Diacetyl

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Butanedione" redirects here. For 1,4-butanedione, see succinaldehyde.
Diacetyl[1]
Structural formula
Ball-and-stick model
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Butane-2,3-dione
Other names
Diacetyl
Biacetyl
Dimethyl diketone
2,3-Diketobutane
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
3DMet
605398
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard
 100.006.428 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 207-069-8
KEGG
RTECS number
  • EK2625000
UNII
UN number 2346
  • InChI=1S/C4H6O2/c1-3(5)4(2)6/h1-2H3 checkY
    Key: QSJXEFYPDANLFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C4H6O2/c1-3(5)4(2)6/h1-2H3
    Key: QSJXEFYPDANLFS-UHFFFAOYAX
  • CC(=O)C(=O)C
Properties
C4H6O2
Molar mass 86.090 g·mol−1
Appearance Yellow liquid
Density 0.990 g/mL at 15 °C
Melting point −2 to −4 °C (28 to 25 °F; 271 to 269 K)
Boiling point 88 °C (190 °F; 361 K)
200 g/L (20 °C)
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
 Harmful, flammable
GHS labelling:
GHS02: FlammableGHS05: CorrosiveGHS06: ToxicGHS07: Exclamation markGHS08: Health hazard
Danger
H225, H302, H315, H317, H318, H331, H373
P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P311, P314, P321, P330, P332+P313, P333+P313, P362, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasolineInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
3
0
Safety data sheet (SDS) External MSDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Diacetyl (

C=O groups, side-by-side). Diacetyl occurs naturally in alcoholic beverages and is added as a flavoring
to some foods to impart its buttery flavor.

Chemical structure

A distinