Demographic history of Poland
The Poles come from different West Slavic tribes living on territories belonging later to Poland in the early Middle Ages.
Kingdom of Poland (966–1569)
Around the year 1000, the population of the
Although the population of the
Around 1490, the combined population of Poland and Lithuania, in a personal union (the Polish–Lithuanian union) since the Union of Krewo a century before, is estimated at 8 million.[4] An estimate for 1493 gives the combined population of Poland and Lithuania at 7.5 million (including 3.9 million in the Kingdom of Poland[5]), breaking them down by ethnicity at 3.25 million Poles, 3.75 million Ruthenians and 0.5 million Lithuanians.[6] The Ruthenians composed most of the population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: this is the reason that the late GDL is often called a Slavic country, alongside Poland, Russia, etc. In time, the adjective "Lithuanian" came to denote a Slav of the Grand Duchy.[7]
Eventually, the Lithuanian speakers came to be known as Samogitians (see also Samogitian nobility), after the province in which they were the dominant majority.[7] Another estimate for the combined population at the beginning of the 16th century gives 7.5 million, roughly split evenly, due to the much larger territory of the Grand Duchy (with about 10-15 people per square km in Poland and 3-5 people per square km in the Grand Duchy, and even less in the south-east Cossack borderlands).[3][8] By 1500, about 15% of Poland's population lived in urban centers (settlements with over 500 people).[9]
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
By 1600, about 25% of Poland's population lived in urban centers (settlements with over 500 people).
The population of the Commonwealth of both nations was never overwhelmingly either
From 1648 to 1660, the Commonwealth lost between 30% and 50% of its population.[13] During the Great Northern War, Poland's population contracted by 25% in 1709–1711.[14]
To be Polish, in the non-Polish lands of the Commonwealth, was then much less an index of
As a result, in the eastern territories a Polish (or Polonized) aristocracy dominated a peasantry whose great majority was neither Polish nor Roman Catholic. Moreover, the decades of peace brought huge
Until the
In the late 18th century, the first statistical estimates of Commonwealth population appeared. Aleksander Busching estimated the number of Commonwealth population for 8.5 million; Józef Wybicki in 1777 for 5,391,364; Stanisław Staszic in 1785 for 6 million; and Fryderyk Moszyński in 1789 for 7,354,620.[21] Modern estimates tend to be higher; by 1770, on the eve of the partitions, Commonwealth had a population of about 11m[22]-14m,[23][24] about 10% of that - Jewish.[22] The nobility constituted about 10%, the burghers, about 7-8%.[22]
Partitions (1795–1918)
By the First Partition in 1772, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lost about 211 000 km2 (30% of its territory, amounting at that time to about 733 000 km2),[25] with a population of over four to five million people (about a third of its population of 14 million before the partitions).[24]
After the Second Partition, Commonwealth lost about 307 000 km2, being reduced to 223 000 km2.[25] Only about 4 million people remained in Poland at that time, which makes for a loss of another third of its original population, about a half of the remaining.[26]
After the Third Partition, overall, Austria had gained about 18 percent of the former Commonwealth territory (130,000 km2) and about 32 percent of the population (3.85 million people).[27] Prussia had gained about 20 percent of the former Commonwealth territory 149,000 km2) and about 23 percent of the population (2.6 million people).[27] Russia had gained about 62 percent of the former Commonwealth territory (462,000 km2) and about 45 percent of the population (3.5 million people).[27]
An estimate for 1815 gives 11.5 million Poles, out of which 5m were under Russian control (4 million in Congress Poland and 1 million in the territories incorporated into the Russian Empire), 3.5m in the Prussian partition territories and 3m in the Austrian partition territories.[28]
