Denver
Denver | ||
---|---|---|
Front Range 5,055,344 | | |
Demonym | Denverite | |
GDP | ||
• Denver (County) | $96.7 billion (2022) | |
• Denver (MSA) | $288.8 billion (2022) | |
Time zone | UTC−07:00 (MST) | |
• Summer (DST) | UTC−06:00 (MDT) | |
ZIP Codes | 80012, 80014, 80022, 80033, 80123, 80201–80212, 80214–80239, 80241, 80243–80244, 80246–80252, 80256–80257, 80259-80261, 80263-80266, 80271, 80273–80274, 80279–80281, 80290–80291, 80293–80295, 80299[21] | |
Area codes | 303/720/983 | |
FIPS code | 08-20000 | |
GNIS feature ID | 201738[22] | |
Website | www | |
Capital and most populous city of the State of Colorado |
Denver (
Denver is in the western United States, in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. Its downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek and the South Platte River, about 12 miles (19 kilometres) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. It is named after James W. Denver, a governor of the Kansas Territory. It is nicknamed the Mile High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile (5280 feet or 1609.344 meters) above sea level.[a][24] The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone, passes directly through Denver Union Station.
Denver is ranked as a
History
The greater Denver area was inhabited by several Indigenous peoples such as
In the summer of 1858, during the
On November 22, 1858,[contradictory] General William Larimer and Captain Jonathan Cox, both land speculators from eastern Kansas Territory, placed cottonwood logs to stake a claim on the bluff overlooking the confluence of the South Platte River and Cherry Creek, across the creek from the existing mining settlement of Auraria, and on the site of the existing townsite of St. Charles. Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver.[32] Larimer hoped the town's name would help it be selected as the county seat of Arapahoe County, but unbeknownst to him, Governor Denver had already resigned from office. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne and Arapaho. The site of these first towns is now occupied by Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Edward W. Wynkoop came to Colorado in 1859 and became one of the city's founders. Wynkoop Street in Denver is named after him.[33][34]
Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, with the intention of creating a major city that would cater to new immigrants. Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria.[32] In May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pike's Peak Express in order to secure the region's first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for "passengers, mail, freight, and gold", the Express reached Denver on a trail that trimmed westward travel time from twelve days to six. In 1863, Western Union furthered Denver's dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus.
On February 18, 1861, six chiefs of the Southern Cheyenne and four of the Arapaho signed the Treaty of Fort Wise with the United States[35] at Bent's New Fort at Big Timbers near what is now Lamar, Colorado. They ceded more than 90 percent of the lands designated for them by the Fort Laramie Treaty, including the area of modern Denver.[30] Some Cheyennes opposed to the treaty, saying that it had been signed by a small minority of the chiefs without the consent or approval of the rest of the tribe, that the signatories had not understood what they signed, and that they had been bribed to sign by a large distribution of gifts. The territorial government of Colorado, however, claimed the treaty was a "solemn obligation" and considered that those Indians who refused to abide by it were hostile and planning a war.[36]
Ten days later, on February 28, 1861, the
This disagreement on the validity of Treaty of Fort Wise escalated to bring about the Colorado War of 1864 and 1865, during which the brutal Sand Creek massacre against Cheyenne and Arapaho peoples occurred. The aftermath of the war was the dissolution of the reservation in Eastern Colorado, the signing of Medicine Lodge Treaty which stipulated that the Cheyenne and Arapaho peoples would be relocated outside of their traditional territory. This treaty term was achieved, even though the treaty was not legally ratified by the tribal members, as per the treaty's own terms. Thus, by the end of 1860s, this effectively and completely cleared the Denver area of its indigenous inhabitants.[30][40]
Although by the close of the 1860s Denver residents could look with pride at their success establishing a vibrant supply and service center, the decision to route the nation's first transcontinental railroad through
Finally linked to the rest of the nation by rail, Denver prospered as a service and supply center. The young city grew during these years, attracting millionaires with their mansions, as well as a mixture of crime and poverty of a rapidly growing city. Denver citizens were proud when the rich chose Denver and were thrilled when
Soon, in addition to the elite and a large middle class, Denver had a growing population of immigrant German, Italian, and Chinese laborers, soon followed by African Americans from the Deep South and Hispanic workers. The influx of the new residents strained available housing. In addition, the Silver Crash of 1893 unsettled political, social, and economic balances. Competition among the different ethnic groups was often expressed as bigotry, and social tensions gave rise to the Red Scare. Americans were suspicious of immigrants, who were sometimes allied with socialist and labor union causes. After World War I, a revival of the Ku Klux Klan attracted white native-born Americans who were anxious about the many changes in society. Unlike the earlier organization that was active in the rural South, KKK chapters developed in urban areas of the Midwest and West, including Denver, and into Idaho and Oregon. Corruption and crime also developed in Denver.[43]
Between 1880 and 1895, the city underwent a huge rise in corruption, as crime bosses, such as
Between the 1880s and 1930s, Denver's floriculture industry developed and thrived.[48][49] This period became known locally as the Carnation Gold Rush.[50]
A bill proposing a state constitutional amendment to allow
Early in the 20th century, Denver, like many other cities, was home to a pioneering Brass Era car company. The Colburn Automobile Company made cars copied from one of its contemporaries, Renault.[52]
From 1953 to 1989, the
In 1970, Denver was selected to host the
In 2010, Denver adopted a comprehensive update of its zoning code,[62] which was developed to guide development as envisioned in adopted plans such as Blueprint Denver,[63] Transit Oriented Development Strategic Plan, Greenprint Denver, and the Strategic Transportation Plan.
Denver has hosted the Democratic National Convention twice, in 1908 and 2008. It promoted the city on the national, political, and socioeconomic stage.[64] On August 10–15, 1993, Denver hosted the Catholic Church's 6th World Youth Day, which was attended by an estimated 500,000, making it the largest gathering in Colorado history.
