Dhow
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Dhow (
History
The exact origins of the dhow are lost to history. Most scholars believe that it originated in India from 600 BC to 600 AD, although there are some who claim that the sanbuk, a type of dhow, may be derived from the Portuguese caravel.[4][5] However, Portuguese caravels only appeared in the area in the late 15th century.
The dhow was the ship of trade first used by the
Ships that are similar to the dhow are mentioned or described in the
The Yemeni
Dhows were extensively used for the Indian Ocean slave trade, which the Royal Navy attempted to suppress. In his 1873 book, Captain G. L. Sulivan described "four different kinds of coasting dhows, as shown in the engravings, viz. the Bateele, the Badane, Bugala or genuine Dhow, and the Matapa boat".[8]
Since the 20th century
In the 1920s, British writers identified Al Hudaydah as the centre for dhow building. Those built in Al Hudaydah were smaller in size, and used for travel along the coasts. They were constructed of acacia found in Yemen.[9] They are distinguishable for their smaller triangular sails on movable bases to harvest the irregular winds of the Red Sea.[10]
Captain Alan Villiers (1903–1982) documented the days of sailing trade in the Indian Ocean by sailing on dhows between 1938 and 1939 taking numerous photographs and publishing books on the subject of dhow navigation.[11][12]
Even to the present day, dhows make commercial journeys between the
For celestial navigation, dhow sailors have traditionally used the
Types
- Arabic language word for "mule". A heavy ship, the traditional deep-sea dhow.
- Baqarah or baggarah (بقارة) – from the Arabic word for "cow". Old type of small dhow similar to the Battil.[14]
- Barijah – small dhow.[15]
- Battil (بتيل) – featured long stems topped by large, club-shaped stem heads.
- Boum (بوم) or dhangi – a large-sized dhow with a stern that is tapering in shape and a more symmetrical overall structure. The Arab boum has a very high prow, which is trimmed in the Indian version.[17]
- Ghanjah (غنجة) or kotiya – a large vessel, similar to the Baghlah, with a curved stem and a sloping, ornately carved transom.[18]
- Jahazi or jihazi (جهازي). A fishing or trading dhow with a broad hull similar to the jalibut, common in Lamu Island and the coast of Oman. It is also used in Bahrain for the pearl industry.[19] The word comes from jahāz (جهاز), a Persian word for "ship".[20]
- Jaliboot or jelbut (جالبوت). A small to medium-sized dhow. It is the modern version of the shu'ai with a shorter prow stem piece. Most jalibuts are fitted with engines.
- Patamar, a type of Indian dhow.
- Shu'ai (شوعي). Medium-sized dhow. Formerly the most common dhow in the Persian Gulf used for fishing as well as for coastal trade.
- Zaruq – small dhow, slightly larger than a barijah[23]
- Dhoni – Maldivian traditional multi-purpose sail vessel.
The term "dhow" is sometimes also applied to certain smaller lateen-sail rigged boats traditionally used in the
Museums
The Kuwaiti Maritime Museum in Salmiya, Kuwait, holds replicas of a number of different types of dhows.[25]
The
Gallery
-
Dhow seen off the coast of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
-
Dhow seen in the Indian Ocean
-
A dhow in the desert in Qatar
-
A painting of a Baghlah, traditional deep sea dhow
-
Construction and repair of dhows in Sur, Oman
-
Dhow ferrying passengers near Inhambane, Mozambique
-
A small dhow in Zanzibar
-
1937 stamp of Aden, Yemen depicting a dhow
-
Maritime Museum in Kuwait Citycommemorating the founding of Kuwait as a sea port for merchants
-
Patamar on a 10 Indian rupee note
-
Model of a Sambuk
-
Dhow on the Shatt al-Arab (1958)
See also
References
- ^ a b Briggs, Philip. "Dhows of the Swahili coast". Zanzibar Travel Guide. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
- ^ "The History & construction of the dhow". Nabataea. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
- ^ Bowen, Richard Lebaron (1949). "Arab Dhows of Eastern Arabia".
- ^ Taylor, James. "Traditional Arab sailing ships". The British-Yemeni Society. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
- ^ Sanbuk – Robert's Model ships and boats
- ISBN 978-1-84162-458-7.