Second Polish Republic and World War II (1918–1945)
Before World War II, the Polish lands were noted for the variety of their ethnic communities. Following the
According to historian
The detailed figures for the census published by the Polish government provided a breakdown by religion for the various language groups, the details of the
Breakdown of Total 1931 Polish Population by Language and Religion
Language | Total | Roman Catholics | Greek Catholics | Eastern Orthodox | Protestant | Other Christian | Jewish | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polish | 21,993,444 | 20,333,333 | 487,034 | 497,290 | 218,993 | 55,148 | 371,821 | 4,410 |
Ukrainian | 3,221,975 | 12,617 | 1,676,763 | 1,501,308 | 6,705 | 23,241 | 255 | 31 |
Ruthenian | 1,219,647 | 12,914 | 1,163,749 | 38,754 | 541 | 2,694 | 292 | 84 |
Belarusian | 989,852 | 77,790 | 2,303 | 903,557 | 519 | 4,153 | 200 | 1,020 |
Russian | 138,713 | 18,777 | 908 | 99,636 | 5769 | 34,957 | 444 | 105 |
Lithuanian | 83,116 | 82,723 | 5 | 105 | 200 | 11 | 18 | 1 |
Czech | 38,097 | 8,984 | 251 | 21,672 | 5,769 | 1,237 | 95 | 2 |
German | 740,992 | 118,470 | 284 | 64 | 598,944 | 15,863 | 6,827 | 8 |
Yiddish | 2,489,034 | - | - | - | - | - | 2,487,844 | 0 |
Hebrew | 243,539 | - | - | - | - | - | 243,527 | 0 |
Local | 707,088 | 1,477 | 524 | 696,397 | 786 | 7,678 | 75 | 42 |
Other | 11,119 | 6,088 | 581 | 1,157 | 1384 | 269 | 454 | 940 |
Not Declared | 39,163 | 13,778 | 3,762 | 2,544 | 758 | 167 | 2081 | 107 |
Total | 31,915,779 | 20,670,051 | 3,336,164 | 3,762,484 | 835,258 | 145,418 | 3,113,933 | 6,750 |
Figures may not add due to omitted answers and those not practicing or declaring a religion. Source: Polish Main Statistical Office (1931)
Breakdown of Total 1931 Polish Population by Language and Religion Figures as % of Total Population
Language | Total | Roman Catholics | Greek Catholics | Eastern Orthodox | Protestant | Other Christian | Jewish | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polish | 68.91% | 63.71% | 1.53% | 1.56% | 0.69% | 0.17% | 1.17% | 0.01% |
Ukrainian | 10.10% | 0.04% | 5.25% | 4.70% | 0.02% | 0.2% | - | - |
Ruthenian | 3.82% | 0.04% | 3.65% | 0.12% | - | - | - | - |
Belarusian | 3.10% | 0.24% | - | 2.83% | - | 0.01% | - | - |
Russian | 0.43% | 0.06% | - | 0.31% | 0.02% | 0.2% | 0.11% | - |
Lithuanian | 0.26% | 0.26% | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Czech | 0.12% | 0.03% | - | 0.07% | 0.02% | - | - | - |
German | 2.32% | 0.37% | - | - | 1.88% | 0.05% | 0.02% | - |
Yiddish | 7.8% | - | - | - | - | - | 7.8% | - |
Hebrew | 0.76% | - | - | - | - | - | 0.76% | - |
Local | 3.10% | - | - | 2.18% | - | 0.02% | - | - |
Other | 0.03% | 0.02% | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Total | 100% | 64.76% | 10.45% | 11.79% | 2.62% | .46% | 9.76% | 0.02% |
Figures may not add due to omitted answers and those not practicing or declaring a religion. Source: Polish Main Statistical Office (1931)
In the southeast, Ukrainian settlements were present in the regions east of
Second World War (1939–1945)
- See supplements: Holocaust in Poland
In the beginning of the war (September 1939) the territory of Poland was divided between the
After both occupiers divided the territory of Poland between themselves, they conducted a series of actions aimed at
Description (see: Legend) | Total | Poles | Jews | Germans | Others (Ukrainians/Belarusians) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Population 1939 (by Language Spoken) | 35,000,000 | 24,300,000 | 3,200,000 | 800,000 | 6,700,000 |
2. Natural Increase 1939-1945 | 1,300,000 | 1,000,000 | 300,000 | ||
3. Transfer of German Population | (760,000) | (760,000) | |||
4 A. Deaths Due to German Occupation | (5,670,000) | (2,770,000) | (2,800,000) | (100,000) | |
4 B. Deaths Due to Soviet Occupation | (150,000) | (150,000) | |||
5. Population Remaining in the USSR |
(7,800,000) | (1,000,000) | (100,000) | 0 | (6,700,000) |
6. Emigration to the West | (480,000) | (280,000) | (200,000) | ||
7. Population gain Recovered Territories | 1,260,000 | 1,130,000 | 0 | 130,000 | 0 |
