Democratic Party (Hong Kong)
Democratic Party 民主黨 | |
---|---|
Pro-democracy camp | |
Colours | Green |
Slogan | "Giving It All" |
Legislative Council | 0 / 90 |
District Councils | 0 / 470 |
Website | |
dphk | |
Democratic Party | |
---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin | Mínzhǔ Dǎng |
Bopomofo | ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄉㄤˇ |
Wade–Giles | Min2-chu3 Tang3 |
Tongyong Pinyin | Mín-jhǔ Dǎng |
IPA | [mǐn.ʈʂù tàŋ] |
Yue: Cantonese | |
Yale Romanization | Màhnjyú Dóng |
Jyutping | man4 zyu2 dong2 |
IPA | [mɐn˩ tsyː˧˥ tɔːŋ˧˥] |
Politics and government of Hong Kong |
Related topics Hong Kong portal |
The Democratic Party (DP) is a centre-left
The party was established in 1994 in a merger of the
Led by
As a response to the electoral gains of the
Following the
Party beliefs
This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2021) |
From the outset, the party supported the restoration of Chinese sovereignty over Hong Kong. However, since
The party proposed policies on various areas of governance through designated spokespersons, including:
- Amendment of the Basic Law to achieve more democracy and safeguard freedoms, while achieving closer economic co-operation with Mainland China.
- Protection of human rights.
- Maintain Hong Kong's status as an international finance and trade centre and improve its economic infrastructure (concrete details not given), as well as a more flexible way to control public expenditure.
- Better monitoring of public services and utilities (i.e. more accountability), and strengthened measures to protect the environment.
- More resources for education, with less vague policies.
- Reasonable (i.e. larger) share of economic achievements by the employee for the employee, and increased involvement by the Government to protect labour laws in accordance with social needs.
- Adopt measures to regulate property prices from fluctuation, and provide adequate public housing
- Increase spending on social welfare.
Overall, the Democratic Party advocates economic policies pretty close to liberalism in the sense of
The party's position on social or cultural issues is not well-defined but verges on the moderate, partly due to some support from centrist and Catholic supporters. In a way that may seem contradictory to traditional liberal ideology, the party generally opposes the legalisation of commercial sex or gambling operations. Although there is no official stance on same-sex marriage, the Democratic Party generally support to legalise laws which would prohibit discrimination against the LGBT community, despite part of the conservative wing of the party against it.
In recent years with the emergence of the pro-
History
Founding
The Democratic Party was founded with the merger of the two major
The like-minded liberals also formed the
In preparation for the
The United Democrats stood a firm anti-Beijing stances, criticising the Tiananmen crackdown and also the democratic situation. As a result, Lee and Szeto were deprived their posts in the Basic Law Drafting Committee and were accused of "treason". The United Democrats supported the last governor Chris Patten's democratic reform proposal, which allowed a much extended electorate for the first fully elected Legislative Council election in 1995 and was ferociously opposed by Beijing.
The United Democrats of Hong Kong and the Meeting Point further united by announcing the formation of the Democratic Party on 18 April 1994.[9] They formally merged into the Democratic Party on 2 October 1994, in eve of the three-tier elections in 1994 and 1995. Martin Lee became the first Chairman of the party and Anthony Cheung and Yeung Sum became the Vice-Chairmen, elected on the first general meeting on the establishment day. The ADPL continued to keep its own identity, arguing that it represented grassroots' interest whereas the Democratic Party was more focused on the "middle class".[6]
The founding manifesto of the Democratic Party said it would seek to further unite democratic forces, strive for a high degree of autonomy and an open, democratic government, and would promote welfare and equality in Hong Kong. The party also tried to appropriate the discourse of nationalism as it stated "We care for China and, as part of the Chinese citizenry, we have the rights and obligations to participate in and comment on the affairs of China." It also called for the condemnation of the 1989 Tiananmen Incident as well as an amendment of the Hong Kong Basic Law before 1997 to allow full election of the Chief Executive and the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.[10]
1994/95 elections and Provisional Legislative Council (1994–1998)
The electorate base of the 1995 LegCo election was largely extended by the
The party's stance conflicted with the PRC government's, which, for a while, earned the party more popularity and recognition both locally and overseas. The party chairman Martin Lee became well-known internationally in the run-up to reunification as a human rights and democracy fighter, and won a number of international human rights awards.