In December 2021 a gunman killed five people in Denver and Lakewood. A public art mural and exhibit at the History Colorado Center was installed in the city that honored artist Alicia Cardenas, who was one of the victims of the shooting.[65][66]
Denver has been known historically as the Queen City of the Plains and the Queen City of the West, because of its important role in the
Geography
Denver is in the center of the
Denver's nickname is the "Mile-High City", as its official elevation is one mile (5,280 ft) above sea level, defined by the elevation of the spot of a benchmark on the steps of the State Capitol building. The elevation of the entire city ranges from 5,130 to 5,690 feet (1,560 to 1,730 m). Denver lies 750 miles (1,200 km) from the nearest point of the Gulf of California, the nearest ocean to the city.
Neighborhoods
As of January 2013, the City and County of Denver defined 78 official
The character of the neighborhoods varies significantly and includes everything from large skyscrapers to late-19th-century houses to modern, suburban-style developments. Generally, the neighborhoods closest to the city center are denser, older, and contain more brick building material. Many neighborhoods away from the city center were developed after World War II and are built with more modern materials and style. Some of the neighborhoods even farther from the city center, or recently redeveloped parcels anywhere in the city, have either very suburban characteristics or are
Denver does not have larger area designations, unlike the City of Chicago, which has larger areas that house the neighborhoods (e.g., Northwest Side). Denver residents use the terms "north", "south", "east", and "west".[68]
Denver also has a number of neighborhoods not reflected in the administrative boundaries. These neighborhoods may reflect the way people in an area identify themselves or they might reflect how others, such as real estate developers, have defined those areas. Well-known non-administrative neighborhoods include the historic and trendy
One of Denver's newer neighborhoods was built on the former site of Stapleton International Airport, which was named after former Denver mayor Benjamin Stapleton, who was a member of the Ku Klux Klan.[70] In 2020, the neighborhood's community association voted to change the neighborhood's name from Stapleton to Central Park[71] (see more in Politics section below). The Central Park neighborhood itself has 12 "neighborhoods" within its boundaries.[72]
Adjacent counties, municipalities and census-designated places
North: Adams County, Berkley, Northglenn, Commerce City | ||
West: Jefferson County, Arvada, Wheat Ridge, Lakeside, Mountain View, Edgewater, Lakewood, Dakota Ridge | Denver Enclave: Arapahoe County, Glendale, Holly Hills |
Adams County East: Aurora Arapahoe County |
South: Arapahoe County, Bow Mar, Littleton, Sheridan, Englewood, Cherry Hills Village, Greenwood Village, Aurora |
Climate
Denver | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Denver features a
July is the warmest month, with an average high temperature of 89.9 °F (32.2 °C).
Based on 30-year averages obtained from
Denver's official weather station is at Denver International Airport, roughly 20 miles (32 km) from downtown. A 2019 analysis showed the average temperature at Denver International Airport, 50.2 °F (10 °C), was significantly cooler than downtown, 53.0 °F (12 °C). Many of the suburbs also have warmer temperatures and there is controversy regarding the location of the official temperature readings.[89]
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °F (°C) | 76 (24) |
80 (27) |
84 (29) |
90 (32) |
95 (35) |
105 (41) |
105 (41) |
105 (41) |
101 (38) |
90 (32) |
81 (27) |
79 (26) |
105 (41) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 65.0 (18.3) |
67.1 (19.5) |
74.7 (23.7) |
80.8 (27.1) |
88.3 (31.3) |
96.5 (35.8) |
99.6 (37.6) |
96.9 (36.1) |
92.9 (33.8) |
84.1 (28.9) |
73.6 (23.1) |
65.3 (18.5) |
100.6 (38.1) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 44.6 (7.0) |
45.7 (7.6) |
55.7 (13.2) |
61.7 (16.5) |
71.2 (21.8) |
83.4 (28.6) |
89.9 (32.2) |
87.5 (30.8) |
79.6 (26.4) |
65.3 (18.5) |
52.9 (11.6) |
44.0 (6.7) |
65.1 (18.4) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 31.7 (−0.2) |
32.7 (0.4) |
41.6 (5.3) |
47.8 (8.8) |
57.4 (14.1) |
68.2 (20.1) |
75.1 (23.9) |
72.9 (22.7) |
64.8 (18.2) |
51.1 (10.6) |
39.4 (4.1) |
31.2 (−0.4) |
51.2 (10.6) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 18.7 (−7.4) |
19.7 (−6.8) |
27.5 (−2.5) |
33.9 (1.1) |
43.6 (6.4) |
53.0 (11.7) |
60.2 (15.7) |
58.3 (14.6) |
50.0 (10.0) |
37.0 (2.8) |
26.0 (−3.3) |
18.4 (−7.6) |
37.2 (2.9) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | −3.8 (−19.9) |
−1.5 (−18.6) |
9.5 (−12.5) |
19.8 (−6.8) |
30.2 (−1.0) |
41.9 (5.5) |
51.4 (10.8) |
48.8 (9.3) |
35.9 (2.2) |
19.6 (−6.9) |
5.4 (−14.8) |
−3.4 (−19.7) |
−11 (−24) |
Record low °F (°C) | −29 (−34) |
−25 (−32) |
−11 (−24) |
−2 (−19) |
19 (−7) |
30 (−1) |
42 (6) |
40 (4) |
17 (−8) |
−2 (−19) |
−18 (−28) |
−25 (−32) |
−29 (−34) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.38 (9.7) |
0.41 (10) |
0.86 (22) |
1.68 (43) |
2.16 (55) |
1.94 (49) |
2.14 (54) |
1.58 (40) |
1.35 (34) |
0.99 (25) |
0.64 (16) |
0.35 (8.9) |
14.48 (368) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 6.4 (16) |
7.6 (19) |
8.8 (22) |
6.2 (16) |
1.4 (3.6) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.8 (2.0) |
3.9 (9.9) |
7.3 (19) |
6.6 (17) |
49.0 (124) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 4.4 | 5.5 | 6.2 | 9.0 | 10.4 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 7.5 | 6.0 | 5.3 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 79.7 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 5.0 | 5.3 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 31.4 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