8. Re-Immigration 1946-50 | 200,000 | 200,000 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
9. Natural Increase 1946-1950 | 2,100,000 | 2,100,000 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10. Population 1950 | 25,000,000 | 24,530,000 | 100,000 | 170,000 | 200,000 |
1. Population 1939 -Polish sources allocate the population by the
2. Natural Increase October 1939-December 1945 -After the war Polish demographers calculated the estimated natural population growth that occurred during the war.[40]
3. Transfer of German Population Most of the ethnic German population fled during the war. Many of them were sent to forced labour.[41][circular reference]. In 1950 only about 40,000 of the pre-war ethnic German group remained in Poland in 1950, most of whom emigrated later in the 1950s.[42] Others were also expelled [43][circular reference].
4. War Dead In August 2009 the Polish
The figures also include 150,000 victims of Soviet repression.Deaths Due to German Occupation
Poles-The Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) figure for deaths of Poles due to the German occupation is 2,770,000. This figure includes "Direct War Losses" -543,000; "Murdered in Camps and in Pacification" -506,000; "Deaths in prisons and Camps" 1,146,000; "Deaths outside of prisons and Camps" 473,000; "Murdered in Eastern Regions" 100,000; "Deaths in other countries" 2,000. These figures include about 200,000 Polish speaking Jews who are considered Poles in Polish sources.[47]
Jews-Polish researchers have determined that the Nazis murdered 1,860,000 Polish Jews in the extermination camps in Poland, plus another 1.0 million Polish Jewish deaths in prisons and ghettos. In addition 970,000 Jews from other nations were murdered in the Nazi extermination camps in Poland.[48]
In the Polish figures of war dead are included 2.0 million Polish citizens of the
Deaths Due to Soviet Occupation
The Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated that 150,000 Polish citizens were executed due to Soviet repressions or died during deportations. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation.[51] Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets.[52]
5.
6. Emigration to the West Poles and Jews who remained in non communist countries after the war.
7. Population gain Recovered Territories Germans remaining in Poland after the war in the Recovered Territories. This group included 1,130,000 bi-lingual Polish-German persons who declared their allegiance to Poland. Also remaining in 1950 were 94,000 German nationals, 36,000 Germans from pre-war Danzig and 1,500 ethnic Germans of other nations. Most of this group emigrated to Germany after 1956. The ethnic German population remaining in the 1990s was about 300,000.[53]
8. Reimmigration 1946-50 Poles resident in western Europe before the war, primarily in Germany and France, who returned to Poland after the war.[54]
9. Natural Increase 1946-1950 This is the official Polish government data for births and
10. Population December 1950 Per Census The total population per the December 1950 census was 25 million. A breakdown by ethnic group was not given. However, we can estimate the Jewish population based on the postwar census taken by the Jewish community. Data for the Germans and others who remained in Poland after the war can be estimated using the 1946 Polish census[54]
Post-Second World War (1945–present)
Early post-war period
Before
The population of
Poland's population diminished from 35 million in 1939 to just under 24 million in 1946.[56] According to the national census, which took place on 14 February 1946, the number of inhabitants was 23,930,000, out of which 32% lived in cities and towns, and 68% lived in the countryside. The 1950 census (3 December 1950) showed the population rise to 25,008,000, and the 1960 census (6 December 1960) placed the population of Poland at 29,776,000.[57] In 1950, Warsaw was the biggest city of the country, with population of 804,000. Second was Lodz (pop. 620,000), third Kraków (pop. 344,000), fourth Poznan (pop. 321,000), and fifth Wroclaw (pop. 309,000).
