Denver

Coordinates: 39°44′21″N 104°59′06″W / 39.7392°N 104.9849°W / 39.7392; -104.9849 (City and County of Denver, Colorado)
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Denver, Colorado
)

Denver
Front Range
5,055,344
DemonymDenverite
GDP
 • Denver (County)$96.7 billion (2022)
 • Denver (MSA)$288.8 billion (2022)
Time zoneUTC−07:00 (MST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−06:00 (MDT)
ZIP Codes
80012, 80014, 80022, 80033, 80123, 80201–80212, 80214–80239, 80241, 80243–80244, 80246–80252, 80256–80257, 80259-80261, 80263-80266, 80271, 80273–80274, 80279–80281, 80290–80291, 80293–80295, 80299[21]
Area codes303/720/983
FIPS code08-20000
GNIS feature ID201738[22]
Websitewww.denvergov.org
Capital and most populous city of the State of Colorado

Denver (

Front Range Urban Corridor
.

Denver is in the western United States, in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. Its downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek and the South Platte River, about 12 miles (19 kilometres) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. It is named after James W. Denver, a governor of the Kansas Territory. It is nicknamed the Mile High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile (5280 feet or 1609.344 meters) above sea level.[a][24] The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone, passes directly through Denver Union Station.

Denver is ranked as a

Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, it was named the best place to live in the United States by U.S. News & World Report.[25]

History

Former Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver visited his namesake city in 1875 and in 1882.
The "Bronco Buster", a variation of Frederic Remington's "Bronco Buster" Western sculpture at the Denver capitol grounds, a gift from J.K. Mullen in 1920

The greater Denver area was inhabited by several Indigenous peoples such as

gold rush and a consequent flood of white immigration across Cheyenne and Arapaho lands.[29] Colorado territorial officials pressured federal authorities to redefine and reduce the extent of Indian treaty lands.[30]

In the summer of 1858, during the

mining town on the banks of the South Platte River in what was then western Kansas Territory, on traditional lands of Cheyenne and Arapaho. This was the first historical settlement in what later became the city of Denver. But the site faded quickly, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria (named after the gold-mining town of Auraria, Georgia) and St. Charles City.[31]

On November 22, 1858,[contradictory] General William Larimer and Captain Jonathan Cox, both land speculators from eastern Kansas Territory, placed cottonwood logs to stake a claim on the bluff overlooking the confluence of the South Platte River and Cherry Creek, across the creek from the existing mining settlement of Auraria, and on the site of the existing townsite of St. Charles. Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver.[32] Larimer hoped the town's name would help it be selected as the county seat of Arapahoe County, but unbeknownst to him, Governor Denver had already resigned from office. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne and Arapaho. The site of these first towns is now occupied by Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Edward W. Wynkoop came to Colorado in 1859 and became one of the city's founders. Wynkoop Street in Denver is named after him.[33][34]

Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, with the intention of creating a major city that would cater to new immigrants. Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria.[32] In May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pike's Peak Express in order to secure the region's first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for "passengers, mail, freight, and gold", the Express reached Denver on a trail that trimmed westward travel time from twelve days to six. In 1863, Western Union furthered Denver's dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus.

On February 18, 1861, six chiefs of the Southern Cheyenne and four of the Arapaho signed the Treaty of Fort Wise with the United States[35] at Bent's New Fort at Big Timbers near what is now Lamar, Colorado. They ceded more than 90 percent of the lands designated for them by the Fort Laramie Treaty, including the area of modern Denver.[30] Some Cheyennes opposed to the treaty, saying that it had been signed by a small minority of the chiefs without the consent or approval of the rest of the tribe, that the signatories had not understood what they signed, and that they had been bribed to sign by a large distribution of gifts. The territorial government of Colorado, however, claimed the treaty was a "solemn obligation" and considered that those Indians who refused to abide by it were hostile and planning a war.[36]

Ten days later, on February 28, 1861, the

admitted to the Union
.

This disagreement on the validity of Treaty of Fort Wise escalated to bring about the Colorado War of 1864 and 1865, during which the brutal Sand Creek massacre against Cheyenne and Arapaho peoples occurred. The aftermath of the war was the dissolution of the reservation in Eastern Colorado, the signing of Medicine Lodge Treaty which stipulated that the Cheyenne and Arapaho peoples would be relocated outside of their traditional territory. This treaty term was achieved, even though the treaty was not legally ratified by the tribal members, as per the treaty's own terms. Thus, by the end of 1860s, this effectively and completely cleared the Denver area of its indigenous inhabitants.[30][40]

"Pioneer Mothers of Colorado" statue at The Denver Post building

Although by the close of the 1860s Denver residents could look with pride at their success establishing a vibrant supply and service center, the decision to route the nation's first transcontinental railroad through

Denver Pacific completed the link to the transcontinental railroad, ushering in a new age of prosperity for Denver.[41]

Finally linked to the rest of the nation by rail, Denver prospered as a service and supply center. The young city grew during these years, attracting millionaires with their mansions, as well as a mixture of crime and poverty of a rapidly growing city. Denver citizens were proud when the rich chose Denver and were thrilled when

Brown Palace Hotel, soon followed, as well as splendid homes for millionaires, such as the Croke, Patterson, Campbell Mansion at 11th and Pennsylvania and the now-demolished Moffat Mansion at 8th and Grant.[42]
Intent on transforming Denver into one of the world's great cities, leaders wooed industry and attracted laborers to work in these factories.

Soon, in addition to the elite and a large middle class, Denver had a growing population of immigrant German, Italian, and Chinese laborers, soon followed by African Americans from the Deep South and Hispanic workers. The influx of the new residents strained available housing. In addition, the Silver Crash of 1893 unsettled political, social, and economic balances. Competition among the different ethnic groups was often expressed as bigotry, and social tensions gave rise to the Red Scare. Americans were suspicious of immigrants, who were sometimes allied with socialist and labor union causes. After World War I, a revival of the Ku Klux Klan attracted white native-born Americans who were anxious about the many changes in society. Unlike the earlier organization that was active in the rural South, KKK chapters developed in urban areas of the Midwest and West, including Denver, and into Idaho and Oregon. Corruption and crime also developed in Denver.[43]

Panoramic print of Denver, 1898

Between 1880 and 1895, the city underwent a huge rise in corruption, as crime bosses, such as

United Way was formed in Denver by local religious leaders, who raised funds and coordinated various charities to help Denver's poor.[45] By 1890, Denver had grown to be the second-largest city west of Omaha, Nebraska.[46] In 1900, whites represented 96.8% of Denver's population.[47]
The African American and Hispanic populations increased with migrations of the 20th century. Many African Americans first came as workers on the railroad, which had a terminus in Denver, and began to settle there.

Between the 1880s and 1930s, Denver's floriculture industry developed and thrived.[48][49] This period became known locally as the Carnation Gold Rush.[50]

A bill proposing a state constitutional amendment to allow

James Orman proclaimed the amendment part of the state's fundamental law. The City and County of Denver came into being on that date and was separated from Arapahoe and Adams counties.[8][9][51]

Early in the 20th century, Denver, like many other cities, was home to a pioneering Brass Era car company. The Colburn Automobile Company made cars copied from one of its contemporaries, Renault.[52]

From 1953 to 1989, the

nuclear waste stored at the site between 1958 and 1968, resulted in the contamination of some parts of Denver, to varying degrees, with plutonium-239, a harmful radioactive substance with a half-life of 24,200 years.[53] A 1981 study by the Jefferson County health director, Carl Johnson, linked the contamination to an increase in birth defects and cancer incidence in central Denver and nearer Rocky Flats. Later studies confirmed many of his findings.[54][55] Plutonium contamination was still present outside the former plant site as of August 2010.[56] It presents risks to building the envisioned Jefferson Parkway,[57] which would complete Denver's automotive beltway
.

