Demographics of Texas

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

According to the

second largest state in population after California, with a population of 30,503,301, an increase of more than 1.3 million people, or 4.7%, since the 29,145,505 of the 2020 census.[1][2] Its apportioned population in 2020 was 29,183,290.[3] Since the beginning of the 21st century, the state of Texas has experienced strong population growth.[4][5] Texas has many major cities and metropolitan areas, along with many towns and rural areas. Much of the population is concentrated in the major cities of Dallas–Fort Worth, Austin, San Antonio, Houston, McAllen, and El Paso and their corresponding metropolitan areas. The first four aforementioned main urban centers are also referred to as the Texas Triangle megaregion
.

Population

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
1850212,592
1860604,215184.2%
1870818,57935.5%
18801,591,74994.5%
18902,235,52740.4%
19003,048,71036.4%
19103,896,54227.8%
19204,663,22819.7%
19305,824,71524.9%
19406,414,82410.1%
19507,711,19420.2%
19609,579,67724.2%
197011,196,73016.9%
198014,229,19127.1%
199016,986,51019.4%
200020,851,82022.8%
201025,145,56120.6%
202029,145,50515.9%
2023 (est.)30,503,3014.7%
1910–2020 census; 2023.[6][2]

Texas is the second-largest U.S. state in population, after California.

South Central United States, and the most populous state in the South.[8]
Texas' population growth between 2000 and 2010 represents the highest population increase, by number of people, for any U.S. state during this time period.

At the 2020 United States census it was reported that Texas had a resident population of 29,145,505,[1] a 15.9% increase since the 2010 U.S. census. Its apportioned population in 2020 was 29,183,290.[3] At the 2010 census, Texas had a population of 25.1 million—an increase of 4.3 million since the year 2000, involving an increase in population in all three subcategories of population growth: natural increase (births minus deaths), net immigration, and net migration. Texas added almost 4 million people between the 2010 and 2020 census'.[9]

Increasing by 470,708 people since July 2021, Texas was the largest-gaining state in the nation, reaching a total population of 30,029,572.[10] By crossing the 30-million-population threshold, Texas joins California as the only states with a resident population above 30 million as of 2023. Growth in Texas was fueled by gains from all three components: net domestic migration (230,961), net international migration (118,614), and natural increase (118,159).[11]

As of 2012, the state had an estimated 4.1 million foreign-born residents, constituting approximately 15% of the state population at the time.[12] An estimated 1.7 million people were undocumented immigrants in 2014.[13] The undocumented population of Texas decreased to an estimated 1,597,000 at the 2016 American Community Survey. Of the undocumented immigrant population, 960,000 have resided in Texas from less than 5 up to 14 years. An estimated 637,000 lived in Texas from 15 to 19 and 20 years or more. The undocumented immigrant population rebounded to 1,730,000 in 2018.[14]

The center of population of Texas is located at 30°54′19″N 97°21′56″W / 30.905244°N 97.365594°W / 30.905244; -97.365594 in Bell County, in the town of Holland.[8]

Net domestic migration

Year[15] In-migrants Out-migrants Net migration
2010 486,558 411,641 74,917
2011 514,726 404,839 109,887
2012 507,752 402,187 105,565
2013 548,034 409,977 138,057
2014 538,572 435,107 103,465
2015 553,032 445,343 107,689
2016 531,996 444,340 87,656
2017 524,511 467,338 57,173
2018 563,945 462,140 101,805
2019 559,661 453,015 106,646

