Denmark–Norway
Denmark–Norway Danmark–Norge (Danish) | |||||||||||||||
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1524–1533 1537–1814 | |||||||||||||||
Motto: Fromhed styrker rigerne ("Piety strengthens the realms")[1] Used from 1588–1648 | |||||||||||||||
Anthem: Kong Christian stod ved højen mast "King Christian stood by the lofty mast" Used from 1780–1814[2] | |||||||||||||||
Status |
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Capital | Sami languages, Greenlandic ,
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Demonym(s) | Dano-Norwegian | ||||||||||||||
Government | Monarchy
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King | |||||||||||||||
• 1524–1533 | Frederick I | ||||||||||||||
• 1537–1559 | Christian III (first) | ||||||||||||||
• 1588–1648 | Christian IV (longest) | ||||||||||||||
• 1648–1670 | Frederick III | ||||||||||||||
• 1808–1814a | Frederick VI (last) | ||||||||||||||
Legislature | |||||||||||||||
Historical era | 6 June 1523 | ||||||||||||||
• Kalmar Union collapsed | 1537 | ||||||||||||||
1537 | |||||||||||||||
13 August 1645 | |||||||||||||||
26 February 1658 | |||||||||||||||
14 October 1660 | |||||||||||||||
14 November 1665 | |||||||||||||||
14 January 1814 | |||||||||||||||
September 1814 – June 1815 | |||||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||||
1800 | 2,655,567 km2 (1,025,320 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||||||
• 1645b | 1,315,000 | ||||||||||||||
• 1801c | 1,859,000 | ||||||||||||||
Currency |
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Today part of | |||||||||||||||
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Denmark–Norway (Danish and Norwegian: Danmark–Norge) was a 16th-to-19th-century multi-national and multi-lingual real union consisting of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Norway (including the then Norwegian overseas possessions: the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and other possessions), the Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein. The state also claimed sovereignty over three historical peoples: Frisians, Gutes and Wends. Denmark–Norway had several colonies, namely the Danish Gold Coast, the Nicobar Islands, Serampore, Tharangambadi, and the Danish West Indies. The union was also known as the Dano-Norwegian Realm (Det dansk-norske rige), Twin Realms (Tvillingerigerne) or the Oldenburg Monarchy (Oldenburg-monarkiet).[8]
The state's inhabitants were mainly
In 1380,
The Dano-Norwegian union lasted until 1814,
Usage and extent
The term "Kingdom of Denmark" is sometimes used to include both countries in the period, since the political and economic power emanated from the Danish capital, Copenhagen. These terms cover the "royal territories" of the Oldenburgs as it was in 1460, excluding the "ducal territories" of Schleswig and Holstein. The administration used two official languages, Danish and German, and for several centuries both a Danish Chancellery (Danish: Danske Kancelli) and German Chancellery (Danish: Tyske Kancelli) existed.[12]
The term "Denmark–Norway" reflects the historical and legal roots of the union. It is adopted from the Oldenburg dynasty's official title. The kings always used the style "King of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths" (Konge til Danmark og Norge, de Venders og Gothers). Denmark and Norway, sometimes referred to as the "Twin Realms" (Tvillingerigerne) of Denmark–Norway, had separate legal codes and currencies, and mostly separate governing institutions. Following the introduction of absolutism in 1660, the centralisation of government meant a concentration of institutions in Copenhagen. Centralisation was supported in many parts of Norway, where the two-year attempt by Sweden to control Trøndelag had met strong local resistance and resulted in a complete failure for the Swedes and a devastation of the province. This allowed Norway to further secure itself militarily for the future through closer ties with the capital Copenhagen. The term "Sweden–Finland" is sometimes, although with less justification, applied to the contemporary Swedish realm between 1521 and 1809. Finland was never a separate kingdom, and was completely integrated with Sweden, while Denmark was the dominant component in a personal union.
Colonies
Throughout the time of Denmark–Norway, it continuously had possession over various overseas territories. At the earliest times this meant areas in
From the 17th century, the kingdoms acquired colonies in Africa, the Caribbean and India. At its height the empire was about 2,655,564.76 km2 (1,025,319 sq mi)[note 1]
India
Denmark–Norway maintained numerous colonies from the 17th to 19th centuries over various parts around India. Colonies included the town of
Caribbean
Centred on the Virgin Islands, Denmark–Norway established the Danish West Indies. This colony was one of the longest-lived of Denmark, until it was sold to the United States in 1917. It became the U.S. Virgin Islands.
West Africa
In the Gold Coast region of West Africa, Denmark–Norway also over time had control over various colonies and forts. The last remaining forts were sold to the United Kingdom in 1850.
