Destruction battalions

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Destruction battalions
Active24 June 1941 – 1954
Country Soviet Union
TypeParamilitary
RoleInternal security
Sizec. 328,000
Part of NKVD
 Soviet Armed Forces
Motto(s)If the Enemy Does Not Surrender, He Will Be Annihilated.
MarchThe Internationale
Anniversaries24 June
EngagementsEastern front
  • Kautla massacre
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Dmitry Kramarchuk
Mikhail Pasternak

Destruction battalions,

criminal entity.[3]

Background

As

saboteurs was the responsibility of the border guard units subordinate to the NKVD (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union).[4]

Authority

The battalions were created in the territories near the

scorched earth policy.[4]

The destruction battalions have no mercy for our enemies – bandits and other fascist cankers. They shall be not just destroyed, but sent directly under the ground, where is their right place.

In every village and settlement, the destruction battalion has a number of tasks in addition to directly breaking the enemy. With bolshevist grimness, everybody who imparts provocational rumours or generates panic, must be extirpated. Everybody, who directly or indirectly helps the enemy, must be found out and exterminated.

— What is the Destruction battalion and what are its tasks.[7]

Formation

The destruction battalions were formally voluntary while actually a number of troops were forcibly recruited. They were augmented by personnel considered ideologically solid, like members of the Komsomol and kolkhoz managers.[8] There were no other requirements, so the ranks were socially varied, including a significant proportion of felons.[4] The battalions were commanded by head managers of the regional committee level.[8] The Chief-of-Staff of Moscow was Dmitry Kramarchuk.[9]

The training of the fighters took place according to the 110-hour program of Vsevobuch, with the addition of another 30 additional hours under the special program of the Headquarters of the Destruction battalions of the NKVD of the USSR.

Each fighter battalion had to be armed with two light machine guns, rifles, revolvers and, if possible, grenades. But due to a lack of weapons, everything that could be used came into service - rifles (

Cossack sabers
and other cold weapons.

During July 1941, a total of 1,755 destruction battalions were created, across all territories near the frontline, comprising about 328,000 personnel.[10][11]

During July–August 1941 in the

Belarusian partisans.[12][13]

The battalions were also formed in the newly annexed territories of

Forest Brothers. As firearms were not provided the nightwatchmen equipped themselves with sticks. On June 25, 1941 the first squads received firearms from the reserves of the former paramilitary organisations and through self-armament.[16][17][18][19]

Actions

The fight against

Forest Brothers. The destruction battalions burnt down farms and some small boroughs.[4] In turn, the members of the extermination battalions were at risk of retaliation by the anti-Soviet partisans.[20][21]

Estonia

See also:
Kautla massacre

Thousands of people including a large proportion of women and children were killed, while dozens of villages, schools and public buildings were burned to the ground. A school boy, Tullio Lindsaa, had all bones in his hands broken then was bayoneted for hoisting the

Forest Brothers to protect the local population from these battalions. Occasionally, the battalions burned people alive.[22] The destruction battalions murdered 1,850 people in Estonia. Almost all of them were partisans or unarmed civilians.[23]

The

Kautla massacre is another example of the destruction battalions' actions, during which twenty civilians were murdered and tens of farms destroyed. Many of those killed had also been tortured. The low toll of human deaths in comparison with the number of burned farms is due to the Erna long-range reconnaissance group breaking the Red Army blockade on the area, allowing many civilians to escape.[24][25]

Post-war

Soviet propaganda monument in Simnas dedicated to the fallen members of the destruction battalions (built during the Soviet occupation).

The destruction battalions were restored after the retreat of German forces in the newly annexed areas to the Soviet Union. In 1945–46 they were renamed to narodnaya zaschita (people's defence), because of the notoriety their old name had gained in 1941. They were formed from local volunteers, from the most variable layers of the rural communities. They were tasked to guard, secure and support with arms all activities, directives and orders of the Soviet power, which the population could have sabotaged, intentionally avoided or directly resisted.[26]

The primary task of the destruction battalions was the fight against the armed resistance movement. This included terrorising the actual or potential supporters of Forest Brothers among the civilian population, participation in active combat, organisation of ambush and secret guard posts, reconnaissance and search patrols. The passive operations included guard and watch-keeping duties, convoy of detainees and arrested individuals as well as guarding cargo.[26]

The destroyers systematically guarded institutions of power and economic objects in the rural areas. In a post-war situation where the factual state power in a rural municipality lay with the Soviet police, the Militsiya, the destroyers constituted a force which guaranteed the implementation of the Soviet policies. A typical task was to force the farmers to fulfil public forestry, peat extraction and road construction obligations. No measures of coercion policy were implemented in the rural communities, which were not carried out or supervised by armed destroyers. They also fought against crime, both independently and as an additional force to the Militsiya.[26]