55.2 | 55.8 | 53.7 | 49.6 | 51.7 | 49.3 | 47.8 | 49.3 | 50.1 | 49.2 | 56.3 | 56.6 | 52.0 |
Average dew point °F (°C) | 12.7 (−10.7) |
16.2 (−8.8) |
19.9 (−6.7) |
26.2 (−3.2) |
35.8 (2.1) |
43.5 (6.4) |
48.4 (9.1) |
47.7 (8.7) |
39.6 (4.2) |
28.6 (−1.9) |
21.0 (−6.1) |
14.2 (−9.9) |
29.5 (−1.4) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 215.3 | 211.1 | 255.6 | 276.2 | 290.0 | 315.3 | 325.0 | 306.4 | 272.3 | 249.2 | 194.3 | 195.9 | 3,106.6 |
Mean daily daylight hours | 9.7 | 10.7 | 12 | 13.3 | 14.4 | 15 | 14.7 | 13.7 | 12.4 | 11.1 | 10 | 9.4 | 12.2 |
Percent possible sunshine | 72 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 65 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 72 | 65 | 67 | 70 |
Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
Source 1: NOAA (sun, relative humidity and dew point 1961−1990)[90][91][92][93][94] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas (Daylight-Average UV index)[95] |
Climate data for Denver Water Department (elevation 5225 ft), 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1997-present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 77 (25) |
78 (26) |
85 (29) |
91 (33) |
99 (37) |
107 (42) |
108 (42) |
104 (40) |
102 (39) |
90 (32) |
84 (29) |
76 (24) |
108 (42) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 48.5 (9.2) |
49.0 (9.4) |
57.9 (14.4) |
64.1 (17.8) |
73.0 (22.8) |
85.3 (29.6) |
91.4 (33.0) |
89.6 (32.0) |
81.6 (27.6) |
67.6 (19.8) |
55.9 (13.3) |
47.3 (8.5) |
67.6 (19.8) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 21.3 (−5.9) |
21.7 (−5.7) |
29.6 (−1.3) |
36.2 (2.3) |
45.9 (7.7) |
55.8 (13.2) |
61.8 (16.6) |
60.1 (15.6) |
50.7 (10.4) |
37.7 (3.2) |
27.6 (−2.4) |
20.6 (−6.3) |
39.1 (4.0) |
Record low °F (°C) | −15 (−26) |
−14 (−26) |
−2 (−19) |
8 (−13) |
20 (−7) |
36 (2) |
49 (9) |
40 (4) |
22 (−6) |
4 (−16) |
−8 (−22) |
−13 (−25) |
−15 (−26) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.43 (11) |
0.60 (15) |
1.13 (29) |
1.98 (50) |
2.65 (67) |
1.73 (44) |
1.90 (48) |
1.81 (46) |
1.20 (30) |
1.16 (29) |
0.78 (20) |
0.48 (12) |
15.85 (401) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 5.5 (14) |
8.4 (21) |
9.2 (23) |
5.0 (13) |
0.9 (2.3) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
2.5 (6.4) |
4.4 (11) |
4.8 (12) |
40.7 (102.7) |
Source: xmACIS2 |
Climate data for Central Park, Denver, 1991–2020 normals | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 46.5 (8.1) |
47.5 (8.6) |
56.4 (13.6) |
62.5 (16.9) |
71.7 (22.1) |
84.1 (28.9) |
90.2 (32.3) |
87.9 (31.1) |
80.1 (26.7) |
66.7 (19.3) |
54.8 (12.7) |
45.9 (7.7) |
66.2 (19.0) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 17.6 (−8.0) |
19.3 (−7.1) |
27.1 (−2.7) |
33.7 (0.9) |
43.4 (6.3) |
52.9 (11.6) |
59.3 (15.2) |
57.2 (14.0) |
48.2 (9.0) |
35.7 (2.1) |
25.5 (−3.6) |
17.7 (−7.9) |
36.5 (2.5) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.46 (12) |
0.53 (13) |
1.12 (28) |
1.67 (42) |
2.29 (58) |
1.68 (43) |
2.12 (54) |
1.83 (46) |
1.51 (38) |
0.98 (25) |
0.70 (18) |
0.47 (12) |
15.36 (390) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 6.4 (16) |
7.6 (19) |
8.8 (22) |
6.2 (16) |
1.4 (3.6) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.8 (2.0) |
3.9 (9.9) |
7.3 (19) |
6.6 (17) |
49.0 (124) |
Source: NOAA[79] |
Climate data for Denver | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |||
Mean daily daylight hours | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 14.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 12.2 | |||
Average Ultraviolet index | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 6.2 | |||
See or edit raw graph data. |
Source: Weather Atlas[96] |
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1860 | 4,749 | — | |
1870 | 4,759 | 0.2% | |
1880 | 35,629 | 648.7% | |
1890 | 106,713 | 199.5% | |
1900 | 133,859 | 25.4% | |
1910 | 213,381 | 59.4% | |
1920 | 256,491 | 20.2% | |
1930 | 287,861 | 12.2% | |
1940 | 322,412 | 12.0% | |
1950 | 415,765 | 29.0% | |
1960 | 493,887 | 18.8% | |
1970 | 514,678 | 4.2% | |
1980 | 492,686 | −4.3% | |
1990 | 467,610 | −5.1% | |
2000 | 554,636 | 18.6% | |
2010 | 600,158 | 8.2% | |
2020 | 715,522 | 19.2% | |
2022 (est.) | 713,252 | [97] | −0.3% |
U.S. Decennial Census |
As of the
According to the 2020 census, the City and County of Denver contained 715,522 people and 301,501 households. The population density was 3,922.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,514.5 inhabitants/km2) including the airport. There were 338.341 housing units at an average density of 1,751 per square mile (676/km2).[100] However, the average density throughout most Denver neighborhoods tends to be higher. Without the 80249 zip code (47.3 sq mi, 8,407 residents) near the airport, the average density increases to around 5,470 per square mile. Denver, Colorado, is at the top of the list of 2017 Best Places to Live, according to U.S. News & World Report, landing a place in the top two in terms of affordability and quality of lifestyle.[101]
Historical racial composition | 2020[102] | 2010[103] | 1990[47] | 1970[47] | 1940[47] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
White (Non-Hispanic) |
54.9% | 52.2% | 61.4% | 74.5% | 97.3% |
Hispanic or Latino | 29.3% | 31.8% | 23.0% | 15.2% | n/a |
Black |
9.8% | 9.7% | 12.8% | 9.1% | 2.4% |
Mixed |
3.3% | 2.1% | |||
Asian |
4.1% | 3.3% | 2.4% | 1.4% | 0.2% |
2020 census
According to the 2020 United States census, the racial composition of Denver was as follows:[citation needed]
- Non-Hispanic Whites: 54.9%)
- Mexican Americansmade up 24.9% of the city's population.
