Devizes

Coordinates: 51°21′10″N 01°59′45″W / 51.35278°N 1.99583°W / 51.35278; -1.99583
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the constituency, see Devizes (UK Parliament constituency).

Devizes
Market Square
Arms of Devizes
Devizes is located in Wiltshire
Devizes
Devizes
Location within Wiltshire
Population16,834 (2021 Census)[1]
OS grid referenceSU0061
Civil parish
  • Devizes
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townDevizes
Postcode districtSN10
Dialling code01380
PoliceWiltshire
FireDorset and Wiltshire
AmbulanceSouth Western
UK Parliament
WebsiteTown Council
List of places
UK
England
Wiltshire
51°21′10″N 01°59′45″W / 51.35278°N 1.99583°W / 51.35278; -1.99583

Devizes (

Stephen of England and Empress Matilda, and again during the English Civil War when the Cavaliers lifted the siege at the Battle of Roundway Down. Devizes remained under Royalist control until 1645, when Oliver Cromwell attacked and forced the Royalists to surrender. The castle was destroyed
in 1648 on the orders of Parliament, and today little remains of it.

From the 16th century Devizes became known for its textiles, and by the early 18th century it held the largest corn market in the West Country, constructing the Corn Exchange in 1857. In the 18th century, brewing, curing of tobacco, and snuff-making were established. The Wadworth Brewery was founded in the town in 1875.

Standing at the west edge of the Vale of Pewsey, Devizes is about 10.5 miles (16.9 km) southeast of Chippenham and 11 miles (18 km) north-east of the county town of Trowbridge. The town has nearly five hundred listed buildings, some notable churches, a town hall and a green in the centre.

History

motte and bailey
form and was probably made of wood and earth, but this burnt down in 1113.

A new castle was built in stone by

Matilda in the 12th century. The castle held important prisoners, including (from 1106) Robert Curthose, eldest son of William the Conqueror.[4]

The town has had churches since the 12th century[5] and today has four Church of England parish churches.

During the 12th and 13th centuries, the town of Devizes developed outside the castle with craftsmen and traders setting up businesses to serve the residents of the castle. The first known market in Devizes was in 1228. The original market was in the large space outside St Mary's Church, rather than in the current Market Place, which at that time would have been within the castle's outer bailey.[6] The chief products in the 16th and early 17th centuries were wheat, wool and yarn, with cheese, bacon and butter increasing in importance later.

The Market Cross, built in 1814 to replace an earlier cross standing a little to the south[7]

In 1643, during the

Ralph Hopton in Devizes. The siege was lifted by a relief force from Oxford under Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester, and Waller's forces were almost totally destroyed at the Battle of Roundway Down. Devizes remained under Royalist control until 1645, when Oliver Cromwell attacked and forced the Royalists to surrender. The castle was destroyed in 1648 on the orders of Parliament, a process known as slighting, and today little remains of it; almost all of the present structure is from the 19th century.[8]

From the 16th century, Devizes became known for its textiles:

Zephyr cloth. In the mid 18th century, Devizes held the largest corn market in the West Country of England and also traded hops, cattle, horses and various types of cloth.[9] Before the Corn Exchange was built in 1857, the trade in wheat and barley was conducted in the open, with sacks piled around the market cross.[7] The cross erected in 1814 displays the tale of a woman, Ruth Pierce, who dropped dead suddenly after being discovered cheating.[10][11][12]

Prosperous

town houses in St. John's and Long Street, and around the market place. From the end of the 18th century the manufacture of textiles declined, but other trades in the town included clock-making, a bell foundry, booksellers, milliners, grocers and silversmiths. In the 18th, century brewing, curing of tobacco and snuff-making were established in the town. Brewing survives in the Wadworth Brewery
, but the tobacco and snuff trades have now died out.

