Family and descendants of Genghis Khan

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(Redirected from
Descent from Genghis Khan
)
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This article is part of
a series about
Genghis Khan
Tribal campaigns
Legacy

The family tree of Genghis Khan is listed below. This family tree only lists prominent members of the Borjigin family and does not reach the present. Genghis Khan appears in the middle of the tree, and Kublai Khan appears at the bottom of the tree. The Borjigin family was the imperial house of the Mongol Empire (and its various successor states), dating back to the 13th and 14th centuries.

Descent from

Muslim historians. With the advent of genealogical DNA testing, a larger and broader circle of people have begun to claim descent from Genghis Khan owing to dubious and imprecise haplogroup identifications. However, while many of Genghis Khan's agnates' resting places are known (e.g. Shah Jahan in the Taj Mahal
), none of their remains have been tested to prove or disprove these theories and debate continues (see below).

Diagrammatic family tree

Only selected, prominent members are shown. Khagans (Great Khans who were rulers of the whole empire[1]) are in bold.

Hoelun
Yesugei
Khachiun
TemügeBelguteiBehter
JochiChagataiTöregene KhatunÖgedeiSorghaghtani
Beki		ToluiAlakhai BekhiChecheikhenAlaltun
BaidarGüyükKashinOrghana
KaiduMubarak Shah
Hulagu
Ariq Böke
ZhenjinAbaqa Khan
Temür
Arghun
OrdaBatuBerke
Sartaq

Detailed family tree

Temujin (Genghis Khan) - Founder and Khagan of the Mongol Empire
(1206–1227)