- Black or African American: 9.8%
- Asian: 4.1% (0.8% Vietnamese, 0.6% Chinese, 0.5% Indian, 0.3% Korean, 0.3% Japanese, 0.3% Filipino, 0.2% Burmese, 0.1% Cambodian)
- Native American: 1.7%
- Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.2%
- Two or more races: 3.3%
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000[104] | Pop 2010[105] | Pop 2020[106] | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White alone (NH)
|
287,997 | 313,012 | 388,764 | 51.93% | 52.15% | 54.33% |
Black or African American alone (NH)
|
59,921 | 58,388 | 61,098 | 10.80% | 9.73% | 8.54% |
Alaska Native alone (NH)
|
3,846 | 3,525 | 3,740 | 0.69% | 0.59% | 0.52% |
Asian alone (NH) | 15,137 | 19,925 | 27,198 | 2.73% | 3.32% | 3.80% |
Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 473 | 495 | 1,395 | 0.09% | 0.08% | 0.19% |
Other race alone (NH) | 975 | 1,208 | 3,746 | 0.18% | 0.20% | 0.52% |
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 10,583 | 12,640 | 30,121 | 1.91% | 2.11% | 4.21% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 175,704 | 190,965 | 199,460 | 31.68% | 31.82% | 27.88% |
Total | 554,636 | 600,158 | 715,522 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
Approximately 70.3% of the population (over five years old) spoke only English at home. An additional 23.5% of the population spoke Spanish at home. In terms of ancestry, 31.8% were
There were 250,906 households, of which 23.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.7% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.1% were non-families. 39.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27, and the average family size was 3.14.
Age distribution was 22.0% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 36.1% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. Overall there were 102.1 males for every 100 females. Due to a skewed sex ratio wherein single men outnumber single women, some protologists had nicknamed the city as Menver.[107]
The
Denver has one of the largest populations of
English, German, Irish, Swedish, Italian, Polish, Chinese, Japanese, Greek, and Russian immigrants immigrated to Denver by the 1920s.[109]
Languages
As of 2010[update], 72.28% (386,815) of Denver residents aged five and older spoke only English at home, while 21.42% (114,635) spoke Spanish, 0.85% (4,550) Vietnamese, 0.57% (3,073) African languages, 0.53% (2,845) Russian, 0.50% (2,681) Chinese, 0.47% (2,527) French, and 0.46% (2,465) German. In total, 27.72% (148,335) of Denver's population aged five and older spoke a language other than English.[110]
Longevity
According to a report in the
Economy
This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2018) |
The Denver
Over the years, the city has been home to other large corporations in the central United States, making Denver a key trade point for the country. Several well-known companies originated in or have relocated to Denver. William Ainsworth opened the Denver Instrument Company in 1895 to make analytical balances for gold assayers. Its factory is now in
On October 31, 1937,
Scott's Liquid Gold, Inc., has been making furniture polish in Denver since 1954.
Large Denver-area employers that have headquarters elsewhere include Lockheed Martin Corp., United Airlines, Kroger Co. and Xcel Energy, Inc.
Geography also allows Denver to have a considerable government presence, with many federal agencies based or having offices in the Denver area. Along with federal agencies come many companies based on US defense and space projects, and more jobs are brought to the city by virtue of its being the capital of the state of Colorado. The Denver area is home to the former nuclear weapons plant Rocky Flats, the Denver Federal Center, Byron G. Rogers Federal Building and United States Courthouse, the Denver Mint, and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
In 2005, a $310.7 million expansion of the Colorado Convention Center was completed, doubling its size. The hope was the center's expansion would elevate the city to one of the top 10 cities in the nation for holding a convention.[114]
Denver's position near the mineral-rich
Denver's west-central geographic location in the Mountain Time Zone (UTC−7) also benefits the telecommunications industry by allowing communication with both North American coasts, South America, Europe, and Asia on the same business day. Denver's location on the 105th meridian at over one mile (1.6 km) in elevation also enables it to be the largest city in the U.S. to offer a "one-bounce" real-time satellite uplink to six continents in the same business day.
Denver has also enjoyed success as a pioneer in the fast-casual restaurant industry, with many popular national chain restaurants founded and based in Denver.
In 2015, Denver ranked No. 1 on Forbes' list of the Best Places for Business and Careers.[121]
Culture
Apollo Hall opened soon after the city's founding in 1859 and staged many plays for eager settlers.[39] In the 1880s Horace Tabor built Denver's first opera house. After the start of the 20th century, city leaders embarked on a city beautification program that created many of the city's parks, parkways, museums, and the Municipal Auditorium, which was home to the 1908 Democratic National Convention and is now known as the Ellie Caulkins Opera House. Denver and the metropolitan areas around it continued to support culture.[citation needed]
In July 1982, Denver hosted the
In 1988, voters in the
Denver is home to a wide array of museums.
Denver has numerous art districts, including Denver's Art District on Santa Fe and the River North Art District (RiNo).[133]
While Denver may not be as recognized for historical musical prominence as some other American cities, it has an active pop,
Because of its proximity to the mountains and generally sunny weather, Denver has gained a reputation as being a very active, outdoor-oriented city. Many Denver residents spend the weekends in the mountains; skiing in the winter and hiking, climbing, kayaking, and camping in the summer.
Denver and surrounding cities are home to a large number of local and national breweries. Many of the region's restaurants have on-site breweries, and some larger brewers offer tours, including Coors and New Belgium Brewing Company. The city also welcomes visitors from around the world when it hosts the annual Great American Beer Festival each fall.
Denver used to be a major trading center for beef and livestock when ranchers would drive (or later transport) cattle to the Denver Union Stockyards for sale. As a celebration of that history, for more than a century Denver has hosted the annual National Western Stock Show, attracting as many as 10,000 animals and 700,000 attendees. The show is held every January at the National Western Complex northeast of downtown.