The Shire horses of the Wadworth Brewery are giving the public a ride but normally deliver beer locally

The pond known as The Crammer, east of the town centre, is claimed to be site of the 18th-century Moonrakers story which led to a colloquial name for Wiltshire people.[13]

In 1794, a meeting at the Bear Hotel decided to raise a body of ten independent troops of yeomanry in the county of Wiltshire. These would later be brought together to form the

Boer War, both World Wars, and live on as B (RWY) Squadron and Y (RWY) Squadron of the Royal Wessex Yeomanry, based in Old Sarum and Swindon respectively.[15]

A new

Devizes Prison, or County House of Corrections, was opened in 1817. This replaced the Bridewell[16] that had been built in Bridewell Street in 1579. The new prison was built of brick and stone, and was designed by Richard Ingleman as a two-storey polygon surrounding a central governor's house. It had an operational life of more than ninety years and was closed in 1922. It stood on the north side of the Castle's Old Park, across the Kennet and Avon Canal by way of a bridge still called Prison Bridge. The House of Corrections was demolished by 1928.[17]

Devizes has more than 500 listed buildings, a large number for a town of its size. The Trust for Devizes has a Town Trail map which provides a guide to many of them.

C.S. Forester's fictional hero Horatio Hornblower.[23] Southbroom House,[24] close to the Green, was built in 1501, then burnt down and was rebuilt by the Eyles family in 1772; it is now at the heart of Devizes School
.

The town was a coaching stop for

stagecoaches on the road from London to Bristol, as evidenced by the number of coaching inns in the town. The Kennet and Avon Canal, fully open by 1810, passes close to the centre of the town. The town gained a railway station
in 1857 but the line was closed in 1966.

Devizes Assize Court, future home of Wiltshire Museum

In 1853 the

Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage Site, including West Kennet Long Barrow, Marden Henge and Bush Barrow. There are plans to move the museum into the Grade II* listed former Assize Court, northwest of the town centre, where facilities for community events will also be provided.[26]

There was a military presence in the town at Le Marchant Barracks, from 1878 until the 1980s.[27]

In 1999, a

Roundway Hill. Known as the Devizes White Horse
, it replaced an earlier one which was cut in 1845.

In 2014, the town celebrated the 200th anniversary of the Market Cross, marked by Viscount Sidmouth and his cousin, High Sheriff of Wiltshire Peter Addington.[28]

Geography

Devizes lies about 90 miles (140 km) west-southwest of

Grid north
align exactly in Devizes.

Towns close to Devizes include Melksham, Pewsey and Westbury.

Suburbs of the town include Hartmoor, Jump Farm, Northgate, Nursteed, Roundway, Southbroom and Wick.

Governance

Devizes Town Hall

Devizes is a

civil parish with an elected town council. As of 2017, 13 councillors are Devizes Guardians, 6 Conservatives, 1 Labour and 1 Independent. The parish includes the small settlement of Dunkirk, on the northeastern slopes of the hill, which was transferred from Rowde parish in 1835.[29] Much of the built-up area of the town, to the north, east, and south, is within the neighbouring civil parish of Roundway, while a smaller part is in Bishops Cannings parish, and each of those has its own parish council. In April 2017, Roundway and Devizes elected for the first time a joint parish council; at the same time, adjustments to the boundary with Bishops Canning were made.[30]

The town is within the area of the

District of Kennet, until that was abolished as part of the 2009 structural changes.[33]

The town has four

2011 census was 12,491[34]
but in 2017 with the addition of Roundway as the fourth ward, the population grew to over 17,700.

Devizes is part of the

first past the post system. The current Member is Danny Kruger of the Conservatives, who was first elected in 2019
.

The council has

Mayenne in France, Oamaru in New Zealand, Tornio in Finland, and Waiblingen in Germany.[35][36]

Economy

Devizes has always been a market town and the market square is still used for that purpose every Thursday, and for farmers' markets on the first Saturday of each month.[37] Indoor traders set up each day in the historic Shambles, off the market square.[37]

There are over 70 independent retailers in the town centre,[citation needed] many around the Market Place, Little Brittox and Brittox (both pedestrianised), and in Sidmouth Street. At the town's wharf on the canal, the Kennet and Avon Canal Trust has a small museum and cafe.[38]

Construction of the new Devizes Health Centre, a 1,588sq m, two-storey building, began in 2021. This will replace the services at Devizes Community Hospital and provide a range of outpatient and GP services.[39]

Culture

There is a lively arts and culture community in the town, with the Arts Council funded Devizes International Street Festival attracting thousands to the town for two weeks leading up to August Bank Holiday each year, beginning with a long-standing "confetti battle" where, at a given signal – usually cannons firing confetti hundreds of metres into the air – the public are invited into the Market Place to throw as much confetti as possible at one another.[40]

The annual Devizes Arts Festival has a broad spectrum of musical events, poets and authors, literary talks, comedians and other performers.[41] Past performers and acts include John Simpson, Fay Weldon, The Real Thing, Barb'd Wire ska band, Neville Staple band and the String Sisters. Each autumn, the Devizes Food & Drink Festival includes opportunities to dine in unusual places.[42]

There is an active thespian community that performs at the Wharf Theatre, a former warehouse alongside canal.[43]

Media

The local radio station is Fantasy Radio, a community radio station that broadcasts on 97 FM. [44]

The Gazette and Herald is the town’s local weekly newspaper.