  • 01.
    Ulus of Jochi (later known as Golden Horde
    or Kipchak Khanate)
    • 02. Orda - Founder and Khan of the White Horde (1226–1251)
      • 03. Sartaqtai
        • 04.
          Qonichi
          - Khan of the White Horde (1280–1302)
          • 05. Bayan - Khan of the White Horde (1302–1309)
            • 06. Sasi-Buqa - Khan of the White Horde (1309–1320)
              • 07. Erzen[note 2] - Khan of the White Horde (1320–1345)
                • 08. Chimtai - Khan of the White Horde (1345–1361)
      • 03. Qonqiran - Khan of the White Horde (1251–1280)
    • 02. Batu - Founder and Khan of the Blue Horde (1227–1255) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1227–1255)
      • 03.
        Sartaq
        - Khan of the Blue Horde (1255–1256) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1255–1256)
        • 04. Ulaghchi - Khan of the Blue Horde (1256–1257) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1256–1257)
      • 03. Toqoqan
        • 04. Tartu
          • 05.
            Tole-Buqa
            - Khan of the Blue Horde (1287–1291) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1287–1291)
        • 04. Mongke-Temur - Khan of the Blue Horde (1267–1280) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1267–1280)
          • 05. Toqta - Khan of the Blue Horde (1291–1313) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1291–1313)
          • 05. Toghrilcha
            • 06.
              Oz-Beg
              - Khan of the Blue Horde (1313–1341) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1313–1341)
              • 07. Tini-Beg - Khan of the Blue Horde (1341–1342) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1341–1342)
              • 07. Jani-Beg - Khan of the Blue Horde (1342–1357) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1342–1357)
                • 08. Berdi-Beg - Khan of the Blue Horde (1357–1359) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1357–1359)
                • 08. Qulpa - Khan of the Blue Horde (1359–1360) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1359–1360)
                • 08. Nawruz-Beg - Khan of the Blue Horde (1360–1361) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1360–1361)
        • 04.
          Tode-Mongke
          - Khan of the Blue Horde (1280–1287) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1280–1287)
    • 02. Berke - Khan of the Blue Horde (1257–1267) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1257–1267)
    • 02. Shiban
      • 03. Qadaq
        • 04. Tole-Buqa
          • 05. Mingqutai
            • 06. Khidr[note 3] - Khan of the Blue Horde (1361–1361) and ruling Khan of the Golden Horde (1361–1361)
    • 02. Teval
      • 03. Tatar
        • 04. Nogai
          • 05. Chaka - Emperor of Bulgaria (1299–1300)
    • 02. Tuqa-Timur
      • 03. Bai-Temur
      • 03. Knots-Temur
        • 04. Khwaja
          • 05. Badik
            • 06. Urus[note 5] - Khan of the White Horde (1368–1376) and Khan of the Blue Horde (1372–1374)
              • 07. Toqtaqiya - Khan of the White Horde (1376–1377)
              • 07.
                Temur-Malik
                - Khan of the White Horde (1377–1378)
                • 08. Temür Qutlugh - Khan of the Golden Horde (1395–1399)
                  • 09. Temur - Khan of the Golden Horde (1410–1411)
                    • 10. Küchük Muhammad - Khan of the Golden Horde (1435–1459)
                      • 11. Mahmud Astrakhani - Khan of the Golden Horde (1459–1465) and Khan of Astrakhan (1465–1466)
                      • 11. Ahmad - Khan of the Great Horde (1465–1481)
                        • 12. Murtaza - Khan of the Great Horde (1493–1494)
                          • 13. Aq Kubek
                            • 14. Abdullah
                              • 15. Mustafa Ali - Khan of Qasim (1584–1590)
                        • 12. Syed Ahmad
                        • 12. Sheikh Ahmed - Khan of the Great Horde (1481–1493, 1494–1502)
                        • 12. Bahadur
                          • 13. Beg-Bulat
                      • 11. Bakhtiyar
                        • 12. Sheikh Allahyar - Khan of Qasim (1512–1516)
                          • 13.
                            Shah Ali
                            - Khan of Qasim (1516–1519, 1535–1551, 1552–1567) and Khan of Kazan (1519–1521, 1551–1552)
                          • 13.
                            Jan Ali
                            - Khan of Qasim (1519–1532) and Khan of Kazan (1532–1535)
                • 08. Shadi Beg - Khan of the Golden Horde (1399–1407)
                • 08. Pulad - Khan of the Golden Horde (1407–1410)
              • 07. Koirichak
                • 08. Baraq - Khan of the Golden Horde (1422–1427)
            • 06. Tuli-Khwaja
              • 07. Toqtamish[note 6] - Khan of the White Horde (1378–1380) and Khan of the Golden Horde (1380–1395)
                • 08. Jalal al-Din - Khan of the Golden Horde (1411–1412)
                  • 09. Ulugh Muhammad - Khan of the Golden Horde (1419–1420, 1427–1435) and Khan of Kazan (1437–1445)
                    • 10. Mahmud - Khan of Kazan (1445–1462)
                      • 11. Khalil - Khan of Kazan (1462–1467)
                      • 11. Ibrahim - Khan of Kazan (1467–1479)
                        • 12. Ali - Khan of Kazan (1479–1484, 1485–1487)
                        • 12. Muhammad Amin - Khan of Kazan (1484–1485, 1487–1495, 1502–1519)
                        • 12. Abdul Latif - Khan of Kazan (1496–1502)
                    • 10. Qasim - Khan of Qasim (1452–1468)
                      • 11. Daniyal - Khan of Qasim (1468–1486)
                • 08. Karim-Berdi - Khan of the Golden Horde (1412–1414)
                • 08. Kebek - Khan of the Golden Horde (1414–1417)
                • 08. Jabbar-Berdi - Khan of the Golden Horde (1417–1419)
  • Chagatai, founder of the Chagatai Khanate in present-day Iran, reputed ancestor of Babur of the Mughal Empire in India.
    • See Category:Chagatai khans
    • Son Mö'etüken
      • Son
        Qara Hülëgü
        (d. 1252), Khan of the Chagatai Khanate 1242–1246 and 1252.
        • Son Mubarak Shah, Khan of the Chagatai Khanate 1252–1260 and 1266.
      • Son Yesünto'a
        • Son
          Baraq
          (d. 1271), Khan of the Chagatai Khanate 1266–1271.
          • Duwa Temür, Khan of the Chagatai Khanate 1274–1306
            • Kebek, Khan of the Chagatai Khanate 1309 and 1318–1326
            • Tarmashirin (died 1334), Khan of Chagatai Khanate 1327–1334
    • Baidar
    • Son Yesü Möngke, (d. 1252), Khan of the Chagatai Khanate 1252.
    • Son Alghu, (d. ca. 1266), Khan of the Chagatai Khanate 1260–1266.

Paternity of Jochi

See also:
Family tree of Genghis Khan

The Secret History of the Mongols, the boy was sent to Genghis by Chilger, who had kidnapped his first wife Börte
, keeping her in captivity for about a year. In one passage, Chagatai refers to Jochi as "bastard" (although the true meaning of the Mongol term is obscure). To this, Genghis Khan responds: "How dare you talk about Jochi like this? Is not he the eldest of my heirs? That I never heard such wicked words again!" (p255). All in all, Genghis Khan pronounces the words "Jochi is my eldest son" thrice (p210, 242, 254).

Modern historians speculate that Jochi's disputed paternity was the reason for his eventual estrangement from his father and for the fact that his descendants never succeeded to the imperial throne. On the other hand, Genghis always treated Jochi as his first son, while the failure of the Jochid succession may be explained by Jochi's premature death (which may have excluded his progeny from succession).