After Patten's reform package was passed, Beijing decided that the legislature elected in 1995 could not ride the "through train" beyond the handover of Hong Kong, as the first legislature of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR). Instead, Beijing set up a highly controlled Provisional Legislative Council (PLC) in December 1996. The Democratic Party refused to join the Selection Committee as it opposed to Beijing's decision "to scrap Hong Kong's elected legislature and replace it with a hand-picked version."[12] The party thus lost all 19 seats until the PLC was replaced by the first Legislative Council of the Hong Kong SAR in 1998.
At the midnight on 30 June just after the
Return to Legislative Council and early crises (1998–2002)
Decided by the Provisional Legislative Council, the
After the handover, the
The party also appeared to suffer from the internal dissension. In December 1998, the "Young Turks" led by Andrew To staged a successful coup d'état in the party leadership election, which promptly brought the party into a phase of factional struggle. The Young Turks formed their own list of about ten candidates to run for the Central Committee and nominated Lau Chin-shek to run for vice-chairman against the former Meeting Point chairman Anthony Cheung. Some hoped to make Lau as their factional leader, to lead the party from the Meeting Point faction's pro-middle class, pro-laissez-faire and pro-Beijing positions to a more pro-grassroots and confrontational position.[19] Although Lau was elected vice-chairman, he resigned after the election. Lau was subsequently forced to leave the party in June 2000 after a one-year membership freeze, due to Lau's Democratic Party/Frontier dual membership.
In a general meeting in September 1999, the Young Turks also proposed to put the minimum wage legislation on the 2000 LegCo election platform of the party. The Mainstreamers which included the "triumvirate", Yeung Sum, Cheung Man-kwong and Lee Wing-tat, saw the minimum wage debate was a challenge to the party authority and decide to fight back by joining hands with the Meeting Point faction to defeat the Young Turks. Andrew To wrote a newspaper article accusing the Mainstreamers of suppressing intra-party dissent, "just like the butchers in the Tiananmen massacre."[20] To's comment led to a backlash of opinion within the party and led to the defeat of the minimum wage motion.[20] The debate, largely took place in the mass media, publicised the factional rivalries and created a bad image within the party.[21]
The popular discontent and internal fragmentation appeared to have marked a turning point in the prospects of the Democratic Party and the DAB. In the 1999 District Council elections, the DAB more than doubled its representation, while Democratic Party performed less well than anticipated, winning 86 seats.[22] In the second LegCo election in the following year, Tsang Kin-shing and Steve Chan Kwok-leung left the party and ran as independents after failing to be nominated on the candidates list by the Central Committee.[23] The election results showed the party's share in the geographical constituencies dropped to 35%, and the party secured 9 out of the 24 directly elected seats. Its total number of seats in LegCo remained at 12.
In December 2002, Yeung Sum succeeded Martin Lee as Party chairman in the leadership change, legislator Albert Chan, belonging to the pro-grassroots relatively "radical" faction, left the party.[24] By the end of 2002, more than 50 members of the party which had already formed a political group, Social Democratic Forum, defected to the Frontier, mostly Young Turks.[24]
1 July 2003 march and rebound in popularity (2002–2004)
In 2002 and 2003 the party saw a rebound in popularity, largely due to the low popularity of the
In the following 2003 District Council elections in November, the pro-democracy camp turned the popular support into the demand of democratisation, universal suffrage of the Chief Executive and Legislative Council in 2007 and 2008, their primary goals for years. The Democratic Party received a great victory by claiming 95 seats out of the 120 candidates in the election.[26]
The civil movement in 2003 also broadened the spectrum of the pro-democracy camp. A number of pro-democracy groups such as
Campaign for 2007/08 universal suffrage and merge with the Frontier (2004–2008)
Although lack of breakthrough in the legislative elections, the pan-democracy maintains its basic position of seeking universal suffrage in 2007 and 2008 for Chief Executive and Legislative Council respectively, even though the NPCSC's interpretation of the Basic Law in April 2004 rejected the demand. After Tung Chee-hwa's resigned as Chief Executive in March 2005, Party chairman Lee Wing-tat attempted to run for the post against
In October 2005, Donald Tsang's administration issued a blueprint for the electoral reform. The proposal aimed to double to size of Election Committee to 1,600 and add 10 seats to the Legislative Council, half of which would be directly elected and the rest returned by District Councillors.[29] The pro-democracy parties criticised the proposal as conservative as it did not move towards to universal suffrage. In December, the camp held a mass rally against the government's reform package and demanded a timetable and road-map to democracy be attached to the proposal. The reform package was at last vetoed by the pan-democracy camp.[29] In December 2006, 114 of the 137 pro-democracy candidates filled by the Democratic Party and the newly established Civic Party won the Election Committee subsector elections which secured the threshold of 100 nominations to enter the next Chief Executive election.