Race and ethnicity

Texas – Racial and Ethnic Composition
(NH = Non-Hispanic)
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity Pop 2000[16] Pop 2010[17] Pop 2020[18] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White
alone (NH)
10,933,313 11,397,345 11,584,597 52.43% 45.33% 39.75%
Black or African American
alone (NH)
2,364,255 2,886,825 3,444,712 11.34% 11.48% 11.82%
Alaska Native
alone (NH)
68,859 80,586 85,425 0.33% 0.32% 0.29%
Asian alone (NH) 554,445 948,426 1,561,518 2.66% 3.77% 5.36%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 10,757 17,920 27,857 0.05% 0.07% 0.10%
Some Other Race alone (NH) 19,958 33,980 113,584 0.10% 0.14% 0.39%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) 230,567 319,558 886,095 1.11% 1.27% 3.04%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 6,669,666 9,460,921 11,441,717 31.99% 37.62% 39.26%
Total 20,851,820 25,145,561 29,145,505 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
Texas racial breakdown of population (1900–2023)
Racial composition 1900[19] 1910[19][20] 1920[19][20] 1930[19][20] 1940[19][20] 1950[19][20] 1960[19][20] 1970[19] 1980[19] 1990[19] 2000[21] 2010[22] 2020[23]
White
79.6% 82.2% 84.0% 85.3% 85.5% 87.2% 87.4% 86.8% 78.7% 75.2% 71.0% 70.4% 50.1%
Non-Hispanic White 74.1% 71.0% 65.7% 60.6% 52.4% 45.3% 39.7%
Black
20.4% 17.7% 15.9% 14.7% 14.4% 12.7% 12.4% 12.5% 12.0% 11.9% 11.5% 11.9% 12.2%
Hispanic (of any race) 7.1% 9.9% 13.8% 11.5% 13.3% 14.8% 16.4% 21.0% 25.5% 32.0% 37.6% 39.3%
Asian
0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.8% 1.9% 2.7% 3.8% 5.4%
Native Hawaiian
and

other Pacific Islander

0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Native 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.6% 0.7% 1.0%
Other race
0.4% 8.2% 10.6% 11.7% 10.5% 13.6%
Two or more races
2.5% 2.7% 17.6%
Ethnic origins in Texas

In 2021, 40.2% of the population was Hispanic and Latino American of any race, 39.3% non-Hispanic white, 11.6% Black or African American, 1.5% American Indian or Alaska Native, 5.1% Asian, 0.2% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 0.4% some other race, and 3.1% two or more races.[24] At the 2020 census, the racial and ethnic composition of the state was 42.5% white (39.7% non-Hispanic white), 11.8% Black or African American, 5.4% Asian, 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 13.6% some other race, 17.6% two or more races, and 39.3% Hispanic and Latin American of any race.[25][26]

In 2015

Puerto Rican, 0.4 percent Honduran, 0.3 percent Guatemalan 0.3 percent Spaniard, 0.2 percent Colombian, 0.2 percent Cuban).[29] In 2011, 69.8% of the population of Texas younger than age 1 were minorities (meaning they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white).[30]

Welcome sign in Praha

As of 1980

Czech Americans living in Texas, the largest number of any state.[35]

El Paso was founded by Spanish settlers in 1659.

Hispanics and Latinos are the second-largest groups in Texas after non-Hispanic

White Hispanics and 2,594,206 Hispanics of "some other race" (usually mestizo
).

African Americans are a racial minority in Texas. Their proportion of the population has declined since the early 20th century after many left the state in the Great Migration. Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin made up 11.5 percent of the population in 2015; blacks of non-Hispanic origin formed 11.3 percent of the populace. African Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin numbered at roughly 2.7 million individuals, increasing in 2018 to 3,908,287.[38] The majority of the Black and African American population of Texas lives in the Greater Houston, Dallas, and San Antonio metropolitan areas.[39]

Native Americans are a smaller minority in the state. Native Americans made up 0.5 percent of Texas's population and number over 118,000 individuals as of 2015.

Chippewa
.

Asian Americans are a sizable minority group in Texas. Americans of Asian descent formed 4.5 percent of the population in 2015.[40] They total more than 1.2 million individuals. Over 200,000 Indian Americans make Texas their home. Texas is also home to more than 187,000 Vietnamese and 136,000 Chinese. In addition to 92,000 Filipinos and 62,000 Koreans, there are 18,000 Japanese Americans living in the state. Lastly, more than 111,000 people are of other Asian ancestry groups, such as Cambodian, Thai, and Hmong. Sugar Land, a city within the Houston metropolitan area, and Plano, within the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area, both have high concentrations of ethnic Chinese and Korean residents. The Houston and Dallas areas,[41][42][43][44] and to a lesser extent, the Austin metropolitan area,[45] all contain substantial Vietnamese communities.