The destruction battalions were great in size, but they never became the efficient and active armed force which they were expected to become in order to rapidly eradicate the Forest Brothers. Despite the primarily passive role of the destroyers in the fight against the resistance movement, they provided invaluable assistance to the active participants in this fight, state security institutions and internal troops. As local people the destroyers spoke the language, knew the people, landscape and circumstances, knowledge which was inadequate among the NKVD and internal troops. The destruction battalions were also very useful as an auxiliary force. The organisation was eventually dissolved in 1954.[26]

Legal appraisal

In 2002 the

responsibility.[26]

Bibliography

See also

Footnotes and references

Footnotes
  1. ^ Russian: Истребительные батальоны, Ukrainian: Винищувальні батальйони, Belarusian: Zniszczalnyja batalëny, Знішчальныя батальёны, Estonian: hävituspataljonid, Lithuanian: Naikintojų batalionai, Latvian: Iznīcinātāju bataljoni
References
  1. ^ "Jahrbuch der Ukrainekunde". 1990.
  2. ^ "Na rubieży: Ogólnopolskie seminarium historii kresów wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej polskiej". 2002.
  3. ^ Okupatsioonirežiimi kuritegudest Eestis [On Crimes of the Occupational Regime in Estonia] Riigi Teataja from 18 June 2002
  4. ^
    Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. Tallinn. pp. 469–493.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  5. ISBN 9780674020788
    – via Google Books.
  6. ^ Central Committee of the CP, CPC of the Soviet Union (29 June 1941). "Concerning the mobilisation of the entire people of the Soviet Union to fight against the enemy".
  7. ^ Tartu Kommunist, July 22, 1941.
  8. ^
    Ukrainian SSR
    1941.
  9. ^ "Biography of Major-General Dmitrii Vasilevich Kramarchuk - (Дмитрий Васильевич Крамарчук) (1898 – 1945), Soviet Union". generals.dk.
  10. ^ "Роль и задачи войск НКВД в годы Великой Отечественной войны". otherreferats.allbest.ru.
  11. ^ "Милиция в годы Великой Отечественной Войны". otherreferats.allbest.ru.
  12. ^ "Турбо Паскаль 7.0 Прыдзвінне-Ушацкі раён-Гісторыя-Вялікая Айчынная вайна". www.lib.vitebsk.net.
  13. ^ "Жыве імя легендарнага камбрыга". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  14. ^ "ШТАБ ИСТРЕБИТЕЛЬНЫХ БАТАЛЬОНОВ УНКВД ПО ЛЕНИНГРАДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ (1941–1945)". Archived from the original on 2008-06-11. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  15. ISBN 9780874516166
    – via Google Books.
  16. ^ "ДЗМІТРЫ ЛІСЕЙЧЫКАЎ. ДРУГІЯ САВЕТЫ (АСАБЛІВАСЦІ ПАЛІТЫЧНАГА ЖЫЦЦЯ ЛЯХАВІЧЧЫНЫ Ў 1944—1950 гг.)". Archived from the original on 2007-12-31. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  17. ISBN 9780299195946
    – via Google Books.
  18. ^ "истребительные батальоны". REIBERT.info.
  19. ^ "Estonia in 1939–1944". Archived from the original on 2007-06-12. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  20. ^ "1940–1992. Soviet era and the restoration of independence". Archived from the original on 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  21. ^ "Наталля Рыбак, Метады і сродкі ліквідацыі акаўскіх і постакаўскіх фарміраванняў у заходніх абласцях Беларусі ў 1944–1954 гг". Archived from the original on 2008-11-09. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
  22. ^ Mart Laar, War in the woods, The Compass Press, Washington, 1992, p. 10
  23. ^ Eesti rahva kannatuste aasta. Tallinn, 1996, p. 234.
  24. ^ "Kultuur ja Elu - kultuuriajakiri". kultuur.elu.ee.
  25. ^ Mart Laar: Tavaline stalinism Archived 2009-08-27 at the Wayback Machine, printed in Postimees 16 August 2007
  26. ^ a b c d e f Tiit Noormets, Valdur Ohmann (2009). "Soviet destruction battalions in Estonia in 1944–1954". In: Hiio, T; Maripuu, M; Paavle, I. Estonia since 1944: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity, pp. 265–68.
  27. ^ Okupatsioonirežiimi kuritegudest Eestis [On Crimes of the Occupational Regime in Estonia] Riigi Teataja from 18 June 2002
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