Another important consideration is that Genghis' descendants intermarried frequently. For instance, the Jochids took wives from the

Hulagu Khan, a son of Tolui
who was a son of Genghis Khan. As a consequence, it is likely that many Jochids had other sons of Genghis Khan among their maternal ancestors.

Asia

Asian dynasties descended from Genghis Khan included the

Tatar politics. For instance, Mamai (1335–1380) had to exercise his authority through a succession of puppet khans but could not assume the title of khan
himself because he lacked Genghisid lineage.

Timur Lenk (1336–1405), the founder of the Timurid dynasty, claimed descent from Genghis Khan. He associated himself with the family of Chagatai Khan through marriage. He never assumed the title Khan for himself, but employed two members of the Chagatai clan as formal heads of state. The Mughal imperial family of the Indian subcontinent descended from Timur through Babur and also from Genghis Khan (through his son Chagatai Khan
).

The ruling Wang Clan of the Korean Goryeo dynasty became descendants of the Genghisids through the marriage between King Chungnyeol (reigned 1274–1308) and a daughter of Kublai Khan. All subsequent rulers of Korea for the next 80 years, through King Gongmin, also married Borjigid princesses.

At a later period,

Khanate of Crimea until 1783.[8]

Other countries ruled by dynasties with (potential) descent from Genghis Khan are

Arghun Khan),[9] the Kumul Khanate (through Chagatai Khan) and the Khanate of Kokand
(Shaybanid dynasty).

The khans of the Khoshut Khanate were indirect descendants. They were descendants from a younger brother of Genghis Khan, Qasar.

As the

House of Giray
, whose members left Soviet Russia for the United States and United Kingdom.

The

emperor of Manchukuo were also indirect descendants by Qasar
, a younger brother of Genghis Khan.

The Crimean Khanate Khan Meñli I Giray was the maternal grandfather of

Ayşe Hafsa Sultan. Thereafter, the Ottoman dynasty also claimed descent from Genghis Khan through his son Jochi
.

Russia and eastern Europe

After the

Rurikid dynasty
of Rus often sought marriages with Mongol princesses. Many of these marriages were sought for military and political advantage, as the Russian princes were often feuding with each other. A marriage alliance with the Mongol horde gave them better leverage in their struggles against each other.

After spending several years at the Mongol court,

Öz Beg Khan, which the Khan gave consent to. Konchak converted to Christianity, and was given the baptismal name Agatha.[11] This marriage was a strategic political alliance that transformed Moscow in to the newest regional power in Russia, and severely weakened the power away from the Russian Prince of Tver, formerly a major power prior to the Mongol invasions.[12]

Members of the Mongol royal families played a significant role in Russia. Berke's nephew adopted the Christian name Peter and founded St. Peter's Monastery in Rostov, where his descendants existed for centuries as boyars.[13]

Gleb, the Russian Prince of Beloozero, married the only daughter of Sartaq Khan. She was given the baptismal name Theodora in the year 1257.[14] From this marriage descends the House of Belozersk, whose scions include Dmitry Ukhtomsky and Belosselsky-Belozersky family.

St.

1917 revolution
, some of these families were expelled from Russia.

According to Marie Favereau, a feeling of mutual respect between the Russian and Mongol sides had developed. The fact that Russian princes could marry Mongol princesses was a sign that Mongol lords trusted their northern vassals. She also notes that, even after the adoption of Islam by the Mongol khans, the Mongols never took Russian women as concubines, unlike the Ottoman sultans.[16]

DNA evidence

Scientists have speculated about the

patrilineal
ancestry) of Genghis Khan.

Zerjal et al. (2003) identified a Y-chromosomal lineage haplogroup C*(xC3c) present in about 8% of men in a region of Asia "stretching from northeast China to Uzbekistan", which would be around 16 million men at the time of publication, "if [Zerjal et al's] sample is representative."[17] The authors propose that the lineage was likely carried by male-line descendants of Genghis Khan, because of its presence in certain ethnic groups rumored to be their descendants. One study published in the Russian Journal of Genetics found that 24% of Mongolians carry this haplogroup, and that it occurs in low frequencies in neighboring Turkic states (with the exception of Kazakhstan).[18]

A white paper by the American Society of Human Genetics Ancestry and Ancestry Testing Task Force, Royal et al. (2010) observed the Zerjal et al. hypothesis:

Although such a connection is by no means impossible, we currently have no way of assessing how much confidence to place in such a connection. We emphasize, however, that whenever formal inferences about population history have been attempted with uniparental systems, the statistical power is generally low. Claims of connections, therefore, between specific uniparental lineages and historical figures or historical migrations of peoples are merely speculative.[19]

