Deportation of the Crimean Tatars
Deportation of the Crimean Tatars | |
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Part of Soviet secret police | |
Motive | Tatarophobia, Islamophobia |
Part of a series on |
Forced population transfer in the Soviet Union |
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Policies |
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Peoples |
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Operations |
WWII POW labor |
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Massive labor force transfers |
The deportation of the Crimean Tatars (
Officially, the Soviet government presented the deportation as a policy of
After it deported the Crimean Tatars, the Soviet government launched an intense
By 2004, the number of Crimean Tatars who had returned to Crimea had increased their share of the peninsula's population to 12 percent. The Soviet authorities had not assisted them during their return to Crimea nor had it compensated them for the land which they had lost during the deportation. The
Background
The
The
After the 1917
World War II
In 1940, the
Many of the captured Crimean Tatars serving in the
Year | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|
1783 | 500,000 | 98% |
1897 | 186,212 | 34.1% |
1939 | 218,879 | 19.4% |
1959 | — | — |
1979 | 5,422 | 0.3% |
1989 | 38,365 | 1.6% |
Many Crimean Tatar communists strongly opposed the occupation and assisted the resistance movement to provide valuable strategic and political information.[24] Other Crimean Tatars also fought on the side of the Soviet partisans, like the Tarhanov movement of 250 Crimean Tatars which fought throughout 1942 until its destruction.[26] Six Crimean Tatars were even named the Heroes of the Soviet Union, and thousands more were awarded high honors in the Red Army.
Up to 130,000 people died during the Axis occupation of Crimea.
A majority of the
Falsification of information in media
Soviet publications blatantly falsified information about Crimean Tatars in the Red Army, going so far as to describe Crimean Tatar Hero of the Soviet Union Uzeir Abduramanov as Azeri, not Crimean Tatar, on the cover of a 1944 issue of Ogonyok magazine - even though his family had been deported for being Crimean Tatar just a few months earlier.[32][33] The book In the Mountains of Tavria falsely claimed that volunteer partisan scout Bekir Osmanov was a German spy and shot, although the central committee later acknowledged that he never served the Germans and survived the war, ordering later editions to have corrections after still-living Osmanov and his family noticed the obvious falsehood.[34] Amet-khan Sultan, born to a Crimean Tatar mother and Lak father in Crimea, where he was born and raised, was often described as a Dagestani in post-deportation media, even though he always considered himself a Crimean Tatar.[35]
Deportation
We were told that we were being evicted and we had 15 minutes to get ready to leave. We boarded boxcars – there were 60 people in each, but no one knew where we were being taken to. To be shot? Hanged? Tears and panic were taking over.[36]
— Saiid, who was deported with his family from Yevpatoria when he was 10
Officially due to the collaboration with the Axis powers during World War II, the Soviet government collectively punished ten ethnic minorities,[c 3][37] among them the Crimean Tatars.[38] Punishment included deportation to distant regions of Central Asia and Siberia.[37] Soviet accounts of the late 1940s indict the Crimean Tatars as an ethnicity of traitors. Although the Crimean Tatars denied that they had committed treason, this idea was widely accepted during the Soviet period and persists in the Russian scholarly and popular literature.[39] This was despite the fact that twice as many Crimean Tatars served in the Red Army, 40,000,[40] than had collaborated with the Axis powers, 20,000.[41]
On 10 May 1944, Lavrentiy Beria recommended to Stalin that the Crimean Tatars should be deported away from the border regions due to their "traitorous actions".[42] Stalin subsequently issued GKO Order No. 5859ss, which envisaged the resettlement of the Crimean Tatars.[43] The deportation lasted only three days,[44] 18–20 May 1944, during which NKVD agents went house to house collecting Crimean Tatars at gunpoint and forcing them to enter sealed-off[45] cattle trains that would transfer them almost 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi)[46] to remote locations in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. The Crimean Tatars were allowed to carry up to 500 kg (1,100 lb) of their property per family.[47] The only ones who could avoid this fate were Crimean Tatar women who were married to men of non-punished ethnic groups.[48] The exiled Crimean Tatars travelled in overcrowded wagons for several weeks and lacked food and water.[49] It is estimated that at least 228,392 people were deported from Crimea, of which at least 191,044 were Crimean Tatars[50] in 47,000 families.[51] Since 7,889 people perished in the long transit in sealed-off railcars, the NKVD registered the 183,155 living Crimean Tatars who arrived at their destinations in Central Asia.[52] The majority of the deportees were rounded up from the Crimean countryside. Only 18,983 of the exiles were from Crimean cities.[53]
On 4 July 1944, the NKVD officially informed Stalin that the resettlement was complete.