Americans with origins from the Pacific Islands are the smallest minority in Texas. According to the 2019 American Community Survey, only 21,484 Texans are Pacific Islanders.[46] The city of Euless, a suburb of Fort Worth, contains a sizable population of Tongan Americans, at nearly 900 people, over one percent of the city's population. Killeen has a sufficient population of Samoans and Guamanian,[47] and people of Pacific Islander descent surpass one percent of the city's population.

Multiracial individuals are also a visible minority in Texas. People identifying as multiracial form 2.9 percent of the population, and number over 800,000 people.[46] Over 80,000 Texans claim African and European heritage. People of European and American Indian ancestry number over 108,800. People of European and Asian ancestry number over 57,600. People of African and Native American ancestry were even smaller in number at 15,300.

German trek on its way to New Braunfels

German descendants inhabit much of central and southeast-central Texas. Over one-third of Texas residents are of Hispanic origin; while many have recently arrived, some

Alabama-Coushatta Tribe, the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe, and the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo.[50]

In 2010, 49% of all births were Hispanics; 35% were non-Hispanic whites; 11.5% were non-Hispanic blacks, and 4.3 percent were Asians/Pacific Islanders.[51] Based on U.S. Census Bureau data released in February 2011, for the first time in recent history, Texas's non-Hispanic white population is below 50% (45%) and Hispanics grew to 38%. Between 2000 and 2010, the total population growth by 20.6%, but Hispanics and Latin Americans growth by 65%, whereas non-Hispanic whites grew by only 4.2%.[52] Texas has the fifth highest rate of teenage births in the nation and a plurality of these are to Hispanics or Latinos.[53]

Romani Americans are present in Texas. In Texas, the two main Roma subgroups are Vlax and Romanichal. They mainly live in Houston and Fort Worth, though significant numbers of Romani families live in Dallas, San Antonio, Austin, and El Paso.[54]

There is an Italian community in Texas.[55]

Birth data

Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
Race
2013[56] 2014[57] 2015[58] 2016[59] 2017[60] 2018[61] 2019[62] 2020[63] 2021[64]
White: 318,211 (82.1%) 326,480 (81.7%) 327,429 (81.1%) ... ... ... ... ... ...
> Non-hispanic White 136,608 (35.3%) 140,992 (35.3%) 140,553 (34.8%) 134,262 (33.7%) 127,533 (33.4%) 125,549 (33.2%) 124,678 (33.0%) 120,329 (32.7%) 123,452 (33.0%)
Black 49,039 (12.7%) 51,274 (12.4%) 53,144 (13.2%) 48,562 (12.2%) 48,642 (12.6%) 48,144 (12.7%) 47,326 (12.5%) 46,643 (12.7%) 46,371 (12.4%)
Asian 18,861 (4.9%) 20,844 (5.2%) 21,775 (5.4%) 20,889 (5.2%) 20,385 (5.3%) 19,850 (5.2%) 19,930 (5.3%) 19,064 (5.2%) 19,424 (5.2%)
American Indian 1,229 (0.3%) 1,168 (0.3%) 1,270 (0.3%) 782 (0.2%) 664 (0.2%) 721 (0.2%) 689 (0.2%) 638 (0.2%) 610 (0.2%)
Pacific Islander
... ... ... 498 (0.1%) 510 (0.1%) 487 (0.1%) 566 (0.1%) 543 (0.1%) 571 (0.1%)
Hispanic (of any race) 185,467 (47.9%) 189,462 (47.4%) 191,157 (47.4%) 188,393 (47.3%) 180,216 (47.2%) 179,142 (47.3%) 179,689 (47.6%) 175,940 (47.8%) 177,386 (47.5%)
Total Texas 387,340 (100%) 399,766 (100%) 403,618 (100%) 398,047 (100%) 382,050 (100%) 378,624 (100%) 377,599 (100%) 368,190 (100%) 373,594 (100%)
  • Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Languages

The most common

African American Vernacular English, and General American English
.

