Dendera Temple complex

Coordinates: 26°8′30″N 32°40′13″E / 26.14167°N 32.67028°E / 26.14167; 32.67028
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The Dendera Temple complex (

Belzoni, was Tentyra; also spelled Denderah[1]) is located about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) south-east of Dendera, Egypt. It is one of the best-preserved temple complexes of ancient Egypt. The area was used as the sixth nome of Upper Egypt, south of Abydos
.

Temple of Hathor, Dendera

Description

The compound's massive mudbrick walls, as seen from the temple roof

The entirety of the complex is surrounded by a sizable mudbrick wall. Dendera, an oasis on the banks of the

Eighteenth Dynasty (ca. 1500 BC). The earliest extant (surviving) building in the compound today is the mammisi raised by Nectanebo II – last of the native pharaohs
(360–343 BC).

The features in the complex include:

  • Hathor temple (the main temple)
  • Temple of the birth of Isis
  • Sacred Lake (source of water for sacred rituals and for everyday use)
  • Sanatorium
    • This would have functioned similarly to a Roman bathhouse, but strictly for bathing and an overnight stay to manifest healing dreams. The waters at Dendera were sacred and were often used to bless the inscriptions on statues so that they could cure diseases.
  • Mammisi of Nectanebo II
  • Basilica
  • Roman Mammisi
  • a Barque shrine
    • (Def.: Boat; French, “barque”/ Late Latin “barca”)
    • Used as a resting place for the statues of the gods when outside of the temple during festivals
  • Gateways of Domitian and Trajan
  • the Roman Kiosk

The Dendera Temple is not to be confused with the Dendera Necropolis, which consists of a series of tombs. The Dendera Necropolis dates back to the Early Dynastic Period and up to the First Intermediate Period, which pre-dates the Middle Kingdom construction of the Temple of Hathor. The necropolis runs across the eastern edge of the western hill and over the northern plain.

Hathor temple

Plan of Hathor Temple
"Gate of Domitian and Trajan" northern entrance of the Temple of Hathor, in Dendera, Egypt.[3][4]
Roman Emperor Trajan as a Pharaoh making an offering to the Gods, in Dendera, Egypt.[5]

The temple that dominates this complex, the structure that commands the attention of those who visit, is the Temple of

Roman period under Tiberius.[9]

In Egypt, Trajan was quite active in constructing buildings and decorating them. He appears, together with Domitian, in offering scenes on the propylaeum of the Temple of Hathor. His cartouche also appears in the column shafts of the Temple of Khnum at Esna.[5]

Layout elements of the temple are:

  • Large
    Hypostyle Hall
  • Small Hypostyle Hall
  • Laboratory
  • Storage magazine
  • Offering entry
  • Treasury
  • Exit to well
  • Access to stairwell
  • Offering hall
  • Hall of the Ennead
  • Great Seat and main sanctuary
  • Shrine of the Nome of Dendera
  • Shrine of Isis
  • Shrine of Sokar
  • Shrine of
    Harsomtus
  • Shrine of Hathor's Sistrum
  • Shrine of gods of Lower Egypt
  • Shrine of Hathor
  • Shrine of the throne of Rê
  • Shrine of
  • Shrine of Menat collar
  • Shrine of Ihy
  • The Pure Place
  • Court of the First Feast
  • Passage
  • Staircase to roof

Depictions of Cleopatra VI, which appear on temple walls, are good examples of Ptolemaic Egyptian art.[10] On the rear of the temple exterior is a carving of Cleopatra VII Philopator (the popular, well-known Cleopatra) and her son, Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar (Caesarion), who was fathered by Julius Caesar.[10]

There are ten dead deities represented at Dendera, specifically on/in Hathor's temple, that can be connected to the nine dead deities at Horus's temple in Edfu. This would be due to the either parental or marital relationship between Hathor and Horus.[11]

Dendera zodiac

Denderah zodiac

The sculptured

Napoleonic campaign in Egypt. In 1820 it was removed from the temple ceiling by French colonizers and later replaced with a copy. There is controversy as to whether they were granted permission by Egypt's ruler, Muhammad Ali Pasha, to do so, or whether they stole it. (It is also said that in 1822, an antiquities thief using the name "Claude Le Lorraine" [not to be confused with the French Baroque painter] removed the zodiac from Dendera, brought it back to France, and sold it to the King.) The real one is now in the Louvre.[12] Jean-François Champollion, the man who deciphered the Rosetta Stone, dated it back to the Ptolemaic period, and it has been proved that he was correct, as Egyptologists now date it back to the first century BC.[13]

Crypts

The Hathor temple's subterranean tombs contain twelve chambers. Some reliefs seen in the tombs are dated to as late as the reign of Ptolemy XII Auletes. The crypts reportedly were used for storing vessels and divine iconography. An opening in the Flame Room floor leads to a narrow chamber with representations on the walls of the objects which were kept in them. In the second chamber, a relief depicts Pepi I offering a statuette of the God Ihy to four images of Hathor. (Hathor is understood to be Ihy's mother.) In the crypt accessible from the Throne Room, Ptolemy XII has jewelry and offerings for the gods.