Since early 2005, 24 members had quit the party, including district councillor Stephen Fong Chun-bong (who was forced out by the party) and Lau Tak-cheung. Twelve district councillors also left the party. Another district councillor died in a car accident. The number of district councillors decreased by 13 to 79. In March 2006, the Mainstreamer faction alleged that some senior members were involved in spying activities of China. The "suspects" were all Young Turks Reformist members including vice-chairman Chan King-ming and Gary Fan. The Young Turk members were all ousted in the following leadership election in December, with Mainstreamer Albert Ho defeating Chan King-ming as the new party chairman.
The democrats suffered a humiliating defeat in the District Council elections in November 2007. The Democratic Party took the heaviest loss of 36 seats as compared with 2003.[30] 23 of the party's incumbent Councillors were ousted, with just over half of its candidates elected.[31] The Democratic Party was by far outstripped by the Beijing loyalist DAB which won total of 115 seats, recapturing the loss in 2003 and also much expanding.
On 29 December 2007, the NPCSC unveiled a timetable for the universal suffrage of the Chief Executive in 2017 and for the entire Legislative Council by 2020 with a host of conditions. The NPCSC decision helped reducing the political pressure on Tsang while removing pan-democracy camp's key rallying cry in the following LegCo election, although the pro-democratic parties were still calling for the universal suffrage of the Chief Executive and Legislative Council in 2012.
In the 2008 LegCo election, the Democratic Party's share of vote further dropped to 20.6%, winning only 8 seats. The emerging pro-democratic parties professionals-formed Civic Party and left-wing League of Social Democrats (LSD) took the share of 13.7% and 10.1% and won 5 and 3 seats respectively. Facing the emerging new parties, the two old political parties the Democratic Party and the Frontier merged. At the time, the Democratic Party had 636 members, 8 legislators and 57 District Council members, while the Frontier had one legislator, Emily Lau, three District Councillors and around 110 members.[32] In the following month, Albert Ho was re-elected chairman, and Emily Lau became a Vice-Chairman of the new combined party in the party leadership election.[33]
2010 reform proposal breakthrough and 2012 elections (2008–2012)
In the following
Instead in May 2010, the party leaders met with the officials of the
The party's refusal of participating the by-election and the agreement with Beijing heavily damaged the solidarity of the pan-democracy camp. The "radical" League of Social Democrats accused the Democratic Party for "selling out" Hong Kong people. During the annual
In the Election Committee Subsector elections in December 2011, the pan-democracy camp was able to get more than 150 seats to secure the threshold of nominating a candidate in the 2012 Chief Executive election. Democratic Party chairman Albert Ho won over Frederick Fung of ADPL in the pan-democracy primary election[39][40] and stood for the camp in the election. The election was dominated by the two candidates from the pro-Beijing camp, Henry Tang and Leung Chun-ying and marked by scandals, dirty tactics and smears from both sides. Albert Ho fell behind in the opinion poll throughout the campaign partly due to the impossibility of him being elected by the Beijing-controlled Election Committee. The pan-democracy camp called for casting blank votes on the election day. During the election 1,132 votes were cast, CY Leung received 689; Henry Tang received 285, and Albert Ho received 76.[41]
In the
Umbrella movement and aftermath (2012–2019)
In March 2013, the Democrats formed the Alliance for True Democracy with other pan democratic parties for pressing the government to give out a genuinely democratic reform proposal. The party supported Benny Tai's Occupy Central with Love and Peace proposal to launch a civil disobedience movement to further pressure the Beijing government. The party took a supporting role in the 2014 Hong Kong protests with many of its party figures arrested. In June 2015, the party voted against the government's proposal.