Top 10 non-English languages spoken in Texas
Language Percentage of population
(as of 2010)[65]
Spanish 29.21%
Vietnamese 0.75%
Chinese (including Mandarin and Cantonese) 0.56%
German 0.33%
Tagalog 0.29%
French 0.25%
Urdu
(tied)
0.24%
Hindi
0.23%
Arabic 0.21%
Yoruba
)
0.15%

In 2010, 65.80% (14,740,304) of Texas residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a

mother language other than English.[65]

The 2019 American Community Survey estimated 64.4% of the population spoke only English, and 35.6% spoke a language other than English.[66] Roughly 30% of the total population spoke Spanish. Approximately 50,742 Texans spoke French or a French-creole language. German and other West Germanic languages were spoken by 47,098 residents; Russian, Polish, and other Slavic languages by 27,956; Korean by 31,581; Chinese 22,616; Vietnamese 81,022; Tagalog 43,360; and Arabic by 26,281 Texans.[67]

Religion

Religion in Texas (2014)[68]

  Protestantism (50%)
  Catholicism (23%)
  Mormonism (1%)
  Other Christians (3%)
  No religion (18%)
  Judaism (1%)
  Other religion (3%)
  No response given/Unknown (1%)

The majority of Texas's population have been and remain predominantly Christian (75.5%). Influenced by Spanish Catholic and American Protestant missionary work.[69][70] Texas's large Christian population is also influenced due to its location within the Bible Belt.[71] The following largest groups were the irreligious (20%), Judaism (1%), Islam (1%), Buddhism (1%) and Hinduism, and other religions at less than 1 percent each.

Religious affiliation (2020)[72]
Christian
75.5%
Catholic
28%
Protestant
47%
Other Christian
0.5%
Unaffiliated
20%
Jewish
1%
Muslim
1%
Buddhist
1%
Other faiths
5%

The largest Christian denomination as of 2014 has been the Catholic Church, per the Pew Research Center at 23% of the population, though Protestants altogether made up 50% of the Christian population in 2014;[73] in another study by the Public Religion Research Institute in 2020, the Catholic Church's membership increased to encompassing 28% of the population identifying with a religious or spiritual belief.[70] At the 2020 Association of Religion Data Archives study, there were 5,905,142 Catholics in the state.[74] The largest Catholic jurisdictions in Texas are the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston—the first and oldest Latin Church diocese in Texas[75]—the dioceses of Dallas, Fort Worth, and the Archdiocese of San Antonio.

Among Protestant Christians, which as a whole declined to 47% of the population in a separate study by the Public Religion Research Institute, predominantly-white Evangelical Protestantism declined to 14% of the Protestant Christian population. Mainline Protestants in contrast made up 15% of Protestant Texas. Hispanic or Latino American-dominated Protestant churches and historically Black or African American Protestantism grew to a collective 13% of the Protestant population.

In contrast, Evangelical Protestants altogether were 31% of the population at the Pew Research Center's 2014 study, and Baptists were the largest Evangelical tradition (14%);[73] per the 2014 study, they made up the second largest Mainline Protestant group behind Methodists (4%). Nondenominational and interdenominational Christians were the second largest Evangelical group (7%) followed by Pentecostals (4%). The largest Evangelical Baptists in the state were the Southern Baptist Convention (9%) and independent Baptists (3%). The Assemblies of God made the largest Evangelical Pentecostal denomination in 2014. Among Mainline Protestants, the United Methodist Church was the largest denomination (4%) and the American Baptist Churches USA comprised the second largest Mainline Protestant group (2%).

