Dendera

Coordinates: 26°10′05″N 32°39′22″E / 26.16806°N 32.65611°E / 26.16806; 32.65611
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Dendara
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Dendera
ⲛⲓⲧⲛⲧⲱⲣⲉ
ⲛⲓⲧⲉⲛⲧⲱⲣⲓ
دندرة
UTC+2 (EST
)

Dendera (

Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲓⲧⲉⲛⲧⲱⲣⲓ, romanized: Nitentōri; Sahidic Coptic: ⲛⲓⲧⲛⲧⲱⲣⲉ, romanized: Nitntōre),[1][2] also spelled Denderah, ancient Iunet 𓉺𓈖𓏏𓊖 “jwn.t”,[3] Tentyris[4][5],(Arabic: Ewan-t إيوان-ة ),[6] or Tentyra[7] is a small town and former bishopric in Egypt situated on the west bank of the Nile, about 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of Qena, on the opposite side of the river. It is located approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of Luxor and remains a Latin Catholic titular see. It contains the Dendera Temple complex, one of the best-preserved temple sites from ancient Upper Egypt
.

Etymology

iwnn
t		 niwt
jwnt[8]
in hieroglyphs
Era: Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)
tA
n		 tA
r
r		 t
niwt
or
xpr
N21		 n
tA
Z1 N23		 r
r
t niwt
t3 n t3 rr(t)[1][9]
in hieroglyphs
Era: Ptolemaic dynasty
(305–30 BC)
Entrance to the temple.
Miniature stela. It shows 2 reliefs of ears and incised hieroglyphs. The title or epithet of the "Lady of Dendera" as well as the names of Taweret and Hathor appear. From Egypt, Ramesside period. The British Museum, London

The original name of the town is

Koinē Greek: Τεντυρις. The modern Arabic name of the town comes from either its Greek or Coptic name.[10]

There's also an aberrant Coptic form ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲛⲧⲱⲣⲓ, which could be either dissimilation of a regular name or a confusion with Koine Κένταυροι.[11][12]

Temple complex

Egypt – Denderah
Main article: Dendera Temple complex

The Dendera Temple complex, which contains the

Ptolemy XII of the Ptolemaic dynasty,[13] and was completed by the Roman emperor Tiberius, but it rests on the foundations of earlier buildings dating back at least as far as Khufu (known as the Great Pyramid builder Cheops, the second Pharaoh of the 4th dynasty [c. 2613–c. 2494 BC]) but it was the pharaoh Pepi I Meryre who built the temple.[13][14]

It was once home to the celebrated

Ptolemaic
epoch.

In the vicinity of the temple complex a bakery dated to the First Intermediate Period was discovered by the French-Polish expedition from the

Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. Bread offered to Hathor was baked here.[15] The team also excavated the so-called Eastern Temple in this area.[16]

The area around the temple has been extensively landscaped and now has a modern visitor centre, bazaar and small cafeteria.

Ecclesiastical history

After Egypt became a Roman possession, the city of Tentyris was part of the Late

metropolitan see
of the province. Little is known of the history of Christianity in the place, as only the names of two ancient bishops are given:

The town was given its present Arabic name of Denderah during the late Ottoman Empire and ruled 6000 inhabitants in Qena (Qeneh) district.

Titular see

Under the Latin name Tentyris, the episcopal see was nominally revived as a

titular bishopric (in Curiate Italian repeatedly renamed) since 1902, but is vacant since 1972,[17]
having had the following incumbents of the fitting episcopal (lowest) rank :

Climate

This area has a large amount of sunshine year round due to its stable descending air and high pressure. According to the

hot desert climate, abbreviated "BWh" on climate maps.[18]

Sponsors

  • Ptolemy XII before Hathor and Philae, at the Hathor Temple, Dendera, which he built in 54 BC.[13][19]
    Hathor Temple, Dendera, which he built in 54 BC.[13][19]
  • Ptolemy XII before Isis and Osiris, at the Hathor Temple, Dendera.[13][20]
    Hathor Temple, Dendera.[13][20]
  • Roman Emperor Domitian on the Northern gate of the Temple of Hathor.
    Roman Emperor Domitian on the Northern gate of the Temple of Hathor.
  • Roman Emperor Trajan at Dendera, Egypt
    Roman Emperor Trajan at Dendera, Egypt
  • Roman Emperor Trajan offers to Hathor and Ra-Harakhte, Dendera.
    Roman Emperor Trajan offers to Hathor and Ra-Harakhte, Dendera.
  • Emperor Trajan as a Pharaoh making an offering to the Gods, in Dendera.[21]
    Emperor Trajan as a Pharaoh making an offering to the Gods, in Dendera.[21]

Monuments

References – Notes

  1. ^ a b Gauthier, Henri (1929). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 6. p. 23.
  2. ^ "Tentyris (Dendera)". Trismegistos. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  3. ^ Philae-Data. "Iunet (Dendera)". ancientworlds.net. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17.
  4. ^ "Linguistic Bibliography". blonline.nl. Archived from the original on 2014-03-04.
  5. ^ "Félix Teynard - Dendérah (Tentyris), Temple d'Athôr - Face Postérieure - Cléopatre et Cæsarion - The Metropolitan Museum of Art". metmuseum.org.
  6. ISBN 9773053474
    .
  7. Belzoni
    .
  8. ^ Gauthier, Henri (1925). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 1. p. 56.
  9. ^ Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 1051.
  10. ^ Gardiner, Alan H. (1947). Ancient Egyptian Onomastica 2. Oxford University Press. p. 30.
  11. ^ Peust, Carsten (2010). Die Toponyme vorarabischen Ursprungs im modernen Ägypte. Göttingen. p. 33.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ Černý, Jaroslav (1976). Coptic Etymological Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. p. 347.
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-1-134-66525-9
    .
  14. ISBN 9782713101687
    .
  15. ^ "Dendera". pcma.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 2020-07-08.
  16. ^ Łukaszewicz, Adam (2003). "Dendera: Interim communiqué" (PDF). Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. 14.
  17. ^ Tentyris at catholic-hierarchy.org.
  18. ^ "Dandara, Egypt Köpen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase.
  19. ^ mondial, UNESCO Centre du patrimoine. "Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". UNESCO Centre du patrimoine mondial (in French).
  20. ^ mondial, UNESCO Centre du patrimoine. "Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". UNESCO Centre du patrimoine mondial (in French).
  21. ISBN 978-90-5867-239-1
    .

Sources and external links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dendera.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Dendera".
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