Denver has one of the country's largest populations of
Denver is known for its dedication to
The
Denver has long been a place tolerant of the
Denver is the setting for
-
Denver Pavilions is a popular arts, entertainment, and shopping center on the 16th Street Mall in downtown Denver.
-
Denver Art Museum
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Civic Center Park, with museums and the central library in background
Sports
Denver is home to a variety of sports teams and is one of 13
The Denver Broncos of the National Football League have drawn crowds of over 70,000 since their origins in the early 1960s, and continue to draw fans today to their current home Empower Field at Mile High. The Broncos have sold out every home game (except for strike-replacement games) since 1970.[139] The Broncos have advanced to eight Super Bowls and won back-to-back titles in 1997 and 1998, and won again in 2015.
The Colorado Rockies were created as an expansion franchise in 1993 and Coors Field opened in 1995. The Rockies advanced to the playoffs that year but were eliminated in the first round. In 2007, they advanced to the playoffs as a wild-card entrant, won the NL Championship Series, and brought the World Series to Denver for the first time but were swept in four games by the Boston Red Sox.
Denver has been home to two National Hockey League teams. The Colorado Rockies played from 1976 to 1982, but later moved to the New York metropolitan area to become the New Jersey Devils. The Colorado Avalanche joined in 1995, after relocating from Quebec City. While in Denver, they have won three Stanley Cups in 1996, 2001, and 2022. The Denver Nuggets joined the American Basketball Association in 1967 and the National Basketball Association in 1976. The Nuggets won their first NBA championship in 2023. The Avalanche and Nuggets have both played at Ball Arena (formerly known as Pepsi Center) since 1999. The Major League Soccer team Colorado Rapids play in Dick's Sporting Goods Park, an 18,000-seat soccer-specific stadium opened for the 2007 MLS season in the Denver suburb of Commerce City.[140] The Rapids won the MLS Cup in 2010.
Club | League | Venue | Attendance | Attendance rank in League | Start | Championship |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Denver Broncos | NFL | Empower Field at Mile High | 76,388[141] | 5th of 32 | 1960 | 1997, 1998, 2015 |
Colorado Rockies | MLB | Coors Field | 32,196[142] | 14th of 30 | 1993 | |
Denver Nuggets | NBA | Ball Arena | 19,669[143] | 6th of 30 | 1967 | 2023 |
Colorado Avalanche | NHL | Ball Arena | 17,991[144] | 13th of 32 | 1995 | 1996, 2001, 2022 |
Colorado Rapids | MLS | Dick's Sporting Goods Park | 15,409[145] | 28th of 29 | 1996 | 2010 |
Denver has several additional professional teams. In 2006, Denver established a
In 2018, the Denver Bandits were established as the first professional football team for women in Colorado and will be a part of the initial season for the Women's National Football Conference (WNFC) in 2019.
Denver submitted the winning bid to host the
-
Ball Arena, home to the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL), and the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League (NLL)
Parks and recreation
As of 2006[update], Denver had over 200 parks, from small pocket parks all over the city to the giant 314-acre (1.27 km2) City Park.[146] Denver also has 29 recreation centers providing places and programming for resident's recreation and relaxation.[147]
Many of Denver's parks were acquired from state lands in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This coincided with the
In addition to the parks within Denver, the city acquired land for
Since 1974, Denver and the surrounding jurisdictions have rehabilitated the urban South Platte River and its tributaries for recreational use by hikers and cyclists. The main stem of the South Platte River Greenway runs along the South Platte 35 miles (56 km) into Adams County in the north. The Greenway project is recognized as one of the best urban reclamation projects in the U.S., winning, for example, the Silver Medal Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence in 2001.[153]
As of 2022[update], ParkScore by the Trust for Public Land, a national land conservation organization, reported Denver as having the 18th best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities. The report noted that 89% of Denverites live within a 10-minute walk of a park.[154]
-
Cheesman Parkstarted as a cemetery.
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The Carla Madison Recreation Center, completed in 2017
-
Red Rocks is a Denver park and world-famous amphitheater in the foothills.
-
Washington Park
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Genesee Park is the largest of the Denver Mountain Parks.
Government
Denver is a
Denver has a strong mayor/weak city council government. The mayor can approve or veto any ordinances or resolutions approved by the council, makes sure all contracts with the city are kept and performed, signs all bonds and contracts, is responsible for the city budget, and can appoint people to various city departments, organizations, and commissions. The council can override the mayor's veto with a nine votes, and the city budget must be approved and can be changed by a simple majority vote of the council. The auditor checks all expenditures and may refuse to allow specific ones, usually for financial reasons.[155]
The Denver Department of Safety oversees three branches: the
Politics
While Denver elections are nonpartisan, Democrats have long dominated the city's politics; most citywide officials are known to be registered with the Democratic Party. The mayor's office has been occupied by a Democrat since the 1963 municipal election. All the city's seats in the state legislature are held by Democrats.
In statewide elections, the city also tends to favor Democrats, though Republicans were occasionally competitive until the turn of the millennium. The last Republican to win Denver in a gubernatorial election was
In federal elections, Denver is a Democratic stronghold. It has supported a Democrat for president in every election since 1960, except 1972 and 1980. The city has swung heavily to the Democrats since the 1980s; Ronald Reagan is the last Republican to garner even 40 percent of the city's vote. At the federal level, Denver is the heart of Colorado's 1st congressional district, which includes all of Denver and parts of Arapahoe County. It is the most Democratic district in the Mountain West and has been in Democratic hands for all but two terms since 1933. It is currently represented by Democrat Diana DeGette.
Benjamin F. Stapleton was the mayor of Denver for two periods, from 1923 to 1931 and from 1935 to 1947. He was responsible for many civic improvements, notably during his second term, when he had access to funds and manpower from the New Deal. During this time, the park system was considerably expanded and the Civic Center completed. His signature project was the construction of Denver Municipal Airport, which began in 1929 amid heavy criticism. It was later renamed Stapleton International Airport in his honor. Today, the airport has been replaced by a neighborhood initially named Stapleton. In 2020, during the George Floyd protests, because of Stapleton's demonstrated racism and prominent membership in the Ku Klux Klan, neighborhood residents changed the name to Central Park.[161][162] Stapleton Street continues to bear his name.