Downtown Denver cityscape, 1964. Includes Denver's oldest church (Trinity United Methodist), first building of the Mile High Center complex, Lincoln Center, old brownstone part of the Brown Palace Hotel, and Cosmopolitan Hotel – since demolished.

In 1970, Denver was selected to host the

Colorado governor.[59] Denver explored a potential bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics,[60] but no bid was submitted.[61]

In 2010, Denver adopted a comprehensive update of its zoning code,[62] which was developed to guide development as envisioned in adopted plans such as Blueprint Denver,[63] Transit Oriented Development Strategic Plan, Greenprint Denver, and the Strategic Transportation Plan.

Denver has hosted the Democratic National Convention twice, in 1908 and 2008. It promoted the city on the national, political, and socioeconomic stage.[64] On August 10–15, 1993, Denver hosted the Catholic Church's 6th World Youth Day, which was attended by an estimated 500,000, making it the largest gathering in Colorado history.

In December 2021 a gunman killed five people in Denver and Lakewood. A public art mural and exhibit at the History Colorado Center was installed in the city that honored artist Alicia Cardenas, who was one of the victims of the shooting.[65][66]

Denver has been known historically as the Queen City of the Plains and the Queen City of the West, because of its important role in the

Colorado Front Range. Several U.S. Navy ships have been named USS Denver
in honor of the city.

Geography

Panorama of Denver in early May, as seen from the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. Snow-capped Mount Evans can be seen to the left beyond the city skyline.
Central Downtown Denver
Denver and nearby mountains as seen from the rooftops of the Cherry Creek neighborhood

Denver is in the center of the

Front Range Urban Corridor, between the Rocky Mountains to the west and the High Plains to the east. Its topography consists of plains in the city center with hilly areas to the north, west, and south. At the 2020 United States census, the City and County of Denver had an area of 99,025 acres (400.739 km2), including 1,057 acres (4.276 km2) of water.[11] The City and County of Denver is surrounded by three other counties: Adams County to the north and east, Arapahoe County to the south and east, and Jefferson County
to the west.

Denver's nickname is the "Mile-High City", as its official elevation is one mile (5,280 ft) above sea level, defined by the elevation of the spot of a benchmark on the steps of the State Capitol building. The elevation of the entire city ranges from 5,130 to 5,690 feet (1,560 to 1,730 m). Denver lies 750 miles (1,200 km) from the nearest point of the Gulf of California, the nearest ocean to the city.

Neighborhoods

Denver's 78 official neighborhoods

As of January 2013, the City and County of Denver defined 78 official

neighborhoods that the city and community groups use for planning and administration.[67]
Although the city's delineation of the neighborhood boundaries is somewhat arbitrary, it corresponds roughly to the definitions residents use. These "neighborhoods" should not be confused with cities or suburbs, which may be separate entities within the metro area.

The character of the neighborhoods varies significantly and includes everything from large skyscrapers to late-19th-century houses to modern, suburban-style developments. Generally, the neighborhoods closest to the city center are denser, older, and contain more brick building material. Many neighborhoods away from the city center were developed after World War II and are built with more modern materials and style. Some of the neighborhoods even farther from the city center, or recently redeveloped parcels anywhere in the city, have either very suburban characteristics or are

new urbanist
developments that attempt to recreate the feel of older neighborhoods.

Denver does not have larger area designations, unlike the City of Chicago, which has larger areas that house the neighborhoods (e.g., Northwest Side). Denver residents use the terms "north", "south", "east", and "west".[68]

Construction along Cherokee Street in the Golden Triangle neighborhood

Denver also has a number of neighborhoods not reflected in the administrative boundaries. These neighborhoods may reflect the way people in an area identify themselves or they might reflect how others, such as real estate developers, have defined those areas. Well-known non-administrative neighborhoods include the historic and trendy

Golden Triangle
, in the Civic Center.

One of Denver's newer neighborhoods was built on the former site of Stapleton International Airport, which was named after former Denver mayor Benjamin Stapleton, who was a member of the Ku Klux Klan.[70] In 2020, the neighborhood's community association voted to change the neighborhood's name from Stapleton to Central Park[71] (see more in Politics section below). The Central Park neighborhood itself has 12 "neighborhoods" within its boundaries.[72]

Adjacent counties, municipalities and census-designated places

North: Adams County, Berkley, Northglenn, Commerce City
West: Jefferson County, Arvada, Wheat Ridge, Lakeside, Mountain View, Edgewater, Lakewood, Dakota Ridge Denver
Enclave: Arapahoe County, Glendale, Holly Hills
Adams County
East: Aurora
Arapahoe County
South: Arapahoe County, Bow Mar, Littleton, Sheridan, Englewood, Cherry Hills Village, Greenwood Village, Aurora

Climate

Denver
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
0.4
 
 
45
19
 
 
0.4
 
 
46
20
 
 
0.9
 
 
56
28
 
 
1.7
 
 
62
34
 
 
2.2
 
 
71
44
 
 
1.9
 
 
83
53
 
 
2.1
 
 
90
60
 
 
1.6
 
 
88
58
 
 
1.4
 
 
80
50
 
 
1
 
 
65
37
 
 
0.6
 
 
53
26
 
 
0.4
 
 
44
18
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Metric conversion
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
10
 
 
7
−7
 
 
10
 
 
8
−7
 
 
23
 
 
13
−2
 
 
43
 
 
17
1
 
 
56
 
 
22
7
 
 
48
 
 
28
12
 
 
53
 
 
32
16
 
 
41
 
 
31
14
 
 
36
 
 
27
10
 
 
25
 
 
18
3
 
 
15
 
 
12
−3
 
 
10
 
 
7
−8
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm

Denver features a

continental semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk) with generally low humidity and around 3,100 hours of sunshine per year, although humid microclimates can be found nearby depending on exact location.[73][74] It has four distinct seasons and receives most of its precipitation from April through August. Due to its inland location on the High Plains, at the foot of the Rocky Mountains, the region can be subject to sudden changes in weather.[75]

July is the warmest month, with an average high temperature of 89.9 °F (32.2 °C).

diurnal temperature variation
is large throughout the year.

continental United States.[87] In fact, Denver has had three of the top 10 costliest hailstorms
in U.S. history, on July 11, 1990; July 20, 2009; and May 8, 2017.