Females were in the majority in the country. In 1931, there were 105.6 women for 100 men. In 1946, the difference grew to 118.5/100, but in subsequent years, number of males grew, and in 1960, the ratio was 106.7/100.
Current situation
Most
As a result of the migrations and the Soviet Unions radically altered borders under the rule of
Small populations of Polish Tatars still exist. Some Polish towns, mainly in northeastern Poland have mosques. Tatars arrived as mercenary soldiers beginning in the late 14th century. The Tatar population reached approximately 100,000 in 1630 but is less than 500 in 2000. See also Islam in Poland.[58]
General statistics
Demographics estimates for period before statistics and reliable data collection from censuses should be seen as giving only a rough order of magnitude, not any precise number.[3]
Changes of Poland's population through centuries
Date | Population | Population density km2 |
State |
---|---|---|---|
2009 | 38,130,302[60] | Poland | |
2006 | 38 125 000 | 122,0 | Poland |
2000 | 38 253 955 | 122,0 | Poland |
1995 | 38 610 000 | Poland | |
1990 | 38 183 000 | Poland | |
7 XII 1988 | 37 879 000 | 121,1 | People's Republic of Poland
|
7 XII 1978 | 35 061 000 | 112,2 | People's Republic of Poland |
8 XII 1970 | 32 642 000 | 104,4 | People's Republic of Poland |
6 XII 1960 | 29 776 000 | 95,3 | People's Republic of Poland |
3 XII 1950 | 25 008 000 | 80,0 | People's Republic of Poland |
14 II 1946 | 23 930 000 | 76,6 | People's Republic of Poland |
31 XII 1938 | 34 849 000 | 89,7 | Second Polish Republic |
9 XII 1931 | 32 107 000 | 82,6 | Second Polish Republic |
30 IX 1921 | 27 177 000 | 69,9 | Second Polish Republic |
1911 | 21 220 000 | Partitioned Poland
| |
1846 | 11 107 000 | Partitioned Poland | |
c. 1772 | 14 000 000 | 19 | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth |
c. 1650 | 11 000 000 | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | |
c. 1500 | 7 500 000 | 15 in Poland 5 in Grand Duchy |
Polish–Lithuanian union |
1370 | 2 500 000 | 9,3 | Kingdom of Poland
|
1320 | 1 750 000 | 8 | Kingdom of Poland |
c. 1000 | 1 800 000 | 7 | Kingdom of Poland |
Sources: GUS, The World Factbook
Urban demographics statistics
Changes in the population of major Polish cities.
- Note that this table contains information on some cities that are not within the borders of modern Poland, and others that have not been within those borders for many centuries. See Territorial changes of Polandfor more details on that issue.