Officially, Crimean Tatars were eliminated from Crimea. The deportation encompassed every person considered by the government to be Crimean Tatar, including children, women, and the elderly, and even those who had been members of the
During this mass eviction, the Soviet authorities confiscated around 80,000 houses, 500,000
In total, 151,136 Crimean Tatars were deported to the Uzbek SSR; 8,597 to the
The mass Crimean deportations were organized by Lavrentiy Beria, the chief of the Soviet secret police, the NKVD, and his subordinates
On 14 July 1944 the GKO authorized the immigration of 51,000 people, mostly Russians, to 17,000 empty
Aftermath
Mortality and death toll
Year | Number of deceased |
---|---|
May 1944 – 1 January 1945 | 13,592 |
1 January 1945 – 1 January 1946 | 13,183 |
The first deportees started arriving in the Uzbek SSR on 29 May 1944 and most had arrived by 8 June 1944.
The sole transport to these remote areas and
We were forced to repair our own individual tents. We worked and we starved. Many were so weak from hunger that they could not stay on their feet.... Our men were at the front and there was no one who could bury the dead. Sometimes the bodies lay among us for several days.... Some Crimean Tatar children dug little graves and buried the unfortunate little ones.[73] |
— anonymous Crimean Tatar woman, describing life in exile |
The high mortality rate continued for several years in exile due to
My parents were moved from Crimea to Uzbekistan in May 1944. My parents had sisters and brothers, but when they arrived in Uzbekistan, the only survivors were themselves. My parents' sisters and brothers and parents all died in transit because of catching bad colds and other diseases.... My mother was left completely alone and her first work was to cut trees.[76]
Estimates produced by Crimean Tatars indicate mortality figures that were far higher and amounted to 46% of their population living in exile.[77] In 1968, when Leonid Brezhnev presided over the USSR, Crimean Tatar activists were persecuted for using that high mortality figure under the guise that it was a "slander to the USSR." In order to show that Crimean Tatars were exaggerating, the KGB published figures showing that "only" 22 per cent of that ethnic group died.[77] The Karachay demographer Dalchat Ediev estimates that 34,300 Crimean Tatars died due to the deportation, representing an 18 per cent mortality rate.[2] Hannibal Travis estimates that overall 40,000–80,000 Crimean Tatars died in exile.[78] Professor Michael Rywkin gives a figure of at least 42,000 Crimean Tatars who died between 1944 and 1951, including 7,900 who died during the transit[4] Professor Brian Glyn Williams gives a figure of between 40,000 and 44,000 deaths as a consequence of this deportation.[3] The Crimean State Committee estimated that 45,000 Crimean Tatars died between 1944 and 1948. The official NKVD report estimated that 27 per cent of that ethnicity died.[5]
Various estimates of the mortality rates of the Crimean Tatars:
18%[2] | 82% | |
Died in exile | Survived in exile |
27%[5] | 73% | |
Died in exile | Survived in exile |
46%[77] | 54% | |
Died in exile | Survived in exile |
Rehabilitation
Stalin's government denied the Crimean Tatars the right to education or
In the 1950s, the Crimean Tatars started actively advocating for the right to return. In 1957, they collected 6,000 signatures in a petition that was sent to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union that demanded their political rehabilitation and return to Crimea.[73] In 1961 25,000 signatures were collected in a petition that was sent to the Kremlin.[79]
Mustafa Dzhemilev, who was only six months old when his family was deported from Crimea, grew up in Uzbekistan and became an activist for the right of the Crimean Tatars to return. In 1966 he was arrested for the first time and spent a total of 17 years in prison during the Soviet era. This earned him the nickname of "Crimean Tatar Mandela."[82] In 1984 he was sentenced for the sixth time for "anti-Soviet activity" but was given moral support by the Soviet dissident Andrei Sakharov, who had observed Dzhemilev's fourth trial in 1976.[83] When older dissidents were arrested, a new, younger generation emerged that would replace them.[79]
On 21 July 1967, representatives of the Crimean Tatars, led by the dissident
In 1968 unrest erupted among the Crimean Tatar people in the Uzbek city of
Repatriation
Despite de-Stalinization, the situation didn't change until Gorbachev's perestroika in the late 1980s. A 1987 Tatar protest near the Kremlin[73] prompted Gorbachev to form the Gromyko Commission which found against Tatar claims, but a second commission recommended "renewal of autonomy" for Crimean Tatars.[92] In 1989 the ban on the return of deported ethnicities was declared officially null and void and the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union further declared the deportations criminal,[56] paving the way for the Crimean Tatars to return. Dzhemilev returned to Crimea that year, with at least 166,000 other Tatars doing the same by January 1992.[93] The 1991 Russian law On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples rehabilitated all Soviet repressed ethnicities and abolished all previous Russian laws relating to the deportations, calling for the "restoration and return of the cultural and spiritual values and archives which represent the heritage of the repressed people."[94]
By 2004 the Crimean Tatars formed 12 per cent of the population of Crimea.
Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
In March 2014, the
Modern views and legacy
The KGB collaborators are furious that we are gathering statistical evidence about Crimean Tatars who perished in exile and that we are collecting materials against the sadist commandants who derided the people during the Stalin years and who, according to the precepts of the Nuremberg Tribunal, should be tried for crimes against humanity. As a result of the crime of 1944, I lost thousands upon thousands of my brothers and sisters. And this must be remembered![104] |
— Mustafa Dzhemilev, 1966 |
Historian Edward Allworth has noted that the extent of marginalization of the Crimean Tatars was a distinct anomaly among national policy in the USSR given the party's firm commitment maintaining the status quo of not recognizing them as a distinct ethnic group in addition to assimilating and "rooting" them in exile, in sharp contrast to the rehabilitation other deported ethnic groups such as the Chechens, Ingush, Karachays, Balkars, and Kalmyks experienced in the Khrushchev era.[105]
Between 1989 and 1994, around a quarter of a million Crimean Tatars returned to Crimea from exile in Central Asia. This was seen as a symbolic victory of their efforts to return to their native land.[106] They returned after 45 years of exile.[107]
Not one of the several ethnic groups who were deported during Stalin's era received any kind of financial compensation.
Despite the thousands of Crimean Tatars in the Red Army when it
Modern interpretations by scholars and historians sometimes classify this mass deportation of civilians as a
Genocide question and recognition
Some activists, politicians, scholars, countries, and historians go even further and consider the deportation a crime of
On 12 December 2015, the
# | Name | Date of recognition | Source |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Ukraine | 12 December 2015 | [133] |
2 | Latvia | 9 May 2019 | [134][135] |
3 | Lithuania | 6 June 2019 | [136] |
4 | Canada | 10 June 2019 | [137][138] |
A minority dispute defining the event as genocide. According to Alexander Statiev, the
In popular culture
In 2008, Lily Hyde, a British journalist living in Ukraine, published a novel titled Dreamland that revolves around a Crimean Tatar family return to their homeland in the 1990s. The story is told from the perspective of a 12-year-old girl who moves from Uzbekistan to a demolished village with her parents, brother, and grandfather. Her grandfather tells her stories about the heroes and victims among the Crimean Tatars.[143]
The 2013 Ukrainian Crimean Tatar-language film Haytarma portrays the experience of Crimean Tatar flying ace and Hero of the Soviet Union Amet-khan Sultan during the 1944 deportations.[144]
In 2015, Christina Paschyn released the documentary film A Struggle for Home: The Crimean Tatars in a Ukrainian–Qatari co-production. It depicts the history of the Crimean Tatars from 1783 up until 2014, with a special emphasis on the 1944 mass deportation.[145]
Crimean Tatar singer Jamala entered the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 with her song "1944", which refers to the deportation of the Crimean Tatars in the eponymous year. Jamala, an ethnic Crimean Tatar born in exile in Kyrgyzstan, dedicated the song to her deported great-grandmother. She became the first Crimean Tatar to perform at Eurovision and also the first to perform with a song with lyrics in the Crimean Tatar language. She went on to win the contest, becoming the second Ukrainian artist to win the event.[146]
See also
- De-Tatarization of Crimea
- Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush
- Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks
- List of ethnic cleansing campaigns
- List of genocides by death toll
- Population transfer in the Soviet Union
Comments
- ^ The Russian SFSR officially recognised the deportations of peoples by Stalin's government from their territories as acts of genocide.[7][8] Nevertheless, there are still some researchers who do not consider these deportations to be acts of genocide. For more information, see the section § Genocide question and recognition.
- ^ Or, according to other sources, 423,100.[9]
- ^ Besides the Crimean Tatars, these included the Volga Germans, Chechens, Ingush, Meskhetian Turks, Balkars, Karachays, Soviet Koreans, Kalmyks and Kurds.
Citations
- ^ Naimark 2010, pp. 2–14, 126, 135.
- ^ a b c d Buckley, Ruble & Hofmann (2008), p. 207
- ^ a b Williams 2015, p. 109.