History
Origins of the Union
The three kingdoms Denmark, Norway and Sweden united in the
Baltic Ambitions
The Baltic Sea was one of the most lucrative trade spots in Europe. The German Hanseatic League used to be the dominant party in the region, but the slow collapse of the League allowed for Denmark-Norway to begin enforcing their control in the area. Denmark-Norway had a powerful navy, and with their control over the Oresund was able to enforce the Sound Tolls, a tax enforced on ships passing through the Oresund. These tolls made up two thirds of Denmark's state income, and allowed Danish-Norwegian kings such as Christian IV to become extremely rich.
Denmark-Norway also sought to expand into the eastern Baltic Sea as well. They controlled the island of Gotland, which was a major trading post, and using his wealth, King Frederick II purchased the island of Osel in 1560.[8] Denmark-Norway fiercely guarded her hegemony, destroying any new competitors in the Baltic. When Poland-Lithuania attempted to build a navy in 1571, the Danish-Norwegian fleet destroyed or captured much of the Polish fleet in the Battle of Hel.
Northern Seven Years' War
Christian III, who had relied on Swedish aid in the Count's Feud, kept peaceful relations with Sweden throughout his reign. However, Frederick II was quite hostile towards the Swedes.
Another major factor in the war were Sweden's goals in Livonia. Both Denmark and Sweden, along with Russia, sought to control the previously Hanseatic region, as it was extremely important in controlling the Baltic Sea. When Denmark purchased Osel, Duke Magnus, brother of King Frederick II was granted control of the island. Magnus attempted to claim himself King of Estonia, but he was kicked out by the Russian army. The Estonians, who were fearful of the Russians, contacted King Eric XIV of Sweden for protection. Sweden then annexed Estonia, securing the region under their rule.
After Eric introduced blockades in an attempt to hinder trade with
Denmark–Norway then carried out some naval attacks on Sweden, which effectively started the war. After seven years of fighting, the conflict concluded in 1570 with a status quo ante bellum.
Kalmar War
Because of Denmark–Norway's dominion over the Baltic Sea (
Denmark–Norway and King
Aftermath of the Älvsborg Ransom
The great ransom paid by Sweden (called the Älvsborg Ransom) was used by Christian IV, among many other things, to found the cities of Glückstadt, Christiania (refounded after a fire), Christianshavn, Christianstad and Christianssand. He also founded the Danish East India Company which led to the establishment of numerous Danish colonies in India. The remainder of the money was added to Christian’s already massive personal treasury.
Thirty Years' War
Not long after the Kalmar war, Denmark–Norway became involved in another greater war, in which they fought together with the mainly north German and other Protestant states against the Catholic states led by German Catholic League.
The recent defeat of the Protestant League in both the Palatinate and Bohemian Campaigns, the protestant nations of the Dutch Republic, England, and the Lower Saxon Circle, along with France, the latter of which aiming to weaken the Habsburgs, promised to fund Denmark's operations if Christian IV decided to intervene on behalf of the Protestants.[8][13] With the money provided by the aforementioned states, along with his own personal fortune, Christian could hire a large army of mercenaries.
Christian IV long sought to become the leader of the north German Lutheran states. He also had interests in gaining ecclesiastical posts in Northern Germany, such as the Prince-Bishopric of Verden. However, during the Battle of Lutter in 1626, Denmark faced a crushing defeat. This led to most of the German Protestant states ceasing their support for Christian IV. After another defeat at the Battle of Wolgast and following the Treaty of Lübeck in 1629, which forbade Denmark–Norway from future intervening in German affairs, Denmark–Norways's participation in the war came to an end.
Torstenson War
Sweden was very successful during the Thirty Years' War, while Denmark–Norway failed to make gains. Sweden saw an opportunity of a change of power in the region. Denmark–Norway had territory surrounding Sweden which appeared threatening, and the Sound Dues were a continuing irritation for the Swedes. In 1643 the Swedish Privy Council determined that the chances of a gain in territory for Sweden in an eventual war against Denmark–Norway would be good. Not long after this, Sweden invaded Denmark–Norway.
Denmark was poorly prepared for the war, and Norway was reluctant to attack Sweden, which left the Swedes in a good position.
The war ended as foreseen with a Swedish victory, and with the Treaty of Brömsebro in 1645, Denmark–Norway had to cede some of their territories, including Norwegian territories Jemtland, Herjedalen and Idre & Serna, and the Danish Baltic Sea islands of Gotland and Ösel. Thus the Thirty Years' War facilitated rise of Sweden as a great power, while it marked the start of decline for Denmark–Norway.
