) | Chong Eng (–2017) | |
Ramasamy Palanisamy (–2017) | ||||||
Ngeh Koo Ham (–2017) | ||||||
Nga Kor Ming (2017–2022) | ||||||
15th (2008) | ||||||
16th (2012 & 2013 & 2017) | (2017–2022) | |||||
17 years, 197 days | V. Sivakumar (since 2017) | |||||
6 | , since 2013 | 20 March 2022 | Incumbent | 17th (2022) | ||
2 years, 8 days | Tengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji (since 2022) | |||||
Liew Chin Tong (since 2022) |
Acting Secretaries-General
No. | Portrait | Acting Secretary-General
(Lifespan) Office |
Term of office & mandate
(Duration in years and days) |
Deputy Secretary-General | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Fan Yew Teng (1942–2010) MP for Kampar, 1969–1974 MP for Menglembu, 1974–1978 MLA for Petaling Jaya, 1974–1978 |
1 October 1969 | 1 October 1970 | – 2nd (1969) | ||
1 year, 0 days | ||||||
2 | Chong Eng (born 1957) MP for Bukit Mertajam, 1999–2013 MLA for Batu Lancang, 1995–1999 MLA for Padang Lalang, 2013–2023 |
5 May 2002 | 22 September 2002 | – 13th (1999) | ||
140 days | ||||||
3 | Ipoh Barat , since 2004
|
28 March 2004 | 4 September 2004 | |||
184 days |
Note: The Acting Secretary-General is appointed when the Secretary-General is incapable of carrying out their duties or if the position is vacated before an election can be held.. Lim Kit Siang was elected as Secretary-General in October 1969 while detained under the ISA and Fan Yew Teng was Acting Secretary-General. Chong Eng took over for Kerk Kim Hock while the latter sought treatment for rectal cancer. M. Kulasegaran was Acting Secretary-General after Kerk Kim Hock lost his seat in parliament and resigned before Lim Guan Eng was elected Secretary-General.
Chairman of the Central Policy and Strategic Planning Commission
No. | Portrait | Chairman of Central Policy and
Strategic Planning Commission (Lifespan) Office |
Term of office & mandate
(Duration in years and days) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ipoh Timor, 2004–2013 , 1990–1995
MP for Gelang Patah, 2013–2018 MP for Iskandar Puteri, 2018–2022 MLA for Kubu, 1974–1982 MLA for Kampong Kolam, 1986–1990 MLA for Padang Kota |
4 September 2004 | Incumbent | 14th (2004) | |
19 years, 206 days | 15th (2008) | ||||
16th (2012, 2013, 2017) | |||||
17th (2022) |
Note: Chairman of the Central Policy and Strategic Planning Commission is a newly created position on 2004 when Lim Kit Siang refused to be re-elected as Chairman of DAP.
Parliamentary Leaders
No. | Portrait | Parliamentary Leader
(Lifespan) Office |
Term of office & mandate
(Duration in years and days) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ipoh Timor, 2004–2013 , 1990–1995
MP for Gelang Patah, 2013–2018 MP for Iskandar Puteri, 2018–2022 MLA for Kubu, 1974–1982 MLA for Kampong Kolam, 1986–1990 MLA for Padang Kota |
5 March 2008 | 11 July 2018 | 15th (2008)
16th (2012, 2013, 2017) | |
10 years, 128 days | |||||
2 | , since 2013 | 11 July 2018 | 20 March 2022 | – 16th (2012, 2013, 2017) | |
3 years, 252 days | |||||
3 | Nga Kor Ming (born 1972) MP for Taiping, 2008–2018 MP for Teluk Intan, since 2018 MLA for Pantai Remis, 1999–2013 MLA for Kepayang, 2013–2018, since 2022 MLA for Aulong, 2018–2022 |
20 March 2022 | Incumbent | 17th (2022) | |
2 years, 8 days |
Elected representatives
Dewan Negara (Senate)
Senators
- His Majesty's appointee:
- Roderick Wong Siew Lead
- Noorita Sual
- Penang State Legislative Assembly:
- Lingeshwaran R. Arunasalam
- Selangor State Legislative Assembly:
- Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly:
- Kesavadas A. Achyuthan Nair
Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament
DAP has 40 members in the House of Representatives.
Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)
Malaysian State Assembly Representatives
DAP state governments
State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Penang | Chief Minister |
Chow Kon Yeow | DAP | Padang Kota |
State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Penang | Deputy Chief Minister II |
Jagdeep Singh Deo | DAP | Datok Keramat |
General election results
Election | Total seats won | Seats contested | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome of election | Election leader |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1964 )
(as PAP |
1 / 144
|
11 | 42,130 | 2.0% | 1 seats; Opposition | Lee Kuan Yew |
1969
|
13 / 144
|
24 | 286,606 | 12.1% | 12 seats; Opposition | Goh Hock Guan |
1974
|
9 / 144
|
46 | 387,845 | 18.3% | 4 seats; Opposition | Lim Kit Siang |
1978
|
16 / 154
|
53 | 664,433 | 19.1% | 7 seats; Opposition | Lim Kit Siang |
1982
|
9 / 154
|
63 | 815,473 | 19.6% | 7 seats; Opposition | Lim Kit Siang |
1986
|
24 / 154
|
64 | 968,009 | 21.0% | 15 seats; Opposition | Lim Kit Siang |
1990
|
20 / 180
|
57 | 985,228 | 17.13% | 4 seats; Opposition coalition (Gagasan Rakyat) |
Lim Kit Siang |
1995
|
9 / 192
|
50 | 712,175 | 12.0% | 11 seats; Opposition coalition (Gagasan Rakyat) |
Lim Kit Siang |
1999
|
10 / 193
|
47 | 830,870 | 12.53% | 1 seats; Opposition coalition (Barisan Alternatif) |
Lim Kit Siang |
2004
|
12 / 219
|
44 | 687,340 | 9.9% | 2 seats; Opposition | Kerk Kim Hock (Secretary-general) Lim Kit Siang (Chairman, Central Policy & Strategic Planning Commission) |
2008
|
28 / 222
|
47 | 1,118,025 | 13.77% | 16 seats; Opposition coalition (Pakatan Rakyat) |
Lim Guan Eng (Secretary-general) Lim Kit Siang (Parliamentary Leader) |
2013
|
38 / 222
|
51 | 1,736,601 | 15.71% | 10 seats; Opposition coalition (Pakatan Rakyat) |
Lim Guan Eng (Secretary-general) Lim Kit Siang (Parliamentary Leader) |
2018
|
42 / 222
|
47 | 2,040,068 | 18.48% | 4 seats; Governing coalition, later Opposition coalition (Pakatan Harapan) |
Lim Guan Eng (Secretary-general) Lim Kit Siang (Parliamentary Leader) |
2022 | 40 / 222
|
55 | 2,422,577 | 15.61% | 2 seats; Governing Coalition (Pakatan Harapan) |
Lim Guan Eng (Chairman) Anthony Loke (Secretary-general) |
State election results
State election | State Legislative Assembly | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perlis | Kedah | Kelantan | Terengganu | Penang | Perak | Pahang | Selangor | Negeri Sembilan | Malacca | Johor | Sabah | Sarawak | Total won / Total contested | |
2/3 majority | 2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
|
1964 (as PAP) |
0 / 12 |
0 / 24 |
0 / 30 |
0 / 24 |
0 / 24 |
0 / 40 |
0 / 24 |
0 / 28 |
0 / 24 |
0 / 20 |
0 / 32 |
0 / 15
| ||
1969 | 0 / 12 |
0 / 24 |
0 / 30 |
0 / 24 |
3 / 24 |
6 / 40 |
0 / 24 |
9 / 28 |
8 / 24 |
4 / 20 |
1 / 32 |
0 / 48 |
31 / 57
| |
1974 | 0 / 12 |
1 / 26 |
0 / 36 |
0 / 28 |
2 / 27 |
11 / 42 |
0 / 32 |
1 / 33 |
3 / 24 |
4 / 20 |
1 / 32 |
0 / 48 |
23 / 120
| |
1978 | 0 / 12 |
0 / 26 |
0 / 28 |
5 / 27 |