- ^ Duyvendak, JJL (1938). The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century. pp. 341–413.
- ^ Sulivan, G.L. (1873). Dhow Chasing in Zanzibar Waters and on the Eastern Coast of Africa: Narrative of Five Years' Experiences in the Suppression of the Slave Trade. S. Low, Marston, Low & Searle. p. 102. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ^ Prothero, GW (1920). Arabia. London: HM Stationery Office. p. 99.
- ^ "صناعة القوارب". yemen-nic.info. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
- OCLC 61478193.
- ISBN 9780343245221.
- ^ "Ancient Sailing and Navigation". Nabataea.net. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
- ^ "The Traditional Dhow". Oman: Ministry of Information. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
- ^ Hourani, George Fadlo; Carswell, John (1995), Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times, Princeton University Press.
- ^ "Dhows", China, Facts & details, archived from the original on 22 September 2013, retrieved 4 October 2011.
- ^ "Dhow Ship – Types", Marine engineering, Bright hub, archived from the original on 25 November 2010, retrieved 14 March 2010.
- ^ "Ghanjah", Cog and Galley ships, archived from the original on 25 April 2012, retrieved 4 October 2011.
- ^ Dhow sailing in Kenya, UK: Diani beach, archived from the original on 24 July 2012.
- ^ Agius 2008, p. 316.
- ^ Oman, a Seafaring Nation, Oman: Ministry of Information, 1979.
- ^ Agius 2008, p. 314.
- ^ Xavier, Sandy. "Zaruq". CA: Sympatico. Archived from the original on 5 October 2003. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-7914-4808-3.
- ^ Ben Garcia (19 August 2021). "Preserving and protecting Kuwait's maritime heritage". Kuwait Times.
Bibliography
- Agius, Dionisius A (2008), Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean, Brill, ISBN 978-90-0415863-4.
Further reading
- Bowen, Richard LeBaron, Essay on the tradition of painting eyes, known as oculi, on the bows of boats among mariners and fishermen from ancient times to the present. Found particularly in the Indian Ocean region.
- Clifford W. Hawkins, The dhow: an illustrated history of the dhow and its world.
- Anthony Jack, Arab dhows.
- Kaplan, Marion, Twilight of the Arab dhow.
- Martin, Esmond Bradley, The decline of Kenya's dhow trade.
- ———; Martin, Chryssee Perry (1979), "Cargoes of the east : the ports, trade, and culture of the Arabian Seas and western Indian Ocean", The Geographical Journal, 145 (1), foreword by Elspeth Huxley: 130, JSTOR 633106.
- Henri Perrier, Djibouti's dhows.
- A.H.J. Prins, Sailing from Lamu: A Study of Maritime Culture in Islamic East Africa. Assen: van Gorcum & Comp., 1965.
- A.H.J. Prins. The Persian Gulf Dhows: Two Variants in Maritime Enterprise. Persica: Jaarboek van het Genootschap Nederland-Iran, No.II (1965–1966): pp. 1–18.
- A.H.J. Prins. The Persian Gulf Dhows: Notes on the Classification of Mid-Eastern Sea-Craft. Persica: Jaarboek van het Genootschap Nederland-Iran, No.VI (1972–1974): pp. 157–1166.
- A.H.J. Prins. A Handbook of Sewn Boats. Maritime Monographs and Reports No.59. Greenwich, London:: National Maritime Museum, 1986.
- Tessa Rihards, Dhow building : survival of an ancient craft.
External links
- "Al wakrah vagina stadium, Qatar world", The Mirror, UK, 19 November 2013. Stadium based on the design of the Dhow.
- History of the dhow.
- "Dhows of Kuwait", Kuwait boom.
- Lloyd, Christopher (1968), The Navy and the Slave Trade, Psychology Press, ISBN 9780714618944.
- Mondfeld, Wolfram, Die arabische Dau [The Arab dhow] (in German), DE: Modell marine.
- Vosmer, Tom, The durable dhow, Archaeology.
- Maritime activities of the Arab Gulf people and the Indian Ocean World in the 11th and 12th centuries (PDF), JP: Tufs, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2021, retrieved 31 October 2008.