Second Northern Wars
The Dano-Swedish War (1657–1658), a part of the Second Northern War, was one of the most devastating wars for the Dano-Norwegian kingdom. After a huge loss in the war, Denmark–Norway was forced in the Treaty of Roskilde to give Sweden a quarter of its territory. This included Norwegian province of Trøndelag and Båhuslen, all remaining Danish provinces on the Swedish mainland, and the island of Bornholm.
However, two years later, in 1660, there was a follow-up treaty, the Treaty of Copenhagen, which gave Trøndelag and Bornholm back to Denmark–Norway.
Royal absolutist state
In the aftermath of Sweden's final secession from the Kalmar Union in 1521, civil war and the
Norway kept its separate laws and some institutions, such as a royal Chancellor, and separate coinage and army. Norway also had its own royal standard flag until 1748, after that the Dannebrog became the only official merchant flag in the union.[14] Denmark–Norway became an absolutist state and Denmark a hereditary monarchy, as Norway de jure had been since 1537. These changes were confirmed in the Leges regiae signed on 14 November 1665, stipulating that all power lay in the hands of the king, who was only responsible to God.[15]
In Denmark itself, the kings also began stripping rights from the Danish nobility. The Danish nobility saw a population decline during the 1500s, which allowed the Crown seize more land for itself.[8] The growing wealth of the Danish kings due to the Oresund allowed them fight wars without consent from the Danish nobility and Rigsraad, meaning that Danish kings slowly gained more and more absolute authority over time.
Scanian War
Denmark had lost its provinces in Scania after the Treaty of Roskilde and was always eager to retrieve them, but as Sweden had grown into a great power it would not be an easy task. However, Christian V saw an opportunity when Sweden got involved in the Franco-Dutch War, and after some hesitation Denmark–Norway invaded Sweden in 1675.
Although the Danish-Norwegian assault began as a great success, the Swedes led by 19-year-old Charles XI counter-attacked and took back the land that was being occupied. The war was concluded with the French dictating peace, with no permanent gains or losses to either of the countries.
Napoleonic Wars and end of the Union
During the French Revolutionary Wars Denmark–Norway at first tried to stay neutral, so it could continue its trade with both France and the United Kingdom, but when it entered the League of Armed Neutrality, the British considered this to be a hostile action, and attacked Copenhagen in 1801 and again in 1807. In the 1807 attack on Copenhagen the British captured the entire Dano-Norwegian navy, burning most of the fleet and incorporating the remaining ships into the Royal Navy. The Dano-Norwegian navy was caught unprepared for any military operation and the British found their ships still in dock after the winter season. The Dano-Norwegians were more concerned about preserving their continued neutrality and the entire Dano-Norwegian army was therefore gathered at Danevirke in the event of a French attack, leaving much of the combined state undefended. The British attack of 1807 effectively forced the Dano-Norwegians into an alliance with the French, although without a fleet they could do little.
Denmark–Norway was defeated and had to cede the Kingdom of Norway to the King of Sweden at the
Culture
Differences between Denmark and Norway
After 1660, Denmark–Norway consisted of five formally separate parts (The Kingdom of Denmark, The Kingdom of Norway, The Duchy of Holstein, The Duchy of Schleswig and The County of Oldenburg[a] ). Norway had its separate laws and some institutions, and separate coinage and army. Culturally and politically Denmark became dominant. While Denmark remained a largely agricultural society, Norway was industrialized from the 16th century and had a highly export-driven economy; Norway's shipping, timber and mining industries made Norway "the developed and industrialized part of Denmark-Norway" and an economic equal of Denmark.[16]
Denmark and Norway complemented each other and had a significant
Languages
- Danish - officially recognized, dominant language, used by most of the unions nobility, was also church language in Denmark, Norway, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and parts of Schleswig.
- High German - officially recognized, used by a minority of the nobility, and church language in Holstein and parts of Schleswig.
- Low German- not officially recognized, the main spoken language in Holstein and parts of Schleswig. Spoken to some degree mostly by Hanseatic traders In Bergen.
- Latin - commonly used in foreign relations, and popular as a second language among some of the nobility.
- Norwegian - not officially recognized, mostly used as a spoken language in Norway.
- Icelandic - recognized as a church language in Iceland after the Reformation, used as a spoken and written language in Iceland.
- Faroese - not officially recognized, mostly used as a spoken language on the Faroe Islands.
- Sámi languages - not officially recognized, spoken by Sami people in Norway.
- Greenlandic - not officially recognized, spoken by Greenlandic Inuit.
- North Frisian - not officially recognized, mostly used as a spoken language in some parts of Schleswig.
Religion
Protestantism had been a curiosity in Denmark ever since the reign of Christian II. Though the country remained Catholic during the reign of Frederick I, the Count's Feud secured the country under the protestant King Christian III. Christian III became interested in Lutheranism in particular, as he personally heard Luther speak at the Diet of Worms.