During the 1960s and 1970s, Denver was one of the centers of the
In recent years, Denver has taken a stance on helping people who are or become homeless, particularly under the administrations of mayors John Hickenlooper and Wellington Webb. At a rate of 19 homeless per 10,000 residents in 2011 as compared to 50 or more per 10,000 residents for the four metro areas with the highest rate of homelessness,[164] Denver's homeless population and rate of homeless are both considerably lower than many other major cities. But residents of the city streets suffer Denver winters – which, although mild and dry much of the time, can have brief periods of extremely cold temperatures and snow.
In 2005, Denver became the first major U.S. city to vote to make the private possession of less than an ounce of
Denver hosted the
On October 3, 2012, the University of Denver hosted the first of the three 2012 presidential debates.[171]
In July 2019, Mayor Hancock said that Denver will not assist U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents with immigration raids.[172]
Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2020 | 71,618 | 18.19% | 313,293 | 79.55% | 8,918 | 2.26% |
2016 | 62,690 | 18.89% | 244,551 | 73.69% | 24,611 | 7.42% |
2012 | 73,111 | 24.18% | 222,018 | 73.41% | 7,289 | 2.41% |
2008 | 62,567 | 23.04% | 204,882 | 75.45% | 4,084 | 1.50% |
2004 | 69,903 | 29.27% | 166,135 | 69.56% | 2,788 | 1.17% |
2000 | 61,224 | 30.87% | 122,693 | 61.86% | 14,430 | 7.28% |
1996 | 58,529 | 30.04% | 120,312 | 61.76% | 15,973 | 8.20% |
1992 | 55,418 | 25.43% | 121,961 | 55.97% | 40,540 | 18.60% |
1988 | 77,753 | 37.13% | 127,173 | 60.72% | 4,504 | 2.15% |
1984 | 105,096 | 47.83% | 110,200 | 50.15% | 4,442 | 2.02% |
1980 | 88,398 | 42.19% | 85,903 | 41.00% | 35,207 | 16.80% |
1976 | 105,960 | 46.73% | 112,229 | 49.50% | 8,549 | 3.77% |
1972 | 121,995 | 54.14% | 98,062 | 43.52% | 5,278 | 2.34% |
1968 | 92,003 | 43.54% | 106,081 | 50.20% | 13,233 | 6.26% |
1964 | 73,279 | 33.57% | 143,480 | 65.73% | 1,529 | 0.70% |
1960 | 109,446 | 49.59% | 109,637 | 49.68% | 1,618 | 0.73% |
1956 | 121,402 | 55.91% | 93,812 | 43.21% | 1,907 | 0.88% |
1952 | 119,792 | 56.09% | 92,237 | 43.19% | 1,534 | 0.72% |
1948 | 76,364 | 45.17% | 89,489 | 52.93% | 3,214 | 1.90% |
1944 | 86,331 | 48.75% | 90,001 | 50.82% | 759 | 0.43% |
1940 | 81,328 | 46.91% | 90,938 | 52.45% | 1,105 | 0.64% |
1936 | 50,743 | 33.28% | 99,263 | 65.09% | 2,486 | 1.63% |
1932 | 59,372 | 43.48% | 72,868 | 53.36% | 4,318 | 3.16% |
1928 | 73,543 | 63.40% | 41,238 | 35.55% | 1,221 | 1.05% |
1924 | 59,077 | 63.44% | 15,764 | 16.93% | 18,282 | 19.63% |
1920 | 43,581 | 62.03% | 22,839 | 32.51% | 3,838 | 5.46% |
1916 | 23,185 | 33.84% | 43,029 | 62.81% | 2,298 | 3.35% |
1912 | 8,155 | 13.59% | 26,690 | 44.47% | 25,171 | 41.94% |
1908 | 30,193 | 45.95% | 33,145 | 50.44% | 2,369 | 3.61% |
1904 | 32,667 | 51.73% | 28,958 | 45.85% | 1,528 | 2.42% |
Taxes
The City and County of Denver levies an occupational privilege tax (OPT or head tax) on employers and employees.
- If any employee performs work in the city limits and is paid over $500 for that work in a single month, the employee and employer are both liable for the OPT regardless of where the main business office is located or headquartered.
- The employer is liable for $4 per employee per month and the employee is liable for $5.75 per month.
- It is the employer's responsibility to withhold, remit, and file the OPT returns. If an employer does not comply, the employer can be held liable for both portions of the OPT as well as penalties and interest.
Education
Denver's many colleges and universities range in age and study programs. Three major public schools constitute the
-
Denver East High Schoolhas seen several world-famous people walk the halls as future alumni.
-
University of Colorado-Denver in downtown
-
The Ritchie Center at University of Denver
Media
The Denver metropolitan area is served by a variety of media outlets in print, radio, television, and the Internet.
Television stations
Denver is the 16th-largest market in the country for television, according to the 2009–2010 rankings from Nielsen Media Research.[179]
- 31. KWGN is run by KDVR management and is Colorado's first TV station, on the air since July 1952.
- KCDO-TV, channel 3, an independent station owned by the E. W. Scripps Company, who also own KMGH-TV as part of a duopoly.
- KCNC-TV, channel 4, a CBS O&O station.
- KRMA-TV, channel 6, the flagship of Rocky Mountain PBS, a state network of five public TV stations throughout Colorado.
- McGraw-Hillcompany for 40 years prior to 2012. The station is part of a duopoly with KCDO-TV.
- Tegna, who also owns KTVD 20, a MyNetworkTVaffiliate.
- KBDI-TV, channel 12, a secondary PBS member station.
- KDEN-TV, channel 25, a Telemundo O&O station.
- KPJR-TV, channel 38, a TBN O&O station.
- KCEC, channel 50, a Univision affiliate.
- KETD, channel 53, is a Christian station owned by the LeSEA Broadcasting group.
Radio stations
Denver is also served by over 40 AM and FM radio stations, covering a wide variety of formats and styles. Denver–Boulder radio is the No. 19 market in the United States, according to the Spring 2011 Arbitron ranking (up from No. 20 in Fall 2009). For a list of Denver radio stations, see List of radio stations in Colorado.