According to the Pew Research Center in 2014, the largest historically African American Christian denominations were the National Baptist Convention (USA) and the Church of God in Christ. Black Methodists and other Christians made up less than 1 percent each of the Christian demographic. Other Christians made up 1 percent of the total Christian population, and the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox formed less than 1 percent of the statewide Christian populace. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints is the largest nontrinitarian Christian group in Texas alongside the Jehovah's Witnesses.[73]

The Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020 determined Southern Baptists numbered 3,319,962; non-denominational Protestants 2,405,786 (including Christian Churches and Churches of Christ, and the Churches of Christ altogether numbering 2,758,353); and United Methodists 938,399 as the most numerous Protestant groups in the state.[74] Baptists altogether (Southern Baptists, American Baptist Associates, American Baptists, Full Gospel Baptists, General Baptists, Free Will Baptists, National Baptists, National Baptists of America, National Missionary Baptists, National Primitive Baptists, and Progressive National Baptists) numbered 3,837,306; Methodists within United Methodism, the AME, AME Zion, CME, and the Free Methodist Church numbered up 1,026,453 Texans.

In 2020, the same study numbered 425,038 Pentecostals spread among the Assemblies of God, Church of God (Cleveland), and Church of God in Christ. Nontrinitarian or Oneness Pentecostals numbered 7,042 among Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ, COOLJC, and the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World. Other Christians including the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox numbered 55,329 altogether, and Episcopalians numbered 134,318 although the Anglican Catholic Church, Anglican Church in America, Anglican Church in North America, Anglican Province of America, and Holy Catholic Church Anglican Rite had a collective presence in 114 churches.

Non-Christian faiths accounted for 4% of the religious population in 2014, and 5% in 2020 per the Pew Research Center and Public Religion Research Institute.[73][70] Adherents of many other religions reside predominantly in the urban centers of Texas. Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism were tied as the second largest religion as of 2014 and 2020. In 2014, 18% of the state's population were religiously unaffiliated. Of the unaffiliated in 2014, an estimated 2% were atheists and 3% agnostic.

In 1990, the Islamic population was about 140,000 with more recent figures putting the current number of Muslims between 350,000 and 400,000 as of 2012.

Orthodox Jews; and 31,378 Reform Jews. Around 146,000 adherents of religions such as Hinduism and Sikhism lived in Texas as of 2004.[80] By 2020, there were 112,153 Hindus and 20 Sikh gurdwaras; 60,882 Texans adhered to Buddhism
.

Settlements

Largest city in Texas by year[83]
Year(s) City
1850–1860 Galveston[84]
1860–1870 San Antonio[85]
1870–1890 Galveston[84]
1890–1900 Dallas[83]
1900–1930 San Antonio[85]
1930–present Houston[86]

Three

Texas Triangle megaregion. The region of 60,000 square miles (160,000 km2) contains most of the state's largest cities and metropolitan areas as well as 17 million people, nearly 75 percent of Texas's total population.[87] Houston and Dallas have been recognized as beta world cities.[88] These cities are spread out amongst the state. Texas has 254 counties, which is more than any other state by 95 (Georgia).[89]

In contrast to the cities, unincorporated rural settlements known as

colonias often lack basic infrastructure and are marked by poverty.[90] The office of the Texas Attorney General stated, in 2011, that Texas had about 2,294 colonias and estimates about 500,000 lived in the colonias. Hidalgo County, as of 2011, has the largest number of colonias.[91] Texas has the largest number of people of all states, living in colonias.[90]

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Texas
2021 U.S. Census Bureau Estimate[92]
Rank
Name
County
Pop.
Houston
Houston
San Antonio
San Antonio
1 Houston Harris 2,288,250 Dallas
Dallas
Austin
Austin
2 San Antonio Bexar 1,451,853
3 Dallas Dallas 1,288,457
4 Austin Travis 964,177
5
Fort Worth
Tarrant 935,508
6
El Paso
El Paso 678,415
7 Arlington Tarrant 392,786
8 Corpus Christi Nueces 317,773
9 Plano Collin 288,253
10 Lubbock Lubbock 260,993

