Dharamyudh (Sikhism)
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In Sikhism, dharamyudh, dharam-yudh or dharam yudh (Gurmukhi: ਧਰਮਯੁਧ) is a term which is variously translated as 'religious war',[1][2] 'war of righteousness',[2] 'war in defence of righteousness',[3] or 'war for justice'.[4] Though some core tenets in the Sikh religion are understood to emphasise peace and nonviolence, especially before the 1606 execution of Guru Arjan by Mughal emperor Jahangir,[5] military force may be justified if all peaceful means to settle a conflict have been exhausted, thus resulting in a dharamyudh.[3]
Etymology
The first part of the term dharamyudh comes from Punjabi dharm or dharam (ਧਰਮ), which is usually translated as 'religion',[3] although it is said to 'encapsulate a wider understanding of appropriate conduct, moral order, and bodily discipline' than the words 'religion' and 'religious practice' in English do.[6] It is derived from Sanskrit dhárma (धर्म),[6] which has various possible meanings[3] including 'morality', 'justice', 'law', 'religion', 'devotion' and 'sacrifice'. The second part is a cognate of Hindi yuddh (युद्ध, meaning 'war'), derived from Sanskrit yuddhá (युद्ध, meaning 'battle', 'fight' or 'war'). The meaning of the term dharamyudh appears to have been somewhat ambiguous in the writings of the early Sikh Gurus, ranging from 'an interior, individual, spiritual struggle' to 'a war to defend one's beliefs', but by the 18th century, it was increasingly interpreted as 'a religiously sanctioned war against Muslims in particular', which scholars attribute to the changing political circumstances that the Sikhs found themselves in, or moved themselves into.[6]
History
Militarisation of Sikhism (17th century)
Sikhism, founded in the late 15th century by
Sikh imperialism (1716–1849)
Over the course of several decades, small Sikh states known as
Modern period (1970s–1995)
The Dharam Yudh Morcha ("righteous campaign";
References
- ISBN 9780199756551. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
- ^ ISBN 9788132105381. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
- ^ ISBN 9781442236011. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
- ^ ISBN 9781783265596. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
- ^ ISBN 9781780762500. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
- ^ a b c Dhavan, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Syan, pp. 8–10.
- ^ Fenech, p. 178.
- ^ Fenech, p. 37.
- ^ ISBN 9781107094383.
- ^ a b Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Sikhs. §3. Autonomie". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
- ISBN 9781316025338.
- ^ Chima, p. 83.
- ^ JSTOR 2758827.
- ^ Chima, p. 71.
- ^ Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Gandhi, Indira".
- ^ Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "India. §5.5 Tweede regeerperiode Indira Gandhi".
- ^ Gates, Scott; Roy, Kaushik (17 February 2016). "Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency". Routledge. p. 163. Retrieved 10 October 2017 – via Google Books.