After continued rivalry between Denver's two main newspapers,
Transportation
City streets
Most of Denver has a straightforward
There is also an older downtown grid system that was designed to be parallel to the confluence of the
All roads in the downtown grid system are streets (e.g., 16th Street, Stout Street), except for the five NE–SW roads nearest the intersection of Colfax Avenue and Broadway: Cheyenne Place, Cleveland Place, Court Place, Tremont Place and Glenarm Place. Roads outside that system that travel east–west are designated "avenues" and those that travel north–south are designated "streets" (e.g., Colfax Avenue, Lincoln Street). Boulevards are higher capacity streets and travel any direction (more commonly north and south). Smaller roads are sometimes referred to as places, drives (though not all drives are smaller capacity roads; some are major thoroughfares) or courts. Most streets outside the area between Broadway and Colorado Boulevard are organized alphabetically from the city's center.
East of Colorado Boulevard, the naming convention of streets takes on a predictable pattern of going through the alphabet by using each letter twice (i.e. AA, BB, CC, DD, through YY – there is no Z). The first street is almost always named after a plant or fruit, the second street is almost always named after a foreign place or location. For example, Jersey Street / Jasmine Street, Quebec Street / Quince Street, and Syracuse Street / Spruce Street. Inexplicably, the letter Y only has one street (Yosemite), and there is no Z. This double-alphabet naming convention continues in some form into Aurora, Colorado.
Some Denver streets have
The Denver Boot, a car-disabling device, was first used in Denver.[184]
Cycling
The League of American Bicyclists rated Colorado as the sixth most bicycle-friendly state in the nation for 2014. This is due in large part to Front Range cities like Boulder, Fort Collins and Denver placing an emphasis on legislation, programs and infrastructure developments that promote cycling as a mode of transportation.[185] Walk Score has rated Denver as the fourth most bicycle-friendly large city in the United States.[186] According to data from the 2011 American Community Survey, Denver ranks 6th among US cities with populations over 400,000 in terms of the percentage of workers who commute by bicycle at 2.2% of commuters.[187]
B-Cycle – Denver's citywide bicycle sharing program – was the largest in the United States at the time of its launch in 2010, boasting 400 bicycles.[183] B-Cycle ridership peaked in 2014, then steadily declined. The program announced it would cease operations at the end of January 2020.[188][189][190] The city announced plans to seek one or more new contractors to run a bike-share program starting mid-2020.[191][192]
Electric rental scooters
In 2018, electric scooter services began to place scooters in Denver. Hundreds of unsanctioned LimeBike and Bird electric scooters appeared on Denver streets in May, causing an uproar. In June, the city ordered the companies to remove them[193] and acted quickly to create an official program, including a requirement that scooters be left at RTD stops and out of the public right-of-way. Lime and Bird scooters then reappeared in late July, with limited compliance. Uber's Jump e-bikes arrived in late August, followed by Lyft's nationwide electric scooter launch in early September.[194] Lyft says that it will, each night, take the scooters to the warehouse for safety checks, maintenance and charging. Additionally, Spin and Razor each were permitted to add 350 scooters.[195]
Walkability
2017 rankings by Walk Score placed Denver twenty-sixth among 108 U.S. cities with a population of 200,000 or greater.[186] City leaders have acknowledged the concerns of walkability advocates that Denver has serious gaps in its sidewalk network. The 2019 "Denver Moves: Pedestrians" plan outlines a need for approximate $1.3 billion in sidewalk funding, plus $400 million for trails.[196] In 2022, Denver voters passed Initiative 307, dubbed "Denver Deserves Sidewalks", to complete sidewalk construction and repair by shifting responsibility for sidewalk maintenance from property owners to the city and imposing a new fee on property owners based on the length of a property's sidewalk frontage,[197] although the measure may be revised in the course of implementation.[198]
Modal characteristics
In 2015, 9.6 percent of Denver households lacked a car, and in 2016, this was virtually unchanged (9.4 percent). The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Denver averaged 1.62 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[199]
Freeways and highways
Denver is primarily served by the interstate freeways
- Interstate 25 runs north–south from New Mexico through Denver to Wyoming
- Interstate 225traverses neighboring Aurora. I-225 was designed to link Aurora with I-25 in the southeastern corner of Denver, and I-70 to the north of Aurora, with construction starting May 1964 and ending May 21, 1976.
- . It is also the primary corridor on which motorists access the mountains.
- Interstate 25.
- I-80.
- US 6 follows the alignment of 6th Avenue west of I-25, and connects downtown Denver to the west-central suburbs of Golden and Lakewood. It continues west through Utah and Nevada to Bishop, California. To the east, it continues as far as Provincetown, on Cape Cod in Massachusetts.
- Interstate 25in the University Hills neighborhood.
- Interstate 25.
- U.S. Route 87 runs north–south and through Denver. It is concurrent with I-25 the entire length in the state.
- US 36 connects Denver to Boulder and Rocky Mountain National Park near Estes Park. It runs east into Ohio, after crossing four other states.
- US 36.
- freewayfor its entire length.
Denver also has a nearly complete beltway known as "the 470's". These are
A highway expansion and transit project for the southern
Metro Denver highway conditions can be accessed on the Colorado Department of Transportation COtrip website.[203]
Mass transportation
FasTracks is a commuter rail, light rail, and bus expansion project approved by voters in 2004, which will serve neighboring suburbs and communities. The W Line, or West line, opened in April 2013 serving Golden/Federal Center. The commuter rail A Line from Denver Union Station to Denver International Airport opened in April 2016 with ridership exceeding RTD's early expectations.[204] The light rail R Line through Aurora opened in February 2017.[205] The G Line to the suburb of Arvada (originally planned to open in the Fall of 2016) opened on April 26, 2019.[206] The N Line to Commerce City and Thornton opened on September 21, 2020.[207]
An express bus service, known as the Flatiron Flyer, serves to connect Boulder and Denver. The service, billed as bus rapid transit, has been accused of bus rapid transit creep for failing to meet the majority of BRT requirements, including level boarding and all-door entry. A commuter rail connection to Boulder and its suburb of Longmont, also part of the FasTracks ballot initiative and an extension of the B Line, is planned to be finished by RTD, but no construction funds have yet been identified prior to 2040.[208] RTD is currently considering an interim commuter service which would run rush-hour trains from Longmont to Denver.