In the 2015 District Council election, the Democrats won total number of 43 seats with several second-tier figures, including vice-chairman Lo Kin-hei and chief executive Lam Cheuk-ting, scored victories, while others like former chairman Albert Ho and vice-chairman Andrew Wan lost.[42]
For the
In the
The Democrats suffered a historic loss of headcount on 12 December 2018 when 59 members, including five District Councillors from New Territories East, resigned en masse, after a row over the 2019 District Council election, accusing Legislative Councillor Lam Cheuk-ting of despicable character, his lack of political ethics and conflict of interest.[46]
The relations between the party and Carrie Lam turned sour as the administration was embattled numerous controversies including the raising of the age threshold for the
Anti-extradition protest and security law (2019–)
The Democratic Party quickly warned about the possibility that the 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill could be used by China to have political dissidents extradited,[49] and was supportive to the protestors, subsequently became the largest party in the 2019 local elections. Democratic party member Lam Cheuk-ting was injured in the 2019 Yuen Long attack. In August 2020, he was arrested on charges of rioting during that attack,[50] and again in December 2020 for allegedly disclosing the personal information of individuals connected to it.[51]
The
The Democratic Party did not field a candidate for the 2021 legislative election, the first time since handover of Hong Kong in 1997, after a two-week application period to nominate party members ended without a candidate stepping forward.[52] Beijing loyalists had warned the Party not to "boycott" the election. Party divisions were exposed as Fred Li, former Democratic MP, Edith Leung, vice-chairlady, and So Yat-hang, member of the Central Committee, supported non-establishment candidate without party's consent, of which the former two were expelled from the party.[53]
Democrats re-elected Lo Kin-hei in December 2022 as chairman, days after Lo was acquitted of participating in an unlawful assembly close to the 2019 Polytechnic University siege.
The party did not run in the 2023 local elections, after its members failed to obtain enough nominations required after an overhaul of election rules.[54] while Fred Li was not re-appointed by the government as member of the quango Travel Industry Authority. This left the Democratic Party without any elected representatives nor public office positions starting from 2024, for the first time since its formation.[55]
Organisation
The Democratic Party is governed by a Central Committee, originally 30-member large but reduced to 10 in 2022, including one chairmanship and two vice-chairmanships elected by the party congress. All public office holders, including the members of the
Factions
- Mainstreamers – led by the "triumvirate", Yeung Sum, Cheung Man-kwong and Lee Wing-tat[59] and consisting of members including Albert Ho, Sin Chung-kai and Tik Chi-yuen.[citation needed] In 1999, Lee asserted that the Democratic Party should strive to serve as representative of middle class interests, and take balance between parliamentary politics and street action. Yeung and Lee were the party chairmen from 2002 to 2004 and 2004 to 2006 respectively.
- Meeting Point – consisting of former members of the Secretary for Transport and Housing by Leung Chun-yingin 2012; Andrew Fung quit the party in 2012 in an unpleasant manner and was appointed government's information coordinator in 2013.
- Young Turks – consisting of the relatively radical, left-wing and pro-grassroots activists and local-level party members including Steve Chan Kwok-leung, Tsang Kin-shing, Andrew Cheng, Albert Chan and Eric Wong Chung-ki. Led by Andrew To, the Young Turks believed that the party should take struggle over dialogue and mass movements over parliamentary politics as the party's strategy.[60] They also suggested adopting more grassroots platform such as minimum wage. The Young Turks were more like a "factional clique" than an organised faction as they were a group of young politicians with poor discipline and only had some vague common ideas, without a clear leader, coherent ideologies or positions.[61] The Young Turks attempted to challenge the party leadership by nominating Lau Chin-shek to run for vice-chairman against Anthony Cheung in the 1998 party leadership election.[62] Lau was expelled from the party in 2000 and Andrew To, Tsang Kin-shing and Albert Chan left the party and subsequently formed the left-wing League of Social Democrats in 2006.
- Reformists – as many original Young Turks left, a new Reformist group emerged as the main opposition faction against the Mainstreamers party leadership, which included New Territories East was the Reformists' stronghold; Chan King-ming was the Chairman of the New Territories East branch and Andrew Cheng was the legislator from the same constituency. The faction was involved in alleged spying activities of China which led to the intra-party investigation in 2006. Andrew Cheng and other Reformists quit after the party supported the controversial electoral reform package. Many of them became the backbone of the Neo Democratsformed in 2010.