Transport

The former Devizes railway station (closed 1966)
locks climbs Caen Hill near Devizes, on the Kennet and Avon Canal

In 1857 the

Lydeway, 2+1⁄2 miles (4 km) southeast of the town.[48]

Devizes has bus connections to surrounding towns including Swindon (via Avebury), Trowbridge, Salisbury, Bath and Chippenham, each of which have rail services. Devizes also has a daily National Express coach service to and from London Victoria, via Heathrow Airport. There is a regular bus service to and from Stonehenge.

Devizes is approximately 15 miles (24 km) from the M4. Several main roads pass through the town, including the A360, A361 and A342.

The Kennet and Avon Canal was built under the direction of John Rennie between 1794 and 1810, linking Devizes with Bristol and London.[49] Near Devizes the canal rises 237 feet (72 m) by means of 29 locks, 16 of them in a straight line at Caen Hill. In the early days the canal was lit by gas lights at night, enabling boats to negotiate the locks at any time of day. The canal fell into disuse after the coming of the railways in the 1840s, but was restored between 1970 and 2003 for leisure uses. The Kennet and Avon Canal Trust run a museum at The Wharf in Devizes. The town is the starting point of the annual Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon.

National Cycle Route 4 follows the canal towpath through the town.

Education

Devizes School, a secondary school with a sixth form, takes pupils from the town and surrounding area. It is situated in the grounds of the Southbroom House estate and the Grade II listed house forms its administrative core. The school's logo is a lion, in commemoration of the circus lions that were found on the school grounds in 1980.[citation needed]

Downland School is a Community Special School for boys aged 11–16.[50] Braeside is an outdoor education centre run by Wiltshire Council.[51]

Devizes has six primary schools: St Joseph's Catholic Primary School, Southbroom St James Academy, Southbroom Infants' School, Wansdyke Community School, Nursteed Community Primary School and The Trinity CofE (VA) Primary School. Nearby is Rowde CofE Primary Academy in the adjacent village of Rowde.

Long Street has had a number of private schools,[52] beginning in the 18th century and proliferating in the 19th. Brownston House, a Grade I listed building, was the home of Miss Bidwell's Ladies Boarding School from 1859 to 1901.[53] A private Devizes Grammar School was established in Heathcote House in 1874 by the Reverend S.S. Pugh and carried on until 1919 by his twin sons.[54]

The closest third-level institution is the University of Bath.

Religious sites

St John's Church
St Mary's Church

Devizes has four Church of England parish churches, and has had nonconformist congregations since the 17th century.[5]

Church of England

The two 12th-century churches, St. John's and St. Mary's, are Grade I listed buildings. They serve the parish of St. John with St. Mary which has always had one rector.[5]

St. John's stands close to

Roger, Bishop of Salisbury rebuilt the castle.[55] Pevsner writes "A major Norman church, dominated by a mighty crossing tower ...".[56] The western part of the church was rebuilt in the 15th century. restoration was carried out in 1844 and 1862–3, including the west front designed by Slater. The ornate Beauchamp south chapel is similar to the 1492 Beauchamp and Tocotes chapel at Bromham; the north Lamb chapel has a fine panelled ceiling. The organ case is late 17th century.[57]

St. Mary's was built in the 12th century to serve the town outside the castle walls. Only the chancel survives, the rest being rebuilt in the 15th century, including the fine west tower. The east window is from 1852, and there was restoration in 1854 (Carpenter and Slater) and 1875–6. Since c. 2010, St. Mary's Parochial Church Council have been exploring conversion of the church into a performance and community venue.[58]