In a 2017 review paper published in Human Genetics, authors Chiara Batini and Mark Jobling cast doubts on Zerjal's 2003 theory that Genghis Khan is linked to haplogroup C:

Ancient DNA data (Lkhagvasuren et al. 2016) from remains in high-status Mongolian graves dated to 1130–1250 CE revealed MSY lineages belonging to hg R1b, rather than hg C: there are a number of explanations for such findings, but taken at face value, they do not support the Genghis Khan hypothesis for the origin of the widespread Asian expansion lineage (Zerjal et al. 2003).[20]

Proposed candidate haplogroups and haplotypes

Over the years, following haplogroups have been proposed as candidates:[21]

  • Haplogroup C-M217
    • C2b1a3a1c2-F5481 (C-M217*-Star Cluster / clade of C2*-ST): Widespread in Central Asia among Kazakhs, Hazaras and ordinary commoner Mongols. The Kerey clan of the Kazakhs have a high amount of the C3* star-cluster (C2*-ST) Y chromosome and it is very high among Hazaras, Kazakhs and Mongols in general.[22]
      However, in 2017 a Chinese research team suggested that the Y chromosome C-M217*-Star Cluster likely traces back to ordinary Mongol warriors, rather than Genghis Khan, and that "a direct linking of haplogroup C-M217 to Genghis Khan has yet to be discovered."[23]
      In a review paper published in Human Genetics, authors Chiara Batini and Mark Jobling cast doubts on Zerjal's 2003 theory that Genghis Khan is linked to haplogroup C[24]
    • C2c1a1a1-M407: Carried by Mongol descendants of the Northern Yuan ruler from 1474 to 1517, Dayan Khan, an alleged male line descendant of Genghis Khan.[25]
    • C2b1a1b1-F1756: In 2019, a Chinese research team study suggested that Haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756
      Tore clan from Kazakhstan, who have claimed to be paternal descendants of Jochi, the first son of Genghis Khan.[27] However, the claim that the Lu clan is descendant of Khulgen is controversial and is disputed by several other studies.[28]
  • Haplogroup R1b
    • Research published in 2016 suggested that Genghis possibly belonged to the haplogroup Haplogroup R1b (R1b-M343).[29] Five bodies, dating from about 1130–1250, were found in graves in Tavan Tolgoi, Mongolia. The authors suggested they were members of the Golden Family, and linked the spread of R1b-M343 to the former territories of the Mongol Empire. The authors also suggested that the Tavan Tolgoi bodies are related either to the female lineages of Genghis Khan's Borjigin clan, or to Genghis Khan's male lineage, rather than the Ongud clan.[30]

Popular culture

  • In
    Mr. Prosser
    is (unknown to himself) a direct patrilineal descendant of Genghis Khan. This manifests itself in a predilection for fur hats, a desire to have axes hanging above his front door, being slightly overweight and occasional visions of screaming Mongol hordes.
  • Fictional character Shiwan Khan, who is described as the last living descendant of Genghis appears in The Shadow, a collection of serialized dramas, originally on 1930s radio. He also appeared in the 1994 film adaptation, The Shadow.
  • Temugin, both primarily opponents of Iron Man
    , are descendants of Genghis Khan.
  • In a spoof of the 1989 comedy film Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure by the sketch show Robot Chicken, a crowd member admonishes Bill and Ted for choosing Genghis Khan to bring to the future as he slaughtered millions, erroneously claiming 6% of all Mongolians were his direct descendants resulting from rape.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Jochi's paternity is uncertain. It was a matter of debate during his lifetime as it is now. His mother, Borte Fujin, gave him birth within her 9-month period of captivity among the Merkit people. Despite of that, Genghis Khan always addressed Jochi as his own offspring.
  2. which?
    ] indicate that Mubarak-Khwaja is actually not from Ordaid descent, but from Toqa-Timurid instead, which gives us the dates and the family tree structure observed in the main article.
  3. ^ Following the deaths of Jani-Beg's sons, the Batuid lineage came to an end as rulers of the Blue Horde/Golden Horde. A period of anarchy (known as bulqaq in Turkic) took place in the Blue Horde and lasted until the establishment of Toqtamish’s rule in 1380. According to Ötemiš-Hājji,[2] Khidr was the first to claim Saray's empty throne with the support of Taidula (Jani-Beg's mother). His Shibanid lineage was also acknowledged by Spuler.[3]
  4. ^ Following the death of Chimtai, the Ordaid lineage came to an end as rulers of the White Horde. According to Ötemiš-Hājji,[4] Qara-Nogai was the first to claim Signaq's empty throne with the support of his brothers (that later followed him). Qara-Nogai's (as Urus' and Mubarak Khwaja's) Toqa-Temurid lineage was also acknowledged by István Vásáry.[5]
  5. ^ The position of Urus and his brother Tuli-Khwaja in Jochi's family tree is controversial. Scholars and historians had previously traced them to Orda's lineage (as sons of Chimtai), but nowadays most of the academics seem to agree that they were Toqa-Temur's descendants (sons of Badik). One of the strongest arguments in favour of this change is presented by István Vásáry[6]
  6. ^ Toqtamish seized the throne of the Blue Horde in 1380, ending the bulqaq (anarchy period) and establishing the reunification of both east and west wings of the Golden Horde. Urus had achieved something similar in 1372, but that lasted only for a short period. Furthermore, despite being Khan of the Golden Horde de facto, Urus' position was contested among the Blue Horde by that time, and he never truly promoted the reunification of both wings.