Electoral performance
Chief Executive elections
Election | Candidate | No. of votes | % of votes |
---|---|---|---|
2005 | Lee Wing-tat | Not nominated | |
2012 | Albert Ho | 76 | 7.24 |
Legislative Council elections
Election | Number of popular votes |
% of popular votes |
GC seats |
FC seats |
EC seats |
Total seats | +/− | Position |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 385,428 | 41.87 | 12 | 5 | 2 | 19 / 60
|
4 | 1st |
1998 | 634,635 | 42.87 | 9 | 4 | 0 | 13 / 60
|
– | 1st |
2000 | 417,873 | 31.66 | 9 | 3 | 0 | 12 / 60
|
0 | 1st |
2004 | 445,988 | 25.19 | 7 | 2 | 9 / 60
|
2 | 3rd | |
2008 | 312,692 | 20.63 | 7 | 1 | 8 / 60
|
1 | 2nd | |
2012 | 247,220 | 13.65 | 4 | 2 | 6 / 70
|
2 | 2nd | |
2016 | 199,876 | 9.22 | 5 | 2 | 7 / 70
|
1 | 2nd | |
2021 | Did not contest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 / 90
|
0 | N/A |
Municipal elections
Election | Number of popular votes |
% of popular votes |
UrbCo seats |
RegCo seats |
Total elected seats |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 205,823 | 36.91 | 12 / 32
|
11 / 27
|
23 / 59
|
District Council elections
Election | Number of popular votes |
% of popular votes |
Total elected seats |
+/− |
---|---|---|---|---|
1994 | 157,929 | 23.01 | 75 / 346
|
15 |
1999 | 201,461 | 24.85 | 86 / 390
|
13 |
2003 | 223,675 | 21.27 | 95 / 400
|
17 |
2007 | 175,054 | 15.38 | 59 / 405
|
21 |
2011 | 205,716 | 17.42 | 47 / 412
|
3 |
2015 | 196,068 | 13.56 | 43 / 431
|
1 |
2019 | 362,275 | 12.36 | 91 / 452
|
54 |
2023 | Did not contest | 0 / 470
|
7 |
Leadership
Chairpersons
№ | Portrait | Chairperson (Birth–Death) |
Constituency | Took office | Left office | Duration | Leadership election |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Martin Lee (born 1938) |
Hong Kong Island East (1991–1997) Hong Kong Island (1998–2008) |
2 October 1994[n 1] | 1 December 2002 | 8 years and 61 days | 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000 | |
2 | Yeung Sum (born 1947) |
Hong Kong Island | 1 December 2002 | 17 December 2004 | 2 years and 17 days | 2002 | |
3 | Lee Wing-tat (born 1955) |
New Territories West | 17 December 2004 | 17 December 2006 | 2 years and 1 day | 2004 | |
4 | Albert Ho (born 1951) |
New Territories West | 17 December 2006 | 10 September 2012[n 2] | 5 years and 269 days | 2006, 2008, 2010 | |
5 | Emily Lau (born 1952) |
New Territories East | 10 September 2012 | 4 December 2016 | 4 years and 86 days | 2012, 2014 | |
6 | Wu Chi-wai (born 1962) |
Kowloon East | 4 December 2016 | 6 December 2020 | 4 years and 3 days | 2016, 2018 | |
7 | Lo Kin-hei (born 1984) |
Lei Tung II (District Council, 2011–2021) |
6 December 2020 | Incumbent | 3 years and 140 days | 2020, 2022 |
Vice-Chairpersons
Vice-Chairperson | Vice-Chairperson | Chairperson | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yeung Sum | 1994–2000 | Anthony Cheung | 1994–98 | Martin Lee | |
Lau Chin-shek | 1998 | ||||
Albert Ho | 1999–2000 | ||||
Law Chi-kwong | 2000–02 | Lee Wing-tat | 2000–04 | ||
Albert Ho | 2002–06 | Yeung Sum | |||
Chan King-ming | 2004–06 | Lee Wing-tat | |||
Sin Chung-kai | 2006–12 | Tik Chi-yuen | 2006–08 | Albert Ho | |
Emily Lau | 2008–12 | ||||
Lo Kin-hei | 2012–20 | Richard Tsoi | 2012–14 | Emily Lau | |
Andrew Wan | 2014–16 | ||||
Li Wing-shing
|
2016–18 | Wu Chi-wai | |||
Andrew Wan | 2018–20 | ||||
Edith Leung | 2020–22 | Lam Cheuk-ting | 2020–21 | Lo Kin-hei | |
Lee Wing-tat | 2021–22 | ||||
Vacant
|
Vacant
| ||||
Bonnie Ng | 2022– | Mok Kin-shing | 2022– |
Secretaries
- Law Chi-kwong, 1994–1998
- Cheung Yin-tung, 1998–2006
- Peggy Ha Ving-vung, 2006–08
- Cheung Yin-tung, 2008–14, 2016–20