Year /City |
Warszawa (Warsaw) |
Kraków | Poznań[61] | Wrocław (Breslau) |
Gdańsk (Danzig) |
Toruń | Szczecin (Stettin) |
Lublin | Wilno (Vilnius) |
Lwów (Lviv) |
Kijów (Kyiv) |
Ryga (Riga) |
Łódź | Bydgoszcz |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1150 | 7000[62] | |||||||||||||
1200 | 30000 | |||||||||||||
1242 | 12000[62] | |||||||||||||
1300 | 14000[62] | 14000[62] | 6000[62] | 20000[62] | ||||||||||
1325 | 15000[62] | |||||||||||||
1329 | 16000[62] | |||||||||||||
1348 | 22000[62] | 10000 | ||||||||||||
1367 | 7700[62] | |||||||||||||
1378 | 8500[62] | 12000 | ||||||||||||
1387 | 13000 | 30000[62] | ||||||||||||
1400 | 18000[62] | 21000[62] | 10000[62] | 20000[62] | ||||||||||
1430 | 20000[62] | 10000 | ||||||||||||
1470 | 21000[62] | |||||||||||||
1500 | 6500[9] | 18000[9] -22000[62] |
6500[9] -20000[62] |
21000[62] | 30000[9][62] | 8000[9] -10000 |
25000[62] | 8000[9] | ||||||
1525 | 22000[62] | |||||||||||||
1534 | 650 | |||||||||||||
1549 | 22000[62] | |||||||||||||
1550 | 9000[62] | 35000[62] | 30000[62] | |||||||||||
1564 | 10000[62] | |||||||||||||
1579 | 34200[62] | |||||||||||||
1595 | 20000[62] | 22000[63] | 20000[63] | 40000[63] | 20000[63] | |||||||||
1600 | 25000[9] -35000[62] |
26000[62] -28000[9] |
20000[9][64] -25000[62] |
33000[62] | 49000[62] -70000[9] |
12000[9] -15000 |
12000[62] | 40000[62] | 10000[62] -20000[9] |
|||||
1609 | 37000[62] | |||||||||||||
1620 | 8000[65] | |||||||||||||
1622 | 70000 | 18000 | 8400 | 10500[62] | ||||||||||
1624 | 48000[62] | |||||||||||||
1647 | 15000 | |||||||||||||
1650 | 6025 | 45000[62] | ||||||||||||
1653 | 21000[62] | |||||||||||||
1655 | 14000[64] | |||||||||||||
1662 | 18500 | |||||||||||||
1669 | 14500[62] | 12000 | ||||||||||||
1677 | 23000 | |||||||||||||
1700 | 21000[62] | 30000[62] | 40000[62] | 50000[62] | 40000[62] | 20000[62] | ||||||||
1709 | 12000[64] | 11000[62] | ||||||||||||
1711 | 41000[62] | |||||||||||||
1727 | 41000[62] | 11000[62] | ||||||||||||
1742 | 41000[62] | 20000[62] | ||||||||||||
1747 | 50000[62] | |||||||||||||
1750 | 28000[62] | 51000[62] | 48000[62] | 13000[62] | 21000[62] | 25000[62] | 22000[62] | |||||||
1756 | 55000[62] | |||||||||||||
1760 | 30000[62] | |||||||||||||
1766 | 60000[66] | 29000[62] | ||||||||||||
1772 | 15000[62] | 21000[62] | 30000[62] | 700 | ||||||||||
1775 | 10000 | 39000[62] | ||||||||||||
1788 | 23000[67] | |||||||||||||
1791 | 23591 | |||||||||||||
1792 | 120000[62] | 15000[64] | ||||||||||||
1796 | 22000 | 16000[64] | 6200 | 17,500 | 19000[62] | 191 | ||||||||
1797 | 12000[62] | |||||||||||||
1798 | 24500[62] | |||||||||||||
1800 | 75000[62] | 25000[62] | 19000[64] | 65000[62] | 41000[62] | 18500[62] | 6900 | 25500[62] | 42000[62] | 19000[62] | 29500 | 428 | 4691 | |
1802 | 27000[62] | |||||||||||||
1803 | 16000[62] -18000[64] |
7000 | 44500 | |||||||||||
1811 | 62504 | 56300 | 23000[62] | |||||||||||
1817 | 6910 | |||||||||||||
1818 | 33600 | |||||||||||||
1822 | 43900 | |||||||||||||
1824 | 22000[64] | 8500 | ||||||||||||
1829 | 140000[62] | |||||||||||||
1830 | 139700 | 42000 | 4343 | |||||||||||
1831 | 31000[64] | 8600 | ||||||||||||
1834 | 52400 | |||||||||||||
1836 | 56100 | |||||||||||||
1839 | 54700 | |||||||||||||
1843 | 42900 | |||||||||||||
1845 | 11000 | 50000[62] | ||||||||||||
1846 | 54200 | |||||||||||||
1848 | 42000[64] | |||||||||||||
1849 | 48000[62] | 111000[62] | 64000[62] | 10500 | 47000[62] | 45000[62] | 75000[62] | 10263 | ||||||