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Census finds 4 million new Texans, enough for 2 extra US House seats, though we expected more". Dallas News. April 26, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  2. ^ a b "US Census Quickfacts, Population Estimates, July 1 2023". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2023.
  3. ^ a b "2020 Census Apportionment Results". The United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  4. ^ "Texas Population: Still Growing | Texas Almanac". texasalmanac.com. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  5. ^ Li, Roland; Sumida, Nami (April 27, 2021). "Texas' population grew more than twice as fast as California. Experts say there's still no Golden State exodus". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  6. ^ "Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
  7. ^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data".
  8. ^ a b Population and Population Centers by State: 2010 Archived February 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
  9. ^ "Texas Added Almost 4 Million People in Last Decade".
  10. ^ Bureau, US Census. "Data". Census.gov. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
  11. ^ "Growth in U.S. Population Shows Early Indication of Recovery Amid COVID-19 Pandemic".
  12. ^ "United States Census Bureau". 2008–2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  13. ^ "Pew Research Center". September 23, 2013. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  14. ^ "Profile of the Unauthorized Population – TX". migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  15. ^ "Table 1. State-to-State Migration Flows: 2019. Dataset: 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". US Census Bureau. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
  16. ^ "P004HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE [73] - Texas". United States Census Bureau.
  17. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Texas". United States Census Bureau.
  18. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Texas". United States Census Bureau.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Census.gov. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
  20. ^ .
  21. ^ "Population of Texas: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts". Censusviewer.com. Retrieved April 17, 2021.[permanent dead link]
  22. ^ 2010 Census Data. "2010 Census Data". Census.gov. Retrieved August 2, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". United States Census Bureau. August 12, 2021.
  24. ^ "Selected Population Profiles - Texas". census.gov. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
  25. U.S. Census Bureau
    . August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
  26. ^ "Booming Texas population growth, demographic changes set stage for redistricting battle". Dallas News. August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  27. ^ Estimates of the Population by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity for July 1, 2015 for State of Texas. Texas Demographic Center, U.S. Bureau of the Census State Data Center Program (PDF), July 15, 2015, archived from the original (PDF) on May 4, 2017, retrieved June 8, 2017
  28. ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder—Results". census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020.
  29. ^ "US Census Bureau: Table QT-P10 Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010". Factfinder2.census.gov. October 5, 2010. Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
  30. ^ Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer.
  31. ^ a b "Ancestry Groups in Texas: 1980" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 24, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
  32. ^ Colin Bonwick, The American Revolution, 1991, p. 254
  33. S2CID 60711423
    .
  34. .
  35. U.S. English. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on March 4, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
  36. ^ "Texas—ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006–2008". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
  37. ^ "Texas—Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2006–2008". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
  38. ^ "American Community Survey 2018 Demographic and Housing Estimates". data.census.gov. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  39. ^ "How the Eastside Became Home to San Antonio's Black Community". San Antonio Report. January 15, 2018. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
  40. ^ a b "American Community Survey 2015 Demographic and Housing Estimates". data.census.gov. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  41. ^ "Vietnamese Community in Houston is Growing". VOA. October 23, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  42. ^ NPR, John Burnett (November 28, 2018). "Decades After Clashing With The Klan, A Thriving Vietnamese Community In Texas". Houston Public Media. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  43. ^ "Asian Culture and Community: Vietnamese community officially welcomes VietFace TV Texas". Dallas News. December 20, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  44. ^ "Top 10 metro areas by Vietnamese American population". Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  45. ^ Nguyen, Tuyet Hue. "Nguyen: Supporting Austin's growing Vietnamese community". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  46. ^ a b "American Community Survey 2019 Demographic and Housing Estimates". data.census.gov. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  47. ^ "Pacific island cultures come together to spread aloha in Killeen". The Killeen Daily Herald. July 27, 2019. Archived from the original on July 28, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  48. ^ a b Frey, William H. (May 2004). The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000 (Report). The Brookings Institution. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 28, 2008.