References

  1. OCLC 808367351
    .
  2. ^ Čingiz-Nāma 50b: Judin 1992, p. 136.
  3. ^ Spuler 1965, p. 111: “einem Ururenkel Šybans”.
  4. ^ Čingiz-Nāma 53a: Judin 1992, p. 139.
  5. ^ István Vásáry 2009, p. 383: “The Beginnings of Coinage in the Blue Horde”
  6. ^ István Vásáry, 2009, p. 383: “The Beginnings of Coinage in the Blue Horde”
  7. ^ a b c Weatherford, Jack (2010). The Secret History of the Mongol Queens. Broadway Paperbacks, NY.
  8. ^ According to some scholars, the Girays were regarded[by whom?] as the second family of the Ottoman Empire after the House of Ottoman: "If Rome and Byzantium represented two of the three international traditions of imperial legitimacy, the blood of Genghis Khan was the third. ... If ever the Ottomans became extinct, it was understood that the Genghizid Girays would succeed them." (Simon Sebag Montefiore. Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000, p. 244).
  9. ^ The Travels of Marco Polo – Complete (Mobi Classics) By Marco Polo, Rustichello of Pisa, Henry Yule (Translator)
  10. ^ Li & Cribb 2014 Archived 2016-04-04 at the Wayback Machine, p. 51.
  11. ISBN 978-1-351-30474-0
    . "Prince Yuri of Moscow spent several years at the court of the Horde and married Uzbeg's sister Konchak, who was given the baptismal nake of Agatha."
  12. ISBN 978-1-61069-340-0
    . "The marriage of Konchak to Yuri was actually a marriage alliance that transformed Moscow into a major power among the Russians while also stripping power away from the Tver', which had been a major power prior to the Mongol invasions."
  13. ^ See the medieval life of St. Peter of the Horde and records of the Petrovsky Monastery.
  14. ^ Benz 2017, p. 77"In 1257, Prince Gleb traveled in to Mongolia and married a Mongol princess who accepted Baptism and was given the Christian name of Theodora."
  15. ^ Benz 2017, p. 77"The ties between Russian and Mongolian houses persisted, even after Islam spread not only to the Ilkhans of Asia Minor but also the Golden Horde. Under Khan Tuda Mangu, Grand Duke Fedor of Smolensk, formerly of Yaroslavl, enjoyed particularly high prestige. He spent several years at the Mongol court. After the death of his first wife, Princess Maria of Yaroslavl, he married a daughter of Mangu Timur, who was baptized and received the Christian name of Anna."
  16. ISBN 978-0-674-25998-0
    .
  17. PMID 12592608
    .
  18. S2CID 24976689
    .
  19. PMID 20466090
    .
  20. S2CID 253980891
    .
  21. S2CID 174810181
    .
  22. S2CID 46684406
    .
  23. PMID 29358612
    .
  24. S2CID 3713050
    .
  25. PMID 29358612
    .
  26. ^ a b "C-F1756 YTree".
  27. S2CID 174810181
    .
  28. S2CID 226219315
    .
  29. PMID 27627454
    .
  30. ^ Lkhagvasuren et al. 2016"...it seems most likely that the Tavan Tolgoi bodies are members of Genghis Khan’s Golden family, including the lineage of bekis, Genghis Khan’s female lineage, and their female successors who controlled Eastern Mongolia in the early Mongolian era instead of guregens of the Ongud clan, or the lineage of khans, Genghis Khan’s male lineage, who married females of the Hongirad clan, including Genghis Khan’s grandmother, mother, chief wife, and some daughters-in-law.

Sources

Further reading
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