In the following years, Denmark–Norway was among the countries to follow
There was one other religious "reformation" in the kingdom during the rule of Christian VI, a follower of Pietism. The period from 1735 until his death in 1746 has been nicknamed "the State Pietism", as new laws and regulations were established in favor of Pietism. Though Pietism did not last for a substantial time, numerous new small pietistic resurrections occurred over the next 200 years. In the end, Pietism was never firmly established as a lasting religious grouping.
Legacy
Although the Dano–Norwegian union was generally viewed favourably in Norway at the time of its dissolution in 1814, some 19th-century Norwegian writers disparaged the union as a "400-year night". Historians describe the idea of a "400-year night" as a myth that was created as a rhetorical device in the struggle against the Swedish–Norwegian union, inspired by 19th-century national-romanticist ideas.
Since the late 19th century the Danish–Norwegian union was increasingly viewed in a more nuanced and favourable light in Norway with a stronger focus on empirical research, and historians have highlighted that the Norwegian economy thrived and that Norway was one of the world's wealthiest countries during the entire period of real union with Denmark. Historians have also pointed out that Norway was a separate state, with its own army, legal system and other institutions, with significant autonomy in its internal affairs, and that it was primarily governed by a local elite of civil servants who identified as Norwegian, albeit in the name of the Danish King. Norwegians were also well represented in the military, civil service and business elites of Denmark–Norway, and in the administration of the colonies in the Caribbean and elsewhere. Norway benefited militarily from the combined strength of Denmark–Norway in the wars with Sweden and economically from its trade relationship with Denmark in which Norwegian industry enjoyed a legal monopoly in Denmark while Denmark supplied Norway with agricultural products.[17][18]
See also
- Kingdom of Norway (1814)
- Military history of Denmark
- Military history of Norway
- Possessions of Norway
- Union between Sweden and Norway
- Dano-Norwegian language
Notes
- ^ Possessions of Denmark–Norway (as of 1800)
- Denmark: 42,925.46 km2 (16,573.61 sq mi)
- Norway: 324,220 km2 (125,180 sq mi)
- Schleswig-Holstein: 15,763.18 km2 (6,086.20 sq mi)
- Greenland: 2,166,086 km2 (836,330 sq mi)
- Iceland: 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi)
- Faroe Islands: 1,399 km2 (540 sq mi)
- Danish India: 1,648.13 km2 (636.35 sq mi)
- Danish West Indies: 400 km2 (150 sq mi)
- Danish Gold Coast: 126 km2 (49 sq mi)
Notelist
- Danish kings ruled the county, in a personal unionfrom 1667-1773
References
- ^ Frederiksborg Palace Church - History (in Danish)
- ^ Munk, kaj (2023). An Introduction to a Controversial Danish Priest, Playwright, and Debater in the Inter-Bellum (PDF). Aalborg University.
- S2CID 145108242
- ^ regjeringen.no (5 July 2011). "A Forerunner to the Norwegian Council of State". Government.no. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
- ^ "Unike dokument viser Larviks danske hemmelegheit". 26 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-06-26. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
- ^ Historisk Tidsskrift: Nyt om Trediveårskrigen Archived 2016-09-18 at the Wayback Machine (in Danish)
- ^ Tacitus.no – Skandinaviens befolkning Archived 2024-01-14 at the Wayback Machine (in Swedish)
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-927121-4.
- ^ Scandinavian Dialect Syntax Archived 2012-01-12 at the Wayback Machine. Network for Scandinavian Dialect Syntax. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ^ "The Scandinavian Languages: Their Histories and Relationships". www.sjsu.edu. Archived from the original on 14 September 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- (PDF) from the original on 2024-01-14. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
- ^ Rigsarkivets Samlinger. Arkivalier før 1848. Danske kancelli 1454–1848 Archived 12 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine; Rigsarkivets Samlinger. Arkivalier før 1848. Tyske kancelli Archived 12 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "12.10: Danish Intervention". Social Sci LibreTexts. 2022-10-13. Archived from the original on 2024-01-14. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
- ^ Krig og Enevælde: 1648–1746 Archived 4 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "1655 Lex Regia (Kongelov) for Kongerigerne Danmark og Norge, Hertugdømmerne Slesvig og Holsten etc". thomasthorsen.dk. Archived from the original on 2024-01-14. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
- ^ Nygaard, Jon (9 January 2015). "Alt du vet om Ibsen er feil". NRK. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ "Myten om 400-årsnatten". www.aftenbladet.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). 15 May 2008. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
- ^ NRK (9 November 2004). "Hvor mørk var "400-års-natten"?". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2022.