- ^ a b c Rywkin 1994, p. 67.
- ^ a b c d Ukrainian Congress Committee of America 2004, pp. 43–44.
- ^ Hall 2014, p. 53.
- ^ Закон РСФСР от 26 апреля 1991 г. N 1107-I «О реабилитации репрессированных народов» (с изменениями и дополнениями) Article 2 "Репрессированными признаются народы (нации, народности или этнические группы и иные исторически сложившиеся культурно-этнические общности людей, например, казачество), в отношении которых по признакам национальной или иной принадлежности проводилась на государственном уровне политика клеветы и геноцида, сопровождавшаяся их насильственным переселением, упразднением национально-государственных образований, перекраиванием национально-территориальных границ, установлением режима террора и насилия в местах спецпоселения"
- ^ Закон «О реабилитации репрессированных народов» (1991) // РИА — 26.04.2016
- ^ Allworth 1988, p. 6.
- ^ Bezverkha 2017, p. 127.
- ^ Spring 2015, p. 228.
- ^ a b Potichnyj 1975, pp. 302–319.
- ^ Fisher 1987, pp. 356–371.
- ^ a b Tanner 2004, p. 22.
- ^ a b Vardys (1971), p. 101
- ^ a b Smele 2015, p. 302.
- ^ Olson, Pappas & Pappas 1994, p. 185.
- ^ Rosefielde 1997, pp. 321–331.
- ^ a b c d Parrish 1996, p. 104.
- ^ a b Williams (2015), p. 92
- ^ Burleigh 2001, p. 748.
- ^ Fisher 2014, pp. 151–152.
- ^ Williams (2001), p. 377
- ^ a b Fisher 2014, p. 157.
- ^ Drohobycky 1995, p. 73.
- ^ Fisher 2014, p. 160.
- ^ Fisher 2014, p. 156.
- ^ Williams (2001), p. 381
- ^ Allworth 1998, p. 177.
- ^ a b c Uehling 2004, p. 38.
- ^ Williams 2001, pp. 382–384.
- ^ Журнал «Огонёк» № 45 - 46, 1944 г.
- ^ "Узеир Абдураманов — Герой, славный сын крымскотатарского народа". www.qirimbirligi.ru. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
- ^ Kasyanenko, Nikita (14 April 2001). "...К сыну от отца — закалять сердца". Газета «День».
- OCLC 949268869.
- ^ Colborne, 19 May 2016
- ^ a b c Human Rights Watch 1991, p. 3.
- ^ Banerji 2012.
- ^ Williams 2001, p. 374–375.
- ^ Sakwa 2014, p. 13.
- ^ Uehling 2004, p. 74.
- ^ Knight 1995, p. 127.
- ^ a b c Buckley, Ruble & Hoffman (2008), p. 231
- ^ a b Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 2016.
- ^ Weiner 2003, p. 224.
- ^ Tweddell & Kimball 1985, p. 190.
- ^ Kurtiev et al. 2004, p. 233.
- ^ a b Levene 2013, p. 317.
- ^ a b c d e Magocsi 2010, p. 690.
- ^ Garrard & Healicon 1993, p. 167.
- ^ Merridale 2007, p. 261.
- ^ Smoly 2004, p. 8.
- ^ a b Williams 2015, p. 106.
- ^ a b Shearer & Khaustov 2015, p. 267.
- ^ Uehling 2004, p. 100.
- ^ a b c Sandole et al. 2008, p. 94.
- ^ Bugay 1996, p. 46.
- ^ Syed, Akhtar & Usmani 2011, p. 298.
- ^ a b Stronski 2010, pp. 132–133.
- ^ Williams 2001, p. 401.
- ^ Buckley, Ruble & Hoffman (2008), p. 238
- ^ a b c Amnesty International 1973, pp. 160–161.
- ^ Kamenetsky 1977, p. 244.
- ^ Viola 2007, p. 99.
- ^ Kucherenko 2016, p. 85.
- ^ Reid 2015, p. 204.
- ^ Lillis 2014.
- ^ Reid 2015.
- ^ Uehling 2004, p. 3.
- ^ Human Rights Watch 1991, p. 33.
- ^ Allworth 1998, p. 155.
- ^ Garrard & Healicon 1993, p. 168.
- ^ a b c Human Rights Watch 1991, p. 37.
- ^ Human Rights Watch 1991, p. 9.
- ^ Moss 2008, p. 17.
- ^ Dadabaev 2015, p. 56.
- ^ a b c Human Rights Watch 1991, p. 34.