- Li Wing-shing, 2014–16
Treasurers
- Andrew Fung Wai-kwong, 1994–2000
- Wong Bing-kuen, 2000–02
- Tsui Hon-kwong, 2002–06
- Cheung Yin-tung, 2006–08
- Tsui Hon-kwong, 2008–12
- Stanley Ng, 2012–14
- Ramon Yuen, 2014–18
- Sin Chung-kai, 2018–21
Vice-secretaries
- Mark Li Kin-yin, 2014–2016
Representatives
The Democratic Party has no elected representatives as of 2024.
See also
- Democratic development in Hong Kong
- Liberalism in Hong Kong
- Liberal democracy
- List of liberal parties
Notes
- ^ Majority merged into the Democratic Party on 23 November 2008.
References
- ^ a b Lee 2011, p. 206.
- ISBN 978-0-19-087070-6. Archivedfrom the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
The main pro-democracy parties are the centrist Democratic Party and the professional-oriented Civic Party.
- ^ JSTOR 42704125.
- ^ Cheng, Selina (9 July 2021). "Exodus of Hong Kong district councillors continues over oath-taking 'threat' to claw back wages". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
- ^ Lee 2011, p. 71.
- ^ a b Allen 1997, p. 169.
- ^ Lau & Louie 1993, p. 118.
- ^ Beatty 2003, p. 21.
- ^ Preston 2001, p. 72.
- ^ Chan 1997, p. 69.
- ^ Beatty 2003, p. 26.
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- ^ Eur 2002, p. 333.
- ^ Bush 2005, p. 95.
- ^ Khun & Gilles 2009, p. 79-80.
- ^ Krasner 2013, p. 133.
- ^ Sharpe 2001, p. 3.
- ^ Nery 2008, p. 49-50.
- .
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- ^ Kuan, Lau & Wong 2002, p. 140.
- ^ Preston 2001, p. 77.
- ^ Kuan, Lau & Wong 2002, p. 144.
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- ^ Poon 2007, p. 164.
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- ^ Party pact sees women as kings of a new frontier Archived 30 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ "'Great reconciliation': Chief Exec. Carrie Lam donates HK$30k to Democratic Party at its anniversary dinner". Hong Kong Free Press. 21 March 2018. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
- ^ "Hong Kong Democrats lose 59 members after row over district council elections". South China Morning Post. 12 December 2018. Archived from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
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- ^ Wong, Rachel (26 August 2020). "Two Hong Kong democrats arrested over 2019 protests; Lam Cheuk-ting detained over alleged 'rioting' during Yuen Long mob attack". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
- ^ Kwan, Rhoda (28 December 2020). "Ex-Hong Kong lawmaker Lam Cheuk-ting arrested again over Yuen Long mob attacks". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
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- Lam, Wai-man; Lui, Percy Luen-tim; Wong, Wilson, eds. (2012). Contemporary Hong Kong Government and Politics: Expanded Second Edition. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789888139477.
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- Lee, Eliza Wing-Yee, ed. (2011). Gender and Change in Hong Kong: Globalization, Postcolonialism, and Chinese Patriarchy. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0774841900.
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- Pepper, Suzanne (2008). Keeping Democracy at Bay: Hong Kong and the Challenge of Chinese Political Reform. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0742508774.
- Poon, Kit (2007). The Political Future of Hong Kong: Democracy Within Communist China. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415434386.
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External links
- Democratic Party official site
- Democratic Party on Facebook