9 / 42 |
0 / 32 |
3 / 33 |
3 / 24 |
4 / 20 |
1 / 32 |
25 / 127
| |||
1979 | 0 / 48 |
0 / 11
| ||||||||||||
1982 | 0 / 12 |
0 / 26 |
0 / 36 |
0 / 28 |
2 / 27 |
4 / 42 |
1 / 32 |
1 / 33 |
2 / 24 |
2 / 20 |
0 / 32 |
12 / 131
| ||
1983 | 0 / 48 |
0 / 7
| ||||||||||||
1985 | 0 / 48 |
0 / 3
| ||||||||||||
1986 | 0 / 14 |
0 / 28 |
0 / 39 |
0 / 32 |
10 / 33 |
13 / 46 |
1 / 33 |
5 / 42 |
4 / 28 |
3 / 20 |
1 / 36 |
0 / 48 |
37 / 118
| |
1987 | 0 / 56 |
0 / 11
| ||||||||||||
1990 | 0 / 14 |
1 / 28 |
0 / 39 |
0 / 32 |
14 / 33 |
13 / 46 |
1 / 33 |
6 / 42 |
4 / 28 |
3 / 20 |
3 / 36 |
0 / 48 |
45 / 94
| |
1991 | 0 / 56 |
0 / 18
| ||||||||||||
1994 | 0 / 48 |
0 / 2
| ||||||||||||
1995 | 0 / 15 |
0 / 36 |
0 / 43 |
0 / 32 |
1 / 33 |
1 / 52 |
1 / 38 |
3 / 48 |
2 / 32 |
3 / 25 |
0 / 40 |
11 / 103
| ||
1996 | 3 / 62 |
3 / 6
| ||||||||||||
1999 | 0 / 15 |
0 / 36 |
0 / 43 |
0 / 32 |
1 / 33 |
4 / 52 |
1 / 38 |
1 / 48 |
0 / 32 |
4 / 25 |
0 / 40 |
0 / 48 |
11 / 88
| |
2001 | 1 / 62 |
1 / 13
| ||||||||||||
2004 | 0 / 15 |
0 / 36 |
0 / 45 |
0 / 32 |
1 / 40 |
7 / 59 |
1 / 42 |
2 / 56 |
2 / 36 |
2 / 28 |
0 / 56 |
0 / 60 |
15 / 104
| |
2006 | 6 / 71 |
6 / 12
| ||||||||||||
2008 | 0 / 15 |
1 / 36 |
0 / 45 |
0 / 32 |
19 / 40 |
18 / 59 |
2 / 42 |
13 / 56 |
10 / 36 |
5 / 28 |
4 / 56 |
1 / 60 |
73 / 102
| |
2011 | 12 / 71 |
12 / 15
| ||||||||||||
2013 | 0 / 15 |
2 / 36 |
0 / 45 |
0 / 32 |
19 / 40 |
18 / 59 |
7 / 42 |
15 / 56 |
11 / 36 |
6 / 28 |
13 / 56 |
4 / 60 |
95 / 103
| |
2016 | 7 / 82 |
7 / 31
| ||||||||||||
2018 | 0 / 15 |
2 / 36 |
0 / 45 |
0 / 32 |
19 / 40 |
18 / 59 |
7 / 42 |
16 / 56 |
11 / 36 |
8 / 28 |
14 / 56 |
6 / 60 |
101 / 104
| |
2020 | 6 / 73
|
6 / 7
| ||||||||||||
2021 | 4 / 28
|
4 / 8
| ||||||||||||
2021 | 2 / 82 |
2 / 26
| ||||||||||||
2022 | 10 / 56
|
10 / 14
| ||||||||||||
2022 | 0 / 15
|
18 / 59
|
6 / 42
|
24 / 30
| ||||||||||
2023 | 1 / 36 |
0 / 45 |
0 / 32 |
19 / 40 |
15 / 56 |
11 / 36 |
46 / 47
|
See also
References
- ^ Jan Senkyr (2013). "Political Awakening in Malaysia". KAS International Reports (7): 75.
- ISBN 9781317093671.
... The coalition brings together the Islamist Parti SeIslam Malaysia (PAS), the Chineseled left-liberal Democratic Action Party (DAP), originally the Malaysian branch of the Singapore People's Action Party, ...
- ^ ISBN 967-978-475-4.
- ISBN 978-81-7023-307-7.
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Notes
- ^ The party contested under the banner of the People's Justice Party as Pakatan Harapan was yet to be officially registered by the government, meaning its logo could not be used.
- James Chin. The Sarawak Chinese Voters and their support for the Democratic Action Party (DAP), Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2, 1996, pp 387–401
- James Chin. The Malaysian Chinese Dilemma: The Never Ending Policy (NEP), Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, Vol 3, 2009
Further reading
- Zhang, Kevin; Choo, John; Fong, Sok Eng (2022). The Democratic Action Party in Johor. ISEAS Publishing. ISBN 978-981-5011-11-1.