- ^ Travis 2010, p. 334.
- ^ a b c d Tanner 2004, p. 31.
- ^ Requejo & Nagel 2016, p. 179.
- ^ Bazhan 2015, p. 182.
- ^ Vardy, Tooley & Vardy 2003, p. 554.
- ^ Shabad 1984.
- ^ Williams 2015, p. 165.
- ^ a b Williams 2001, p. 425.
- ^ Tanner 2004, p. 32.
- ^ Williams 2015, p. 127.
- ^ a b Fisher 2014, p. 150.
- ^ Williams 2015, p. 129.
- ^ "95-ю годовщину дважды Героя Советского союза Амет-Хана Султана отметят в Крыму и в Дагестане". Информационный портал РИА "Дагестан". 24 April 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ TSGAOOU. F.1. Op. 24. D. 4248. L. 287—294. Zaverennaya kopiya ЦГАООУ. Ф.1. Оп. 24. Д. 4248. Л. 287—294. Заверенная копия [TsGAOOU. F.1. Op. 24. D. 4248. L. 287-294. Certified copy] (in Russian).
- ^ Human Rights Watch 1991, p. 38.
- ^ Kamm 1992.
- ^ Bugay 1996, p. 213.
- ^ BBC News, 18 May 2004
- ^ Garrard & Healicon 1993, p. 173.
- ^ Prokopchuk 2005.
- ^ Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 2014, p. 15.
- ^ "Crimea: Persecution of Crimean Tatars Intensifies". Human Rights Watch. 14 November 2017.
- ^ Nechepurenko 2016.
- ^ UN News Centre, 20 May 2014
- ^ Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 2014, p. 13.
- ^ Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 2015, pp. 40–41.
- ^ Allworth 1998, p. 214.
- ^ Allworth 1988, p. 173, 191-193.
- ^ a b Williams 2002a, pp. 323–347.
- ^ Williams 2001, p. 439.
- ^ Allworth 1998, p. 356.
- ^ Williams 2001, p. 384.
- ^ a b c Dufaud 2007, pp. 151–162.
- ^ Skutsch 2013, p. 1188.
- ^ Manley 2012, p. 40.
- ^ Williams 2002a, p. 386.
- ^ Wezel 2016, p. 225.
- ^ Requejo & Nagel 2016, p. 180.
- ^ Polian 2004, p. 318.
- ^ Lee 2006, p. 27.
- ^ Williams 2002a, pp. 357–373.
- ^ Zeghidour 2014, pp. 83–91.
- ^ Crimea's sad Tatars. Economist Newspaper Limited. 2000 – via Google Books.
- ^ Tatz & Higgins 2016, p. 28.
- ^ Uehling 2015, p. 3.
- ^ a b Legters 1992, p. 104.
- ^ Besemeres 2016, p. 469.
- ^ Özçelik 2020, p. 29.
- ^ Allworth 1998, p. 197.
- ^ Naimark 2010, p. 126.
- ^ Blank 2015, p. 18.
- ^ Allworth 1998, p. 216.
- ^ Snyder, Timothy (5 October 2010). "The fatal fact of the Nazi-Soviet pact". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
- ^ Bennigsen & Broxup 1983, p. 28–29.
- ^ Kamusella 2008, p. 275.
- ^ a b Radio Free Europe, 21 January 2016
- ^ a b "Foreign Affairs Committee adopts a statement on the 75th anniversary of deportation of Crimean Tatars, recognising the event as genocide". Saeima. 24 April 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ^ a b "Latvian Lawmakers Label 1944 Deportation Of Crimean Tatars As Act Of Genocide". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 9 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
- ^ a b "Lithuanian parliament recognizes Soviet crimes against Crimean Tatars as genocide". The Baltic Times. 6 June 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
- ^ a b "Borys Wrzesnewskyj". Facebook.
- ^ a b "Foreign Affairs Committee passes motion by Wrzesnewskyj on Crimean Tatar genocide". 21 June 2019.
- ^ Perovic 2018, p. 320.
- ^ Statiev 2010, pp. 243–264.
- ^ Weiner 2002, pp. 44–53.
- ^ Chang 2019, p. 270.
- ^ O'Neil 2014.
- ^ Grytsenko 2013.
- ^ International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam, 2016
- ^ John 2016.
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Online news reports
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International and NGO sources
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- Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2015). "Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine" (PDF). Retrieved 4 August 2017.
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- Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2016). Rupert Colville (ed.). "Press briefing notes on Crimean Tatars". Geneva. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
External links
- Media related to Deportation of the Crimean Tatars at Wikimedia Commons