Based on 30-year averages obtained from

Weather Channel ranked Denver the 18th-coldest major U.S. city as of 2014.[88]

Denver's official weather station is at Denver International Airport, roughly 20 miles (32 km) from downtown. A 2019 analysis showed the average temperature at Denver International Airport, 50.2 °F (10 °C), was significantly cooler than downtown, 53.0 °F (12 °C). Many of the suburbs also have warmer temperatures and there is controversy regarding the location of the official temperature readings.[89]

View of downtown Denver after a snowstorm in March 2016, looking northwest from Cheesman Park
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 76
(24)
80
(27)
84
(29)
90
(32)
95
(35)
105
(41)
105
(41)
105
(41)
101
(38)
90
(32)
81
(27)
79
(26)
105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 65.0
(18.3)
67.1
(19.5)
74.7
(23.7)
80.8
(27.1)
88.3
(31.3)
96.5
(35.8)
99.6
(37.6)
96.9
(36.1)
92.9
(33.8)
84.1
(28.9)
73.6
(23.1)
65.3
(18.5)
100.6
(38.1)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 44.6
(7.0)
45.7
(7.6)
55.7
(13.2)
61.7
(16.5)
71.2
(21.8)
83.4
(28.6)
89.9
(32.2)
87.5
(30.8)
79.6
(26.4)
65.3
(18.5)
52.9
(11.6)
44.0
(6.7)
65.1
(18.4)
Daily mean °F (°C) 31.7
(−0.2)
32.7
(0.4)
41.6
(5.3)
47.8
(8.8)
57.4
(14.1)
68.2
(20.1)
75.1
(23.9)
72.9
(22.7)
64.8
(18.2)
51.1
(10.6)
39.4
(4.1)
31.2
(−0.4)
51.2
(10.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 18.7
(−7.4)
19.7
(−6.8)
27.5
(−2.5)
33.9
(1.1)
43.6
(6.4)
53.0
(11.7)
60.2
(15.7)
58.3
(14.6)
50.0
(10.0)
37.0
(2.8)
26.0
(−3.3)
18.4
(−7.6)
37.2
(2.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −3.8
(−19.9)
−1.5
(−18.6)
9.5
(−12.5)
19.8
(−6.8)
30.2
(−1.0)
41.9
(5.5)
51.4
(10.8)
48.8
(9.3)
35.9
(2.2)
19.6
(−6.9)
5.4
(−14.8)
−3.4
(−19.7)
−11
(−24)
Record low °F (°C) −29
(−34)
−25
(−32)
−11
(−24)
−2
(−19)
19
(−7)
30
(−1)
42
(6)
40
(4)
17
(−8)
−2
(−19)
−18
(−28)
−25
(−32)
−29
(−34)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.38
(9.7)
0.41
(10)
0.86
(22)
1.68
(43)
2.16
(55)
1.94
(49)
2.14
(54)
1.58
(40)
1.35
(34)
0.99
(25)
0.64
(16)
0.35
(8.9)
14.48
(368)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 6.4
(16)
7.6
(19)
8.8
(22)
6.2
(16)
1.4
(3.6)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.8
(2.0)
3.9
(9.9)
7.3
(19)
6.6
(17)
49.0
(124)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 4.4 5.5 6.2 9.0 10.4 8.1 8.3 7.5 6.0 5.3 4.6 4.4 79.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 5.0 5.3 4.8 4.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.8 4.6 4.6 31.4
Average
relative humidity
(%)
55.2 55.8 53.7 49.6 51.7 49.3 47.8 49.3 50.1 49.2 56.3 56.6 52.0
Average dew point °F (°C) 12.7
(−10.7)
16.2
(−8.8)
19.9
(−6.7)
26.2
(−3.2)
35.8
(2.1)
43.5
(6.4)
48.4
(9.1)
47.7
(8.7)
39.6
(4.2)
28.6
(−1.9)
21.0
(−6.1)
14.2
(−9.9)
29.5
(−1.4)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 215.3 211.1 255.6 276.2 290.0 315.3 325.0 306.4 272.3 249.2 194.3 195.9 3,106.6
Mean daily daylight hours 9.7 10.7 12 13.3 14.4 15 14.7 13.7 12.4 11.1 10 9.4 12.2
Percent possible sunshine 72 70 69 69 65 70 71 72 73 72 65 67 70
Average ultraviolet index 2 2 3 3 5 6 6 5 5 3 2 2 4
Source 1: NOAA (sun, relative humidity and dew point 1961−1990)[90][91][92][93][94]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (Daylight-Average UV index)[95]
Climate data for Denver Water Department (elevation 5225 ft), 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1997-present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 77
(25)
78
(26)
85
(29)
91
(33)
99
(37)
107
(42)
108
(42)
104
(40)
102
(39)
90
(32)
84
(29)
76
(24)
108
(42)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 48.5
(9.2)
49.0
(9.4)
57.9
(14.4)
64.1
(17.8)
73.0
(22.8)
85.3
(29.6)
91.4
(33.0)
89.6
(32.0)
81.6
(27.6)
67.6
(19.8)
55.9
(13.3)
47.3
(8.5)
67.6
(19.8)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 21.3
(−5.9)
21.7
(−5.7)
29.6
(−1.3)
36.2
(2.3)
45.9
(7.7)
55.8
(13.2)
61.8
(16.6)
60.1
(15.6)
50.7
(10.4)
37.7
(3.2)
27.6
(−2.4)
20.6
(−6.3)
39.1
(4.0)
Record low °F (°C) −15
(−26)
−14
(−26)
−2
(−19)
8
(−13)
20
(−7)
36
(2)
49
(9)
40
(4)
22
(−6)
4
(−16)
−8
(−22)
−13
(−25)
−15
(−26)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.43
(11)
0.60
(15)
1.13
(29)
1.98
(50)
2.65
(67)
1.73
(44)
1.90
(48)
1.81
(46)
1.20
(30)
1.16
(29)
0.78
(20)
0.48
(12)
15.85
(401)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 5.5
(14)
8.4
(21)
9.2
(23)
5.0
(13)
0.9
(2.3)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
2.5
(6.4)
4.4
(11)
4.8
(12)
40.7
(102.7)
Source: xmACIS2
Climate data for Central Park, Denver, 1991–2020 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 46.5
(8.1)
47.5
(8.6)
56.4
(13.6)
62.5
(16.9)
71.7
(22.1)
84.1
(28.9)
90.2
(32.3)
87.9
(31.1)
80.1
(26.7)
66.7
(19.3)
54.8
(12.7)
45.9
(7.7)
66.2
(19.0)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 17.6
(−8.0)
19.3
(−7.1)
27.1
(−2.7)
33.7
(0.9)
43.4
(6.3)
52.9
(11.6)
59.3
(15.2)
57.2
(14.0)
48.2
(9.0)
35.7
(2.1)
25.5
(−3.6)
17.7
(−7.9)
36.5
(2.5)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.46
(12)
0.53
(13)
1.12
(28)
1.67
(42)
2.29
(58)
1.68
(43)
2.12
(54)
1.83
(46)
1.51
(38)
0.98
(25)
0.70
(18)
0.47
(12)
15.36
(390)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 6.4
(16)
7.6
(19)
8.8
(22)
6.2
(16)
1.4
(3.6)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.8
(2.0)
3.9
(9.9)
7.3
(19)
6.6
(17)
49.0
(124)
Source: NOAA[79]
Climate data for Denver
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily daylight hours 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 12.2
Average Ultraviolet index 2 3 5 7 9 11 11 10 7 5 3 2 6.2

See or edit raw graph data.

