Devanagari Braille
Devanagari Braille Nagari Braille | |
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Script type | |
Print basis | |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems |
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Similar
System
Although basically alphabetic, Devanagari Braille retains one aspect of Indian
Apart from kṣ and jñ, which each have their own braille letter, Devanagari Braille does not handle conjuncts. Print conjuncts are rendered instead with the halant in braille. Devanagari braille is thus equivalent to Grade-1 English braille, though there are plans to extend it to conjuncts.
Alphabet
अ | आ | इ | ई | उ | ऊ | ऎ | ए | ऐ | ऒ | ओ | औ | |
ISO | a | ā | i | ī | u | ū | e | ē | ai | o | ō | au |
Braille |
क | ख | ग | घ | ङ | च | छ | ज | झ | ञ | |
ISO | k | kh | g | gh | ṅ | ch | chh | j | jh | ñ |
Braille |
ट | ठ | ड | ढ | ण | त | थ | द | ध | न | |
ISO | ṭ | ṭh | ḍ | ḍh | ṇ | t | th | d | dh | n |
Braille |
प | फ | ब | भ | म | य | र | ल | व | |
ISO | p | ph | b | bh | m | y | r | l | v |
Braille |
श | ष | स | ह | ळ[1] | क्ष | ज्ञ | ड़ | फ़ | ज़ | |
ISO | ś | ṣ | s | h | ḷ | kṣ | jñ | ṛ | f | z |
Braille |
Not all of the letters used for Sanskrit are reported for Nepali in Nepal.
Codas
Diacritic (on क) |
क् | कं | कः | कँ | कऽ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Halant |
Anusvara | Visarga | Candrabindu |
Avagraha | ||||||
Braille |
Pointing
The Bharati point, ⠐, is used to derive the syllabic consonants. Long syllabic consonants are prefixed by point-6, which also transcribes the visarga.
ऋ | ॠ | ऌ | ॡ | ढ़[2] | ||||||
ISO | r̥ | r̥̄ | l̥ | l̥̄ | ṛh | |||||
Braille |
The pointing diacritic is also used for consonants that are derived with a point in print. Most of these consonants were introduced from Persian:
क़ | ख़ | ग़ | श़ or झ़ | |
ISO | qa | xa | ġa | ža |
Braille | or |
There are irregularities, however. फ़ f and ज़ z, which are found in both Persian and English loans, are transcribed with English Braille (and international) ⠋ and ⠵, as shown in the chart in the previous section, while the internal allophonic developments of ड़ ṛ and ढ़ ṛh are respectively an independent letter ⠻ in braille and a derivation from that letter rather than from the base letter in print.
This is also where, at least according to UNESCO (2013), Hindi Braille and Indian Urdu Braille diverge.
Nepali punctuation
Braille as used in Nepal has some mostly minor differences from that used for Nepali in India. This may extend to punctuation. The asterisk in Nepal, ⠐⠔, differs from the ⠔⠔ used in India, unless this is a copy error in UNESCO (2013). Single quotation marks and additional brackets are noted for Nepal but not for India:
‘ ... ’ | [ ... ] | { ... } | |
---|---|---|---|
Braille | ... | ... | ... |
These differ from the same punctuation in Bangladesh.
Text
The following is the sample text in the Hindi article, of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
- ⠁⠝⠥⠈⠉⠡⠑⠙⠀⠼⠁⠀⠤⠤⠀⠎⠘⠔⠀⠍⠝⠥⠈⠯⠽⠕⠰⠀⠅⠕⠀⠛⠪⠗⠧⠀⠪⠗⠀⠁⠮⠊⠅⠜⠗⠕⠰⠀⠅⠑⠀⠍⠜⠈⠍⠇⠑⠀⠍⠑⠰⠀⠚⠈⠝⠍⠚⠜⠞⠀⠈⠎⠧⠞⠈⠝⠈⠞⠗⠞⠜⠀⠪⠗⠀⠎⠍⠜⠈⠝⠞⠜⠀⠈⠏⠗⠜⠈⠏⠞⠀⠓⠌⠰⠲
- ⠥⠈⠝⠓⠑⠰⠀⠃⠥⠈⠙⠮⠊⠀⠪⠗⠀⠁⠈⠝⠞⠗⠜⠈⠞⠍⠜⠀⠅⠔⠀⠙⠑⠝⠀⠈⠏⠗⠜⠈⠏⠞⠀⠓⠌⠀⠪⠗⠀⠏⠗⠈⠎⠏⠗⠀⠥⠈⠝⠓⠑⠰⠀⠘⠜⠔⠉⠜⠗⠑⠀⠅⠑⠀⠘⠜⠧⠀⠎⠑⠀⠃⠈⠗⠞⠜⠧⠀⠅⠈⠗⠝⠜⠀⠉⠜⠓⠊⠽⠑⠲⠀
- अनुच्छेद 1 — सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के मामले में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त हैं।
- उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिये।
- Anucched 1 — Sabhī manuṣyoṃ ko gaurav aur adhikāroṃ ke māmle meṃ janmajāt svatantratā aur samāntā prāpt haiṃ.
- Unheṃ buddhi aur antarātmā kī den prāpt hai aur paraspar unheṃ bhāīcāre ke bhāv se bartāv karnā cāhiye.
See also
- Bharati braille
- Urdu Braille