  49. ^ "Texas". BlackDemographics.com. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  50. ^ Klos, George (June 15, 2010). "Indians". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.
  51. ^ Castillo, Juan (November 17, 2011). "Hispanics make up nearly half of all Texas births in 2010, U.S. says". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  52. ^ Jervis, Rick (February 23, 2011). "Majority of Texas' population growth is Hispanic". USA Today.
  53. ^ "Texas Adolescent Reproductive Health Facts". US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
  54. ^ "Roma [Gypsies]". tshaonline.org.
  55. ^ Association, Texas State Historical. "Italians". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  56. (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  57. (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  58. ^ Martin, J.A.; Hamilton, B.E.; Osterman, M.J.K.; et al. (2015). "Births: Final Data for 2015" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 66 (1). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  59. PMID 29775434
    . Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  60. . Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  61. . Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  62. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  63. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  64. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  65. ^ a b c d "Texas". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2013.
  66. ^ "American Community Survey 2019 Languages Spoken at Home Estimates". data.census.gov. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  67. ^ "American Community Survey 2019 Detailed Household Language Estimates". data.census.gov. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  68. ^ "Adults in Texas". Pew Research Center.
  69. ^ "TSHA | Religion". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  70. ^ a b c "American Values Atlas". Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  71. ^ Bethancourt, Phillip (June 16, 2017). "Rough Country: How Texas Became America's Most Powerful Bible-Belt State". The Gospel Coalition. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  72. ^ Public Religion Research Institute, "American Values Atlas (Texas)"
  73. ^ a b c d "Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics: Texas". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  74. ^ a b c "Maps and data files for 2020 | U.S. Religion Census | Religious Statistics & Demographics". U.S. Religion Census. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  75. ^ "Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston". www.archgh.org. Retrieved March 3, 2022. The Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston...… serves 1.7 million-plus Catholics.… is the first and oldest diocese in Texas, established by Pope Pius IX in 1847, when Galveston was named the mother diocese of the Lone Star State.
  76. ^ "Texas Online: Muslim growth adds to Texas diversity". Texanonline.net. Archived from the original on March 26, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
  77. ^ "Dallas Museum Lands a Rich Trove of Islamic Art". The New York Times. February 4, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  78. ^ Storey, John Woodrow; Kelley; Mary L. (2008). Twentieth-century Texas: a social and cultural history. University of North Texas Press. p. 145.
  79. ^ "Jewish Population in the United States by State". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  80. ^ Lindsey, William D.; Silk, Mark: Religion and public life in the southern crossroads: showdown states, Altamira Press, 2004, p. 48
  81. ^ "Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2006 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006" (CSV). 2005 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. June 10, 2008. Retrieved June 10, 2008.[dead link]
  82. ^ Bureau, US Census. "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Totals: 2010–2019". The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  83. ^ a b "100 Largest Cities by Decade". U.S. Bureau of the Census. June 15, 1998. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008.
  84. ^ a b McComb, David G. (May 5, 2016) [June 15, 2010]. "Galveston, TX". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.
  85. ^ a b Fehrenbach, T. R. (March 30, 2017) [June 15, 2010]. "San Antonio, TX". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.
  86. ^ McComb, David G. (February 15, 2017) [June 15, 2010]. "Houston, TX". Handbook of Texas (online ed.). Texas State Historical Association.
  87. ^ Neuman, Michael. "The Texas Urban Triangle: Framework for Future Growth". Southwest Region University Transportation Center (SWUTC). Archived from the original on July 5, 2009. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
  88. ^ "GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2008". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  89. . Retrieved February 16, 2017.
  90. ^ a b Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Office of Community Affairs. "Colonias FAQ's (Frequently Asked Questions)". Texas Secretary of State. Archived from the original on October 9, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2008.
  91. ^ Grinberg, Emmanuella. "Impoverished border town grows from shacks into community". CNN. July 8, 2011. Retrieved on July 9, 2011.
  92. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Texas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019 (SUB-IP-EST2019-ANNRES-48)". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. May 21, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2022.

External links