1850 | 163000[62] | 42000[62] | 43000[62] | 115000[62] | 64000[62] | 48000[62] | 56000[62] | 71000[62] | 60000 | 15764 | ||||
1851 | 164000[62] | 121000[62] | 80000[62] | |||||||||||
1852 | 44000[62] | 121052 | 67000[62] | 11592 | 52000[62] | 65400 | 56000[62] | 12900 | ||||||
1860 | 158000 | 50000 | 43000[64] -51000 |
60000 | 68000 | 32639 | ||||||||
1870 | 66000 | 54400[64] | 64200 | |||||||||||
1875 | 82700 | |||||||||||||
1880 | 65713[68] | 272912[69] | 108551[70] | 20617[71] | 91756[72] | 34044[73][74] | ||||||||
1882 | 383000 | |||||||||||||
1885 | 102900 | |||||||||||||
1886 | 232000 | |||||||||||||
1890 | 383000 | 69100 | 69627[68] -69900[64] |
335186[69] | 120338[70] | 27018[71] | 116228[72] | 90000 | 110000 | 41399[73] | ||||
1895 | 73200[64] | 46400 | ||||||||||||
1897 | 46301 | 154500 | 255879 | 283206 | ||||||||||
1900 | 593800 | 85000 | 110000[64] -117033[68] |
422709[69] | 140563[70] | 29635[71] | 210702[72] | 53600 | 139000 | 150000 | 314020 | 52204[73] | ||
1905 | 136800[64] | 343944 | ||||||||||||
1909 | 205200 | |||||||||||||
1910 | 781000 | 143000 | 156691[68] | 512105[69] | 170337[70] | 46227[71] | 236113[72] | 181000 | 196000 | 57696[73] | ||||
1911 | 238600 | |||||||||||||
1916 | 140800 | |||||||||||||
1917 | 156400[64] | |||||||||||||
1919 | 128500 | |||||||||||||
1921 | 936700 | 184000 | 169400[64] | 37400 | 94412 | 129000 | 219000 | 452000 | 90095 | |||||
1931 | 1179500 | 219000 | 246700[64] | 54280 | 112539 | 195071 | 312000 | 586000 | 605467 | 117528 | ||||
1939 | 1289000 | 259000 | 275000[64] | 629565 | 80000 | 287419 | 122000 | 209400 | 318000 | 846724 | 672000 | 143100 | ||
1946 | 478755 | 299396 | 268000[64] | 170656 | 117894 | 68000 | 72948 | 99400 | 496929 | 134614 | ||||
1950 | 822036 | 343638 | 320670 | 308925 | 194633 | 80600 | 178907 | 116629 | 482300 | 620273 | 162524 | |||
1960 | 1139189 | 481296 | 408100[64] | 430522 | 286940 | 104900 | 269318 | 181304 | 709698 | 232007 | ||||
1970 | 1315648 | 583444 | 471900[64] | 526000 | 365600 | 129900 | 338000 | 238500 | 372100 | 553500 | 1631908 | 731800 | 762699 | 282200 |
1975 | 1436122 | 684600 | 516000[64] | 575890 | 420977 | 149200 | 369690 | 271955 | 795600 | 798263 | 322657 | |||
1980 | 1596073 | 715707 | 552900[64] | 617687 | 456707 | 174400 | 388322 | 304424 | 2191500 | 835658 | 348631 | |||
1985 | 1659385 | 740122 | 575134 | 637207 | 468616 | 191305 | 392309 | 326991 | 544400 | 2461000 | 847864 | 366424 | ||
1990 | 1655661 | 750540 | 590000 | 643218 | 465143 | 202200 | 413437 | 351353 | 597000 | 909135 | 848258 | 381534 | ||
1995 | 1653112 | 744987 | 578900 | 641974 | 463019 | 204700 | 418156 | 354552 | 578327 | 824988 | 823215 | 386056 | ||
2000 | 1610471 | 758715 | 571600 | 633857 | 456574 | 204300 | 416485 | 358933 | 554281 | 2615300 | 764329 | 793217 | 375676 | |
2004 | 1692854 | 757430 | 570778 | 636268 | 459072 | 208278 | 411900 | 355998 | 548418 | 735241 | 774004 | 368235 | ||
2010 | 1720398 | 756183 | 555614 | 632996 | 456967 | 208278 | 405606 | 348450 | 542828 | 757600 | 2786518 | 705703 | 730633 | 364443 |
2015 | 698086[75] |
See also
References
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- ^ Piesowicz, Kazimierz. Demographic effects of World War II. [Demograficzne skutki II wojny swiatowej.] Studia Demograficzne, No. 1/87, 1987. 103-36 pp. Warsaw, Poland. (Piesowicz put the total war dead at 6.0 million. He also notes that all the figures are approximated.)
- ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6
- ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington-1954
- natural death rateof 1938 as being constant, we will derive an increase of 1.300 million from 1939-45.)
- ^ pl:Deportacje z terenów Śląska do Związku Radzieckiego w 1945 roku[circular reference]
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- ^ Upper Silesia
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- ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6, Pages 29-30
- ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6, Page 32
- ^ a b Krystyna Kersten, Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI- 1994.
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- ^ a b c Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku / Andrzej Gawryszewski. Warsaw 2005.
- ^ "Jews in Poland Since 1939" (PDF) Archived November 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, Yale University Press, 2005
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- ^ [Statistical Yearbook of Poland, Warsaw, 1965]
- Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration. Retrieved on 9 September 2007.
- ^ http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/swiat/sueddeutsche-zeitung-polska-przezywa-najwieksza-fale-emigracji-od-100-lat/yrtt0"Sueddeutsche Zeitung": Polska przeżywa największą falę emigracji od 100 lat
- ^ "Eurostat: Country Profiles: Poland". Statistical Office of the European Communities. 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
- ^ See details: Historical population of Poznań
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df Tertius Chandler, 1987, Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellon Press
- ^ a b c d M. Bogucka, H. Samsonowicz, Dzieje miast i mieszczaństwa w Polsce przedrozbiorowej, Wrocław 1986
- ^ ISBN 83-210-0316-8
- ^ Bogucka, Maria; Kwiatkowska, Maria; Kwiatkowski, Marek; Tomkiewicz, Władysław; Zahorski, Andrzej. Warszawa w latach 1526-1795 [Warsaw in the years 1526-1795].
- ^ Lexykon Geograficzny Dla Gruntownego Poięcia Gazet I Historyi (in Polish). Vilnius. 1766. p. 602.
- ^ J. Ochmański, Historia Litwy, Warszawa 1982, s. 170; idem, Zaludnienie Litwy w r. 1790, „Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Adama Mickiewicz w Poznaniu, Historia” 1967, t. 7, s. 269–279.
- ^ a b c d Michael Rademacher. "Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Provinz Posen, Kreis Posen". Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ a b c d Michael Rademacher. "Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Schlesien, Breslau". Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ a b c d Michael Rademacher. "Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Westpreuen, Danzig". Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ a b c d Michael Rademacher. "Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Westpreuen, Thorn". Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ a b c d Michael Rademacher. "Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Pommern, Kreis Stettin". Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ a b c d Michael Rademacher. "Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Provinz Posen, Kreis Bromberg". Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ Christian Aschoff. "retro-bib – Seite aus Meyers Konversationslexikon: Bromberg – Bromelia". Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-16. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
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