Source: Weather Atlas[96]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
18604,749
18704,7590.2%
188035,629648.7%
1890106,713199.5%
1900133,85925.4%
1910213,38159.4%
1920256,49120.2%
1930287,86112.2%
1940322,41212.0%
1950415,76529.0%
1960493,88718.8%
1970514,6784.2%
1980492,686−4.3%
1990467,610−5.1%
2000554,63618.6%
2010600,1588.2%
2020715,52219.2%
2022 (est.)713,252[97]−0.3%
U.S. Decennial Census

As of the

18th most populous U.S. metropolitan area.[99] Denver is the most populous city within a radius centered in the city and of 550-mile (890 km) magnitude.[99]
Denverites is a term used for residents of Denver.

Ethnic origins in Denver

According to the 2020 census, the City and County of Denver contained 715,522 people and 301,501 households. The population density was 3,922.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,514.5 inhabitants/km2) including the airport. There were 338.341 housing units at an average density of 1,751 per square mile (676/km2).[100] However, the average density throughout most Denver neighborhoods tends to be higher. Without the 80249 zip code (47.3 sq mi, 8,407 residents) near the airport, the average density increases to around 5,470 per square mile. Denver, Colorado, is at the top of the list of 2017 Best Places to Live, according to U.S. News & World Report, landing a place in the top two in terms of affordability and quality of lifestyle.[101]

Map of racial distribution in Denver, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: White, Black, Asian, Hispanic, or Other (yellow)

2020 census

According to the 2020 United States census, the racial composition of Denver was as follows:[citation needed]

  • Non-Hispanic Whites
    : 54.9%)
  • Mexican Americans
    made up 24.9% of the city's population.
  • Black or African American
    : 9.8%
  • Asian
    : 4.1% (0.8% Vietnamese, 0.6% Chinese, 0.5% Indian, 0.3% Korean, 0.3% Japanese, 0.3% Filipino, 0.2% Burmese, 0.1% Cambodian)
  • Native American: 1.7%
  • Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
    : 0.2%
  • Two or more races
    : 3.3%
Denver, Colorado – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[104] Pop 2010[105] Pop 2020[106] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White
alone (NH)
287,997 313,012 388,764 51.93% 52.15% 54.33%
Black or African American
alone (NH)
59,921 58,388 61,098 10.80% 9.73% 8.54%
Alaska Native
alone (NH)
3,846 3,525 3,740 0.69% 0.59% 0.52%
Asian alone (NH) 15,137 19,925 27,198 2.73% 3.32% 3.80%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 473 495 1,395 0.09% 0.08% 0.19%
Other race alone (NH) 975 1,208 3,746 0.18% 0.20% 0.52%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 10,583 12,640 30,121 1.91% 2.11% 4.21%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 175,704 190,965 199,460 31.68% 31.82% 27.88%
Total 554,636 600,158 715,522 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Approximately 70.3% of the population (over five years old) spoke only English at home. An additional 23.5% of the population spoke Spanish at home. In terms of ancestry, 31.8% were

Italian
ancestry.

There were 250,906 households, of which 23.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.7% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.1% were non-families. 39.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27, and the average family size was 3.14.

Age distribution was 22.0% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 36.1% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. Overall there were 102.1 males for every 100 females. Due to a skewed sex ratio wherein single men outnumber single women, some protologists had nicknamed the city as Menver.[107]

The

median household income was $45,438, and the median family income was $48,195. Males had a median income of $36,232 versus $33,768 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,101. 19.1% of the population and 14.6% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 25.3% of those under the age of 18 and 13.7% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.[108]

Denver has one of the largest populations of

Mexican-Americans in the entire United States. Approximately one third of the city is Hispanic, with the overwhelming majority of them being of Mexican
descent. Many of them speak Spanish at home.

English, German, Irish, Swedish, Italian, Polish, Chinese, Japanese, Greek, and Russian immigrants immigrated to Denver by the 1920s.[109]

Languages

As of 2010, 72.28% (386,815) of Denver residents aged five and older spoke only English at home, while 21.42% (114,635) spoke Spanish, 0.85% (4,550) Vietnamese, 0.57% (3,073) African languages, 0.53% (2,845) Russian, 0.50% (2,681) Chinese, 0.47% (2,527) French, and 0.46% (2,465) German. In total, 27.72% (148,335) of Denver's population aged five and older spoke a language other than English.[110]

Panorama of downtown Denver, c. 2006, looking east along Speer Blvd.

Longevity

According to a report in the

Journal of the American Medical Association, residents of Denver had a 2014 life expectancy of 80.02 years.[111]

Economy

The 17th street district includes many financial, business and corporate buildings.[112]
The United States Mint in Denver (2010)
Republic Plaza, Colorado's tallest building
Wells Fargo "Cash Register" Building: Denver's most famous skyscraper
1144 15th St: One of Denver's newest skyscrapers

The Denver

Mountain States, Southwest states, as well as all western states. Another benefit for distribution is that Denver is nearly equidistant from large cities of the Midwest, such as Chicago and St. Louis and some large cities of the West Coast
, such as Los Angeles and San Francisco.

Over the years, the city has been home to other large corporations in the central United States, making Denver a key trade point for the country. Several well-known companies originated in or have relocated to Denver. William Ainsworth opened the Denver Instrument Company in 1895 to make analytical balances for gold assayers. Its factory is now in

CenturyLink
).

On October 31, 1937,

Denver Post in 1987; the company is based in Denver. The Gates Corporation, the world's largest producer of automotive belts and hoses, was established in S. Denver in 1919. Russell Stover Candies made its first chocolate candy in Denver in 1923, but moved to Kansas City in 1969. The original Frontier Airlines began operations at Denver's old Stapleton International Airport in 1950; Frontier was reincarnated at DIA
in 1994.

Scott's Liquid Gold, Inc., has been making furniture polish in Denver since 1954.

CH2M Hill, an engineering and construction firm, relocated from Oregon to the Denver Technological Center in 1980. The Ball Corporation sold its glass business in Indiana in the 1990s and moved to suburban Broomfield
; Ball has several operations in greater Denver.

Newmont Mining Corporation, the second-largest gold producer in North America and one of the largest in the world, is headquartered in Denver. MapQuest
, an online site for maps, directions and business listings, is headquartered in Denver's LoDo district.

Large Denver-area employers that have headquarters elsewhere include Lockheed Martin Corp., United Airlines, Kroger Co. and Xcel Energy, Inc.

Development in the bustling Union Station section of downtown

Geography also allows Denver to have a considerable government presence, with many federal agencies based or having offices in the Denver area. Along with federal agencies come many companies based on US defense and space projects, and more jobs are brought to the city by virtue of its being the capital of the state of Colorado. The Denver area is home to the former nuclear weapons plant Rocky Flats, the Denver Federal Center, Byron G. Rogers Federal Building and United States Courthouse, the Denver Mint, and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

In 2005, a $310.7 million expansion of the Colorado Convention Center was completed, doubling its size. The hope was the center's expansion would elevate the city to one of the top 10 cities in the nation for holding a convention.[114]

Denver's position near the mineral-rich

Newmont Mining, and Chevron Corporation, headquartered or having significant operations. Denver is in 149th place in terms of the cost of doing business in the United States.[117]

The first Chipotle Mexican Grill, near the campus of the University of Denver

Denver's west-central geographic location in the Mountain Time Zone (UTC−7) also benefits the telecommunications industry by allowing communication with both North American coasts, South America, Europe, and Asia on the same business day. Denver's location on the 105th meridian at over one mile (1.6 km) in elevation also enables it to be the largest city in the U.S. to offer a "one-bounce" real-time satellite uplink to six continents in the same business day.