The
At
Denver's early years as a major train hub of the west are still very visible today. Trains stop in Denver at historic
Denver public transportation statistics
The average amount of time people spend commuting on public transit in Denver and Boulder, Colorado—for example, to and from work, on a weekday—is 77 minutes; 31% of public transit riders ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 minutes, while 25% of riders wait for over 20 minutes, on average, every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 6.96 miles (11.20 km), while 31% travel over 7.46 miles (12.01 km) in a single direction.[214]
Airports
In 2017, Denver International Airport was rated by Skytrax as the 28th-best airport in the world, falling to second place in the United States behind Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport. Skytrax also named DIA as the second-best regional airport in North America for 2017, and the fourth-best regional airport in the world.
Three general aviation airports serve the Denver area. Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport (KBJC) is 13.7 miles (22 km) north-northwest, Centennial Airport (KAPA) is 13.7 miles (22 km) south-southeast, and Colorado Air and Space Port (KCFO), formerly Front Range Airport, is 23.7 miles (38 km) east of the state capitol. Centennial Airport also offers limited commercial airline service, on two cargo airlines.
In the past, Denver has been home to several other airports that are no longer operational. Stapleton International Airport was closed in 1995 when it was replaced by DIA. Lowry Air Force Base was a military flight training facility that ceased flight operations in 1966, with the base finally closing in 1994. Both Stapleton and Lowry have since been redeveloped into primarily residential neighborhoods. Buckley Space Force Base is the only military facility in the Denver area.
Notable people
Twin towns – sister cities
Denver's relationship with
Since then, Denver has established relationships with additional sister cities:[220]
See also
- Bibliography of Colorado
- Geography of Colorado
- History of Colorado
- Arapahoe County, Kansas Territory
- Arrappahoe County, Jefferson Territory
- Arapahoe County, Colorado Territory
- Arapahoe County, Colorado
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Denver
- Index of Colorado-related articles
- List of Colorado-related lists
- Outline of Colorado
- Front Range Urban Corridor
- USS Denver, 3 ships
Explanatory notes
- ^ a b Denver has maintained its official mile-high elevation of 5,280 feet (1,609.344 m) for more than a century. When the National Geodetic Survey makes adjustments to its national elevation measurements, the State of Colorado moves the official mile-high elevation point up or down the west steps of the Colorado State Capitol to reflect the changes. Most of Denver actually lies above this elevation.
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ The official weather records for Denver were recorded in Downtown Denver from January 1872 to December 1949, at Stapleton International Airport from January 1950 to February 1995, and at Denver International Airport since March 1995.
References
- ^ a b c "Active Colorado Municipalities". Colorado Department of Local Affairs. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
- Epodunk, accessed April 16, 2007
- ^ Queen City, Time, January 30, 1928, accessed April 13, 2007.
- ^ "The Big Apple: Wall Street of the West (17th Street in Denver)". 2012.
- ^ "2014 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Places". United States Census Bureau. July 1, 2014. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
- ^ "Denver City Town Company Record Book, Mss.01813 (accession 99.225), History Colorado" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 18, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
- ^ "Colorado Municipal Incorporations". State of Colorado, Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives. December 1, 2004. Retrieved December 5, 2007.
- ^ a b "The town of Argo was one of the municipalities which by virtue of the amendment became merged in the city and county of Denver. But it did not become so merged, nor did the terms of its officers terminate, until the 1st day of December, 1902--the day the proclamation was issued." Boston & Colorado Smelting Co. v. Elder, 77 P. 258, 259-60 (1904).
- ^ a b "[T]he city and county of Denver ... did not come into being until the day of the issuance of the Governor's proclamation, on December 1, 1902". City Council of the City and County of Denver v. Board of Commissioners of Adams County, 77 P. 858, 861 (1904).
- Denver Post. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Decennial Census P.L. 94-171 Redistricting Data". United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
- ^ "Denver, Aurora Metro Area". usa.com. 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
- ^ "Denver High Point, Colorado". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. April 29, 2005. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
- ^ "US Census Bureau QuickFacts: Denver County, Colorado". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ^ "List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
- ^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
- ^ "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2021". United States Census Bureau. February 24, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
- ^ "Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area, 2022" (PDF). www.bea.gov. Bureau of Economic Analysis.
- ^ "Total Gross Domestic Product for Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO (MSA)". fred.stlouisfed.org.
- ^ "Look Up a ZIP Code". United States Postal Service. 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
- ^ "Geographic Names Information System". edits.nationalmap.gov. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
- ^ "Search Results". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
- ^ "Community Report, City and County of Denver, Colorado" (PDF). The City and County of Denver. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
- ^ "Best Places to Live in the USA". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
- ^ "Early Auraria: Native Peoples". Historical Dialogues. May 24, 2016.
- ^ "The Rockies: An Arapaho Perspective – The Decolonial Atlas". April 30, 2015.
- ^ "Treaty of Fort Laramie with Sioux, Etc., 1851." 11 Stats. 749, Sept. 17, 1851.
- ^ ISBN 0-8061-1573-4.
- ^ ISBN 0-8061-3551-4.
- ^ "Denver: The Rocky Mountain metropolis timeline". The City and County of Denver. January 1, 2006. Archived from the original on August 13, 2006. Retrieved August 30, 2006.
- ^ a b Thomas J. Noel. "Denver History: The Arapaho Camp". City and County of Denver. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
- ^ "Newsman Dead". Los Angeles Mirror. Los Angeles, California. April 10, 1954. p. 3. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
- ^ "A Good Man Gone". Pottsville Republican. Pottsville, Pennsylvania. September 21, 1891. p. 4. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
- ^ "Treaty with the Arapaho and Cheyenne, 1861" (Treaty of Fort Wise). 12 Stat. 1163, p. 810.
- ISBN 978-0806115771
- ^ a b "State Government History". State of Colorado, Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives. April 18, 2001. Retrieved November 28, 2006.
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