The church of St. James

The church of St. James, Southbroom, stands on the edge of the green, next to the pond known as the Crammer. It was a chapelry of St Mary's, Bishops Cannings until 1832. The civil parish of Bishops Cannings extended as far as the church until 1835, when the boundaries of Devizes borough were expanded.[29] St. James's is first recorded in 1461. The tower is 15th-century while the body of the church was rebuilt in 1831–2; the east window is by Wailes. After completion of the Le Marchant Barracks in 1878, St. James's became the garrison church of the Wiltshire Regiment.[5] The building is Grade II* listed[59] and underwent an internal re-ordering in 2008.[60] Today the church is evangelical in style.[61]

St Peter's Church

St. Peter's Church, west of the town centre, was built in 1865–6 to designs of Slater & Carpenter; the south aisle was added in 1884.[62] St Peter's is Anglo-Catholic, with episcopal oversight by the Bishop of Ebbsfleet.[63]

Other denominations

The Catholic church of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception was opened in 1865 and extended in 1909.[5] St. Joseph's Catholic Primary School is adjacent to the church.

Maryport Street

Baptist Chapel, which was built in 1780 and extended in 1785, 1818, 1864 and 1922,[5] continues in use.[64]

Salem Chapel, New Park Street, was built in 1838 by a pastor and followers from Maryport Street, who had left because of divisions in the congregation.[5] They rejoined the parent body in 1895 and the building was used by the Open Brethren, later by Devizes Christian Fellowship and (since the mid 1980s) Rock Community Church.[65]

The New Baptist Church was opened in 1852 during the pastorship of Charles Stanford. It replaced an adjacent Presbyterian chapel of 1791, which had been shared with disenchanted Baptist members from Maryport Street.[5] The church continues in use as Sheep Street Baptist Church.[66]

St. Andrew's Church, Long Street, was built as a Methodist chapel in 1898, replacing an earlier chapel at New Park Street.[5] It is now a combined Methodist and United Reformed Church.[67]

The old Methodist Chapel in New Park Street was then used by the Salvation Army for many years until it was demolished. The Salvation Army then raised funds to build a hall on Station Road which opened in 1971; the Scout Hut on Southbroom Road was a temporary home in the late 1960s after the New Park Street hall was condemned. The Corps was closed in the 2010s, membership having dwindled from a peak in the 1970s, ending around one hundred years of association with Devizes.[68]

A chapel was built at Northgate Street in 1776, at first for

Congregationalists. The building was enlarged in 1790 and extended in Early English style in the mid-19th century, becoming known as St Mary's Congregational Church;[69] from 1842 Devizes was the head of the Wiltshire and East Somerset Congregational Union.[5] The congregation joined St. Andrew's around 1987 and the building is now in residential use.[70]

Quakers have a meeting room at Sussex Wharf, next to the canal.[71]

Emergency services

Devizes is policed by Wiltshire Police, who have their headquarters on London Road in the town. Policing of Devizes was the responsibility of the City of Salisbury Police until Wiltshire Constabulary was founded in 1839 under the County Police Act 1839. It was the first county police force founded in the country, hence its motto 'Primus et Optimus – The First and The Best'. The force is one of the largest employers in the town.

The headquarters site also houses the

emergency control centre for police services in the county, in a building opened in 2003 by the Wiltshire Emergency Services partnership as a centre for all three emergency services,[72] but since 2013 used only by the police.[73] The headquarters building has housed the office of the Wiltshire Police and Crime Commissioner since the creation of that post in 2012. Wiltshire Air Ambulance was based at the police headquarters site until 2018.[74]

Healthcare and ambulance response services in Devizes are provided by the National Health Service. South Western Ambulance Service have an ambulance station in Devizes.

Fire and rescue services in Devizes are provided by

Dorset and Wiltshire Fire and Rescue Service
, who have a fire station with a retained staff. They also have a training centre on the Hopton industrial estate.

Sport

Each year at Easter the 125 miles (201 km)

marathon canoeing
gained worldwide popularity in the 1960s.

The local association football (soccer) team is Devizes Town F.C. who play in the Hellenic League.

The local rugby union team is Devizes R.F.C.[75] founded in 1876, known as the 'Saddlebacks' (after the Wessex Saddleback), who play in the Regional 2 South Central League.

Devizes Cricket Club, founded in 1850, play in the Premier tier of the West of England Premier League. The ladies team was founded in 2013.[citation needed]

Devizes Hockey Club plays in the Premier 1 Hockey League.[76]

Notable people

References

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  2. ^ Devizes Heritage: The Green and Crammer Archived 25 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
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  68. ^ personal recollections of a fourth generation family member associated with the Corps
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