DIRECTV, and Comcast are a few of the many telecommunications companies with operations in the Denver area. These and other high-tech companies had a boom in Denver in the mid to late 1990s. After a rise in unemployment in the Great Recession, Denver's unemployment rate recovered and had one of the lowest unemployment rates in the nation at 2.6% in November 2016.[118] As of December 2016, the unemployment rate for the Denver–Aurora–Broomfield MSA is 2.6%.[119] The Downtown region has seen increased real estate investment[120][needs update] with the construction of several new skyscrapers from 2010 onward and major development around Denver Union Station
.

Denver has also enjoyed success as a pioneer in the fast-casual restaurant industry, with many popular national chain restaurants founded and based in Denver.

Qdoba Mexican Grill, Noodles & Company, and Good Times Burgers & Frozen Custard originated in Denver, but have moved their headquarters to the suburbs of Wheat Ridge, Broomfield, and Golden, respectively. Chipotle Mexican Grill was founded in Denver, but moved its headquarters to Newport Beach, California
in 2018.

In 2015, Denver ranked No. 1 on Forbes' list of the Best Places for Business and Careers.[121]

Culture

Colorado Convention Center

Apollo Hall opened soon after the city's founding in 1859 and staged many plays for eager settlers.[39] In the 1880s Horace Tabor built Denver's first opera house. After the start of the 20th century, city leaders embarked on a city beautification program that created many of the city's parks, parkways, museums, and the Municipal Auditorium, which was home to the 1908 Democratic National Convention and is now known as the Ellie Caulkins Opera House. Denver and the metropolitan areas around it continued to support culture.[citation needed]

In July 1982, Denver hosted the

theatre companies from 13 countries, across 25 days.[123]

In 1988, voters in the

Denver Metropolitan Area approved the Scientific and Cultural Facilities Tax (commonly known as SCFD), a 0.1% (1 cent per $10) sales tax that contributes money to various cultural and scientific facilities and organizations throughout the Metro area.[124] The tax was renewed by voters in 1994 and 2004 and allowed the SCFD to operate until 2018.[125] Ballot issue 4B in 2016 won approval 62.8 percent to 37.2 percent, by Denver metro area voters, to extend the SCFD sales tax until 2030.[126]

Denver is home to a wide array of museums.

are nearby.

Denver has numerous art districts, including Denver's Art District on Santa Fe and the River North Art District (RiNo).[133]

While Denver may not be as recognized for historical musical prominence as some other American cities, it has an active pop,

] Denver is also home to the Denver Record Collectors Expo, a biannual music collectors event.

Because of its proximity to the mountains and generally sunny weather, Denver has gained a reputation as being a very active, outdoor-oriented city. Many Denver residents spend the weekends in the mountains; skiing in the winter and hiking, climbing, kayaking, and camping in the summer.

Denver and surrounding cities are home to a large number of local and national breweries. Many of the region's restaurants have on-site breweries, and some larger brewers offer tours, including Coors and New Belgium Brewing Company. The city also welcomes visitors from around the world when it hosts the annual Great American Beer Festival each fall.

Denver used to be a major trading center for beef and livestock when ranchers would drive (or later transport) cattle to the Denver Union Stockyards for sale. As a celebration of that history, for more than a century Denver has hosted the annual National Western Stock Show, attracting as many as 10,000 animals and 700,000 attendees. The show is held every January at the National Western Complex northeast of downtown.

Denver has one of the country's largest populations of

Lincoln Park
neighborhood in the original section of West Denver.

Denver is known for its dedication to

chiles rellenos, and tamales. Denver is also known for other types of food such as Rocky Mountain oysters, rainbow trout, and the Denver sandwich
.

The

Moon Festival in September and Chinese New Year are annual events in Denver for the Chinese and Asian-American communities. Chinese hot pot (huo guo) and Korean BBQ restaurants have been growing in popularity. The Denver area has two Chinese newspapers, the Chinese American Post and the Colorado Chinese News.[136] A Korean Newspaper, the "Colorado Times News" is also based in Denver.[137]

Denver has long been a place tolerant of the

LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer) community. Many gay bars can be found on Colfax Avenue and on South Broadway. Every June, Denver hosts the annual Denver PrideFest in Civic Center Park, the largest LGBTQ Pride festival in the Rocky Mountain region.[138]

Denver is the setting for

E-Vet Interns. The city is also the setting for the Disney Channel sitcom Good Luck Charlie
.

Sports

Denver is home to a variety of sports teams and is one of 13

U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports
(the Denver metro area is the smallest metropolitan area in the country to have a team in all four major sports leagues). Including MLS soccer, it is also one of 10 U.S. cities to have five major sports teams.

The Denver Broncos of the National Football League have drawn crowds of over 70,000 since their origins in the early 1960s, and continue to draw fans today to their current home Empower Field at Mile High. The Broncos have sold out every home game (except for strike-replacement games) since 1970.[139] The Broncos have advanced to eight Super Bowls and won back-to-back titles in 1997 and 1998, and won again in 2015.

The Colorado Rockies were created as an expansion franchise in 1993 and Coors Field opened in 1995. The Rockies advanced to the playoffs that year but were eliminated in the first round. In 2007, they advanced to the playoffs as a wild-card entrant, won the NL Championship Series, and brought the World Series to Denver for the first time but were swept in four games by the Boston Red Sox.

Denver has been home to two National Hockey League teams. The Colorado Rockies played from 1976 to 1982, but later moved to the New York metropolitan area to become the New Jersey Devils. The Colorado Avalanche joined in 1995, after relocating from Quebec City. While in Denver, they have won three Stanley Cups in 1996, 2001, and 2022. The Denver Nuggets joined the American Basketball Association in 1967 and the National Basketball Association in 1976. The Nuggets won their first NBA championship in 2023. The Avalanche and Nuggets have both played at Ball Arena (formerly known as Pepsi Center) since 1999. The Major League Soccer team Colorado Rapids play in Dick's Sporting Goods Park, an 18,000-seat soccer-specific stadium opened for the 2007 MLS season in the Denver suburb of Commerce City.[140] The Rapids won the MLS Cup in 2010.

Major League sports teams
Club League Venue Attendance Attendance rank in League Start Championship
Denver Broncos NFL Empower Field at Mile High 76,388[141] 5th of 32 1960 1997, 1998, 2015
Colorado Rockies MLB Coors Field 32,196[142] 14th of 30 1993
Denver Nuggets NBA Ball Arena 19,669[143] 6th of 30 1967 2023
Colorado Avalanche NHL Ball Arena 17,991[144] 13th of 32 1995 1996, 2001, 2022
Colorado Rapids MLS Dick's Sporting Goods Park 15,409[145] 28th of 29 1996 2010

Denver has several additional professional teams. In 2006, Denver established a

MLL-PLL merger. The Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League
play at Ball Arena. They won championships in 2006 and 2022.

In 2018, the Denver Bandits were established as the first professional football team for women in Colorado and will be a part of the initial season for the Women's National Football Conference (WNFC) in 2019.

Denver submitted the winning bid to host the

1962 World Ice Hockey Championships
.

Parks and recreation

As of 2006, Denver had over 200 parks, from small pocket parks all over the city to the giant 314-acre (1.27 km2) City Park.[146] Denver also has 29 recreation centers providing places and programming for resident's recreation and relaxation.[147]

Many of Denver's parks were acquired from state lands in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This coincided with the

Civic Center Park, but many city parkways and tree-lawns. Cheesman Park neighbor the Denver Botanic Gardens displays the beauty and versatility of micro-climates within the semi-arid Denver Basin. All of these parks were fed with South Platte River water diverted through the city ditch.[148]

In addition to the parks within Denver, the city acquired land for

community gardens, most of which are managed by Denver Urban Gardens
, a non-profit organization.

Since 1974, Denver and the surrounding jurisdictions have rehabilitated the urban South Platte River and its tributaries for recreational use by hikers and cyclists. The main stem of the South Platte River Greenway runs along the South Platte 35 miles (56 km) into Adams County in the north. The Greenway project is recognized as one of the best urban reclamation projects in the U.S., winning, for example, the Silver Medal Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence in 2001.[153]

As of 2022, ParkScore by the Trust for Public Land, a national land conservation organization, reported Denver as having the 18th best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities. The report noted that 89% of Denverites live within a 10-minute walk of a park.[154]

  • Cheesman Park started as a cemetery.
    Cheesman Park
    started as a cemetery.
  • The Carla Madison Recreation Center, completed in 2017
    The Carla Madison Recreation Center, completed in 2017
  • Red Rocks is a Denver park and world-famous amphitheater in the foothills.
    Red Rocks is a Denver park and world-famous amphitheater in the foothills.
  • Washington Park
    Washington Park
  • Genesee Park is the largest of the Denver Mountain Parks.
    Genesee Park is the largest of the Denver Mountain Parks.

Government

Denver City and County Building
Colorado Supreme Court, just before completion
Colorado State Capitol looking east

Denver is a

city council, and an auditor. The Denver City Council is elected from 11 districts with two at-large council members and is responsible for passing and changing all laws, resolutions, and ordinances, usually after a public hearing, and can also call for misconduct investigations of Denver's departmental officials. All elected officials have four-year terms, with a maximum of three terms. The current mayor is Mike Johnston
.

Denver has a strong mayor/weak city council government. The mayor can approve or veto any ordinances or resolutions approved by the council, makes sure all contracts with the city are kept and performed, signs all bonds and contracts, is responsible for the city budget, and can appoint people to various city departments, organizations, and commissions. The council can override the mayor's veto with a nine votes, and the city budget must be approved and can be changed by a simple majority vote of the council. The auditor checks all expenditures and may refuse to allow specific ones, usually for financial reasons.[155]

The Denver Department of Safety oversees three branches: the

Colorado County Court
and Municipal Court and is managed by Denver instead of the state.

Politics

While Denver elections are nonpartisan, Democrats have long dominated the city's politics; most citywide officials are known to be registered with the Democratic Party. The mayor's office has been occupied by a Democrat since the 1963 municipal election. All the city's seats in the state legislature are held by Democrats.

In statewide elections, the city also tends to favor Democrats, though Republicans were occasionally competitive until the turn of the millennium. The last Republican to win Denver in a gubernatorial election was

John A. Love in 1970 by a narrow majority.[156] Bill Owens in 2002 remains the last Republican governor to receive at least 40% of Denver's vote.[157] The last Republican Senator to carry Denver was William L. Armstrong during his 1984 landslide.[158] The last statewide Republican officeholder to carry Denver was Secretary of State Victoria Buckley in 1994 by 1.2% margin; she was, at the time, the highest ranking African-American Republican woman in the United States.[159][160]

In federal elections, Denver is a Democratic stronghold. It has supported a Democrat for president in every election since 1960, except 1972 and 1980. The city has swung heavily to the Democrats since the 1980s; Ronald Reagan is the last Republican to garner even 40 percent of the city's vote. At the federal level, Denver is the heart of Colorado's 1st congressional district, which includes all of Denver and parts of Arapahoe County. It is the most Democratic district in the Mountain West and has been in Democratic hands for all but two terms since 1933. It is currently represented by Democrat Diana DeGette.

Benjamin F. Stapleton was the mayor of Denver for two periods, from 1923 to 1931 and from 1935 to 1947. He was responsible for many civic improvements, notably during his second term, when he had access to funds and manpower from the New Deal. During this time, the park system was considerably expanded and the Civic Center completed. His signature project was the construction of Denver Municipal Airport, which began in 1929 amid heavy criticism. It was later renamed Stapleton International Airport in his honor. Today, the airport has been replaced by a neighborhood initially named Stapleton. In 2020, during the George Floyd protests, because of Stapleton's demonstrated racism and prominent membership in the Ku Klux Klan, neighborhood residents changed the name to Central Park.[161][162] Stapleton Street continues to bear his name.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Denver was one of the centers of the

Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales formed an organization called the Crusade for Justice, which battled police brutality, fought for bilingual education, and, most notably, hosted the First National Chicano Youth Liberation Conference in March 1969.[163]

In recent years, Denver has taken a stance on helping people who are or become homeless, particularly under the administrations of mayors John Hickenlooper and Wellington Webb. At a rate of 19 homeless per 10,000 residents in 2011 as compared to 50 or more per 10,000 residents for the four metro areas with the highest rate of homelessness,[164] Denver's homeless population and rate of homeless are both considerably lower than many other major cities. But residents of the city streets suffer Denver winters – which, although mild and dry much of the time, can have brief periods of extremely cold temperatures and snow.

In 2005, Denver became the first major U.S. city to vote to make the private possession of less than an ounce of

psilocybin mushrooms after an initiative passed with 50.6% of the vote. The measure prohibits Denver from using any resources to prosecute adults over 21 for personal use of psilocybin mushrooms, though such use remains illegal under state and federal law.[167][168]

Denver hosted the

United States presidential election
.

On October 3, 2012, the University of Denver hosted the first of the three 2012 presidential debates.[171]

In July 2019, Mayor Hancock said that Denver will not assist U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents with immigration raids.[172]

United States presidential election results for Denver County, Colorado[173]
Year Republican Democratic Third party
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 71,618 18.19% 313,293 79.55% 8,918 2.26%
2016 62,690 18.89% 244,551 73.69% 24,611 7.42%
2012 73,111 24.18% 222,018 73.41% 7,289 2.41%
2008 62,567 23.04% 204,882 75.45% 4,084 1.50%
2004 69,903 29.27% 166,135 69.56% 2,788 1.17%
2000 61,224 30.87% 122,693 61.86% 14,430 7.28%
1996 58,529 30.04% 120,312 61.76% 15,973 8.20%
1992 55,418 25.43% 121,961 55.97% 40,540 18.60%
1988 77,753 37.13% 127,173 60.72% 4,504 2.15%
1984 105,096 47.83% 110,200 50.15% 4,442 2.02%
1980 88,398 42.19% 85,903 41.00% 35,207 16.80%
1976 105,960 46.73% 112,229 49.50% 8,549 3.77%
1972 121,995 54.14% 98,062 43.52% 5,278 2.34%
1968 92,003 43.54% 106,081 50.20% 13,233 6.26%
1964 73,279 33.57% 143,480 65.73% 1,529 0.70%
1960 109,446 49.59% 109,637 49.68% 1,618 0.73%
1956 121,402 55.91% 93,812 43.21% 1,907 0.88%
1952 119,792 56.09% 92,237 43.19% 1,534 0.72%
1948 76,364 45.17% 89,489 52.93% 3,214 1.90%
1944 86,331 48.75% 90,001 50.82% 759 0.43%
1940 81,328 46.91% 90,938 52.45% 1,105 0.64%
1936 50,743 33.28% 99,263 65.09% 2,486 1.63%
1932 59,372 43.48% 72,868 53.36% 4,318 3.16%
1928 73,543 63.40% 41,238 35.55% 1,221 1.05%
1924 59,077 63.44% 15,764 16.93% 18,282 19.63%
1920 43,581 62.03% 22,839 32.51% 3,838 5.46%
1916 23,185 33.84% 43,029 62.81% 2,298 3.35%
1912 8,155 13.59% 26,690 44.47% 25,171 41.94%
1908 30,193 45.95% 33,145 50.44% 2,369 3.61%
1904 32,667 51.73% 28,958 45.85% 1,528 2.42%

Taxes

The City and County of Denver levies an occupational privilege tax (OPT or head tax) on employers and employees.

  • If any employee performs work in the city limits and is paid over $500 for that work in a single month, the employee and employer are both liable for the OPT regardless of where the main business office is located or headquartered.
  • The employer is liable for $4 per employee per month and the employee is liable for $5.75 per month.
  • It is the employer's responsibility to withhold, remit, and file the OPT returns. If an employer does not comply, the employer can be held liable for both portions of the OPT as well as penalties and interest.

Education

high schools in Denver.[176] The district boundaries are coextensive with the city limits.[177] The Cherry Creek School District serves some areas with Denver postal addresses that are outside the city limits.[177][178]

Denver's many colleges and universities range in age and study programs. Three major public schools constitute the

and the city has Roman Catholic and Jewish institutions, as well as a health sciences school. In addition to those schools within the city, there are a number of schools throughout the surrounding metro area.

  • Denver East High School has seen several world-famous people walk the halls as future alumni.
    Denver East High School
    has seen several world-famous people walk the halls as future alumni.
  • University of Colorado-Denver in downtown
    University of Colorado-Denver in downtown
  • The Ritchie Center at University of Denver
    The Ritchie Center at University of Denver

Media

The Denver metropolitan area is served by a variety of media outlets in print, radio, television, and the Internet.

Television stations

Denver is the 16th-largest market in the country for television, according to the 2009–2010 rankings from Nielsen Media Research.[179]

Radio stations

Denver is also served by over 40 AM and FM radio stations, covering a wide variety of formats and styles. Denver–Boulder radio is the No. 19 market in the United States, according to the Spring 2011 Arbitron ranking (up from No. 20 in Fall 2009). For a list of Denver radio stations, see List of radio stations in Colorado.

Print

After continued rivalry between Denver's two main newspapers,

Out Front Colorado and the Intermountain Jewish News. Denver is home to multiple regional magazines such as 5280, which takes its name from the city's mile-high elevation (5,280 feet or 1,609 meters). The Colorado Times News is a Korean-language publication based in Denver.[137]

Transportation

Dawn over downtown Denver, viewed from the north with Pikes Peak and the southern Front Range to the south

City streets

Colfax Avenue at Broadway, where the downtown street grid and the "normal" city grid meet. Colfax Avenue carries U.S. Highway 40 through Denver.

Most of Denver has a straightforward

street grid oriented to the four cardinal directions. Blocks are usually identified in hundreds from the median streets, identified as "00", which are Broadway (the east–west median, running north–south) and Ellsworth Avenue (the north–south median, running east–west). Colfax Avenue
, a major east–west artery through Denver, is 15 blocks (1500) north of the median. Avenues north of Ellsworth are numbered (with the exception of Colfax Avenue and several others, such as Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd and Montview Blvd.), while avenues south of Ellsworth are named.

There is also an older downtown grid system that was designed to be parallel to the confluence of the

LoDo
, is the oldest street in Denver.

Speer Boulevard runs north–south through downtown Denver.

All roads in the downtown grid system are streets (e.g., 16th Street, Stout Street), except for the five NE–SW roads nearest the intersection of Colfax Avenue and Broadway: Cheyenne Place, Cleveland Place, Court Place, Tremont Place and Glenarm Place. Roads outside that system that travel east–west are designated "avenues" and those that travel north–south are designated "streets" (e.g., Colfax Avenue, Lincoln Street). Boulevards are higher capacity streets and travel any direction (more commonly north and south). Smaller roads are sometimes referred to as places, drives (though not all drives are smaller capacity roads; some are major thoroughfares) or courts. Most streets outside the area between Broadway and Colorado Boulevard are organized alphabetically from the city's center.

East of Colorado Boulevard, the naming convention of streets takes on a predictable pattern of going through the alphabet by using each letter twice (i.e. AA, BB, CC, DD, through YY – there is no Z). The first street is almost always named after a plant or fruit, the second street is almost always named after a foreign place or location. For example, Jersey Street / Jasmine Street, Quebec Street / Quince Street, and Syracuse Street / Spruce Street. Inexplicably, the letter Y only has one street (Yosemite), and there is no Z. This double-alphabet naming convention continues in some form into Aurora, Colorado.

Some Denver streets have

bicycle lanes, leaving a patchwork of disjointed routes throughout the city. There are over 850 miles (1,370 km)[181] of paved, off-road, bike paths in Denver parks and along bodies of water, like Cherry Creek and the South Platte. This allows for a significant portion of Denver's population to be bicycle commuters and has led to Denver being known as a bicycle-friendly city.[182] Some residents strongly oppose bike lanes, which has caused some plans to be watered down or nixed. The review process for one bike line on Broadway will last over a year before city council members will make a decision. In addition to the many bike paths, Denver launched B-Cycle – a citywide bicycle sharing program – in late April 2010. The B-Cycle network was the largest in the United States at the time of its launch, boasting 400 bicycles.[183]

The Denver Boot, a car-disabling device, was first used in Denver.[184]

Cycling

The League of American Bicyclists rated Colorado as the sixth most bicycle-friendly state in the nation for 2014. This is due in large part to Front Range cities like Boulder, Fort Collins and Denver placing an emphasis on legislation, programs and infrastructure developments that promote cycling as a mode of transportation.[185] Walk Score has rated Denver as the fourth most bicycle-friendly large city in the United States.[186] According to data from the 2011 American Community Survey, Denver ranks 6th among US cities with populations over 400,000 in terms of the percentage of workers who commute by bicycle at 2.2% of commuters.[187]

B-Cycle – Denver's citywide bicycle sharing program – was the largest in the United States at the time of its launch in 2010, boasting 400 bicycles.[183] B-Cycle ridership peaked in 2014, then steadily declined. The program announced it would cease operations at the end of January 2020.[188][189][190] The city announced plans to seek one or more new contractors to run a bike-share program starting mid-2020.[191][192]

Electric rental scooters

In 2018, electric scooter services began to place scooters in Denver. Hundreds of unsanctioned LimeBike and Bird electric scooters appeared on Denver streets in May, causing an uproar. In June, the city ordered the companies to remove them[193] and acted quickly to create an official program, including a requirement that scooters be left at RTD stops and out of the public right-of-way. Lime and Bird scooters then reappeared in late July, with limited compliance. Uber's Jump e-bikes arrived in late August, followed by Lyft's nationwide electric scooter launch in early September.[194] Lyft says that it will, each night, take the scooters to the warehouse for safety checks, maintenance and charging. Additionally, Spin and Razor each were permitted to add 350 scooters.[195]

Walkability

2017 rankings by Walk Score placed Denver twenty-sixth among 108 U.S. cities with a population of 200,000 or greater.[186] City leaders have acknowledged the concerns of walkability advocates that Denver has serious gaps in its sidewalk network. The 2019 "Denver Moves: Pedestrians" plan outlines a need for approximate $1.3 billion in sidewalk funding, plus $400 million for trails.[196] In 2022, Denver voters passed Initiative 307, dubbed "Denver Deserves Sidewalks", to complete sidewalk construction and repair by shifting responsibility for sidewalk maintenance from property owners to the city and imposing a new fee on property owners based on the length of a property's sidewalk frontage,[197] although the measure may be revised in the course of implementation.[198]

Modal characteristics

In 2015, 9.6 percent of Denver households lacked a car, and in 2016, this was virtually unchanged (9.4 percent). The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Denver averaged 1.62 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[199]

Freeways and highways

Denver is primarily served by the interstate freeways

I-70. The problematic intersection of the two interstates is referred to locally as "the mousetrap
" because, when viewed from the air, the junction (and subsequent vehicles) resemble mice in a large trap.

Denver also has a nearly complete beltway known as "the 470's". These are

US 36). SH 470 was intended to be I-470 and built with federal highway funds, but the funding was redirected to complete conversion of downtown Denver's 16th Street to a pedestrian mall. As a result, construction was delayed until 1980 after state and local legislation was passed.[200]
I-470 was also once called "The Silver Stake Highway", from Gov. Lamm's declared intention to drive a silver stake through it and kill it.

A highway expansion and transit project for the southern

I-225
, stopping just short of Parker Road.

Metro Denver highway conditions can be accessed on the Colorado Department of Transportation COtrip website.[203]

Mass transportation

Denver RTD light rail and bus lines
Denver Union Station

rail lines, the A, B, D, E, G, H, L, N, R, and W, with a total of 57.9 miles (93.2 km) of track, serving 44 stations. The D, E, H, L, R, and W lines are light rail while the A Line, B Line, G Line and N Line are commuter rail
.

FasTracks is a commuter rail, light rail, and bus expansion project approved by voters in 2004, which will serve neighboring suburbs and communities. The W Line, or West line, opened in April 2013 serving Golden/Federal Center. The commuter rail A Line from Denver Union Station to Denver International Airport opened in April 2016 with ridership exceeding RTD's early expectations.[204] The light rail R Line through Aurora opened in February 2017.[205] The G Line to the suburb of Arvada (originally planned to open in the Fall of 2016) opened on April 26, 2019.[206] The N Line to Commerce City and Thornton opened on September 21, 2020.[207]

An express bus service, known as the Flatiron Flyer, serves to connect Boulder and Denver. The service, billed as bus rapid transit, has been accused of bus rapid transit creep for failing to meet the majority of BRT requirements, including level boarding and all-door entry. A commuter rail connection to Boulder and its suburb of Longmont, also part of the FasTracks ballot initiative and an extension of the B Line, is planned to be finished by RTD, but no construction funds have yet been identified prior to 2040.[208] RTD is currently considering an interim commuter service which would run rush-hour trains from Longmont to Denver.

The

Fort Collins and Gunnison.[209]

Commuter rail station at Denver International Airport

El Paso. Allied bus operators Express Arrow, and Burlington Trailways provide service to Billings, Omaha, Indianapolis, and Alamosa
.

Chicago and Emeryville, California, across the bay from San Francisco. Amtrak Thruway service operated by private bus companies links the Denver station with Rocky Mountain points. In 2017 the Colorado legislature reinvigorated studies of passenger rail service along the Front Range, potentially connecting Denver to Fort Collins and Pueblo, or further to Amtrak connections in Cheyenne, Wyoming and Trinidad.[210] Front Range Passenger Rail is a current proposal (as of 2023) to link the cities from Pueblo in the south, north to Fort Collins and possibly to Cheyenne, Wyoming.[211]

At

Winter Park Express
" in 2017, and currently runs only on Saturdays, Sundays, and major holidays during the winter ski seasons.

Denver's early years as a major train hub of the west are still very visible today. Trains stop in Denver at historic

Union Station will also serve as the main juncture for rail travel in the metro area, at the completion of FasTracks. The city also plans to invest billions to bringing frequent public transit within one-fourth of a mile of most of its residents.[213]

Denver public transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting on public transit in Denver and Boulder, Colorado—for example, to and from work, on a weekday—is 77 minutes; 31% of public transit riders ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 minutes, while 25% of riders wait for over 20 minutes, on average, every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 6.96 miles (11.20 km), while 31% travel over 7.46 miles (12.01 km) in a single direction.[214]

Airports

Inside the main terminal of Denver International Airport
Outside view of the main terminal, DIA

Front Range Urban Corridor surrounding Denver. DIA is 18.6 miles (30 km) east-northeast of the Colorado State Capitol and opened in 1995. DIA is the 3rd busiest airport in the world with 58.8 million passengers in 2021;[215] it had the 5th highest number of passengers in the U.S., 61 million, in the pre-pandemic year 2019.[216] It covers more than 52.4 square miles (135.7 km2), making it the largest airport by land area in the United States and larger than the island of Manhattan.[217] DIA serves as a major hub for United Airlines, is the headquarters and primary hub for Frontier Airlines, and is a major focus city and the fastest-growing market for Southwest Airlines
.

In 2017, Denver International Airport was rated by Skytrax as the 28th-best airport in the world, falling to second place in the United States behind Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport. Skytrax also named DIA as the second-best regional airport in North America for 2017, and the fourth-best regional airport in the world.

Three general aviation airports serve the Denver area. Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport (KBJC) is 13.7 miles (22 km) north-northwest, Centennial Airport (KAPA) is 13.7 miles (22 km) south-southeast, and Colorado Air and Space Port (KCFO), formerly Front Range Airport, is 23.7 miles (38 km) east of the state capitol. Centennial Airport also offers limited commercial airline service, on two cargo airlines.

In the past, Denver has been home to several other airports that are no longer operational. Stapleton International Airport was closed in 1995 when it was replaced by DIA. Lowry Air Force Base was a military flight training facility that ceased flight operations in 1966, with the base finally closing in 1994. Both Stapleton and Lowry have since been redeveloped into primarily residential neighborhoods. Buckley Space Force Base is the only military facility in the Denver area.

Notable people

Twin towns – sister cities

Denver's relationship with

Russian Federation
, to establish sister-city ties, but the negotiations did not come to fruition.

Since then, Denver has established relationships with additional sister cities:[220]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ a b Denver has maintained its official mile-high elevation of 5,280 feet (1,609.344 m) for more than a century. When the National Geodetic Survey makes adjustments to its national elevation measurements, the State of Colorado moves the official mile-high elevation point up or down the west steps of the Colorado State Capitol to reflect the changes. Most of Denver actually lies above this elevation.
  2. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  3. ^ The official weather records for Denver were recorded in Downtown Denver from January 1872 to December 1949, at Stapleton International Airport from January 1950 to February 1995, and at Denver International Airport since March 1995.

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