The Dendera light

"Dendera light"

The Hathor Temple has stone reliefs that depict

lotus flower. Harsomtus, also known as Horus, is depicted as one of the ancient gods, a "primeval creator."[14] Harsomtus is likely depicted at the Dendera Temple Complex due the main temple being dedicated to Hathor. In Egyptian mythology, Harsomtus is referenced as either Hathor's son or lover. In six reliefs he is positioned within an oval container called a hn, which might represent the womb of Nut.[15][16]
These resemble a lamp or light.

Restoration work

The Supreme Council of Antiquities began the project of restoration and maintenance of the temple in 2005. Efforts stopped in 2011 and then resumed in 2017, after the completion of necessary scientific and archaeological studies, along with careful experimental studies using modern techniques.[17] As of March 2021, the second phase of the restoration has been completed, which includes cleaning the Great Pillars Hall and restoring the original colors and clarity of painted scenes on walls and ceilings. More activity continues at the temple, including a cooperative effort started in 2019 with the French Archaeological delegation to turn the temple courtyard into an open museum.[18]

Roman mammisi

The Roman mammisi

The Roman mammisi is a subsidiary building dating to the reigns of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius. Numerous reliefs of Trajan making offerings to Egyptian deities can be seen.[7] The presence of the Roman mammisi at the Dendera Temple Complex is indicative of the long and complicated history of the Romans in Egypt. As seen in the images below, Roman Emperor Trajan is depicted in the reliefs as an Egyptian Pharaoh and he is making offerings to the Egyptian gods.

  • Side with reliefs
    Side with reliefs
  • Roman Emperor Trajan at Dendera, Egypt
    Roman Emperor Trajan at Dendera, Egypt
  • Roman Emperor Trajan brings offerings to Hathor and Ra-Harakhte, Dendera.
    Roman Emperor Trajan brings offerings to Hathor and Ra-Harakhte, Dendera.
  • Emperor Trajan as a Pharaoh making an offering to the Gods, in Dendera.[20]
    Emperor Trajan as a Pharaoh making an offering to the Gods, in Dendera.[5]

Recent discoveries

In March 2023, during the recent excavations at the site archaeologists uncovered a limestone sphinx. This sphinx is depicted with a slight grin and dimples and is thought to have been created in the image of the Roman emperor Claudius. On the sphinx's head sits a nemes that has a cobra-shaped tip called a uraeus.[19]

Tourism

The Dendera complex has long been one of the most tourist-accessible ancient Egyptian places of worship. It used to be possible to visit virtually every part of the complex, from the crypts to the roof. However, the highest part of the roof of Hathor temple has been closed since 2003.[citation needed]citation needed] The second stage of the roof was closed in November 2004.[citation needed] [citation needed]

Gallery

  • Satellite buildings of the Dendera Temple complex
    Satellite buildings of the Dendera Temple complex
  • Entrance to the Dendera Temple complex
    Entrance to the Dendera Temple complex
  • Entrance gate to the temple, with bas-relief and sphinx
    Entrance gate to the temple, with
    bas-relief and sphinx
  • Reliefs of Cleopatra VII and her son by Julius Caesar, Caesarion at the Dendera Temple
    Reliefs of
    Cleopatra VII and her son by Julius Caesar, Caesarion
    at the Dendera Temple
  • Columns of the Hypostyle Hall
    Columns of the Hypostyle Hall
  • Ceiling of the temple before restoration (photographed 2007)
    Ceiling of the temple before restoration (photographed 2007)
  • Restored ceiling of the Temple of Hathor (photographed 2011)
    Restored ceiling of the Temple of Hathor (photographed 2011)
  • Crypt
    Crypt
  • Kiosk of Hathor on the temple roof
    Kiosk of Hathor on the temple roof
  • Close-up of a column on the Kiosk
    Close-up of a column on the Kiosk
  • Digitally manipulated photograph of an interior wall in the Mammisi, highlighting the bas-relief
    Digitally manipulated photograph of an interior wall in the Mammisi, highlighting the bas-relief

See also

References

  1. ^ "Search Photos, Prints, Drawings". Library of Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  2. ^ Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum (2023). "Middle Kingdom Monuments: Dendera Temple Complex". Roscicrucian Egyptian Museum. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  3. .
  4. .
  5. ^ .
  6. .
  7. ^ .
  8. ^ mondial, UNESCO Centre du patrimoine. "Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". UNESCO Centre du patrimoine mondial (in French).
  9. .
  10. ^ a b Mahaffy, John Pentland (1899). A History of Egypt Under the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Methuen & Co. p. 251.
  11. JSTOR 26379046
    .
  12. ^ "Egypt's Most Wanted: An Antiquities Wish List". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
  13. ^ "The Zodiac of Dendera". Napoleon and the Scientific Expedition to Egypt. Linda Hall Library. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009.
  14. ^ Richter, Barbara Ann (2012). "The Theology of Hathor of Dendera: Aural and Visual Scribal Techniques in the Per-Wer Sanctuary" (PDF). University of California, Berkeley: 127.
  15. .
  16. ^ Grenville, Keith. "Dendera Temple Crypt". The Egyptian Society of South Africa. Archived from the original on 25 April 2010.
  17. S2CID 230508990
    .
  18. ^ "The Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities completes the second phase of the restoration and developing project at the Dendera Temple in Qena".
  19. ^ Kuta, Sarah (2023). "Smiling Sphinx Statue Unearthed in Egypt". Smithsonian Magazine.

Further reading

External links

Bibliography

26°8′30″N 32°40′13″E / 26.14167°N 32.67028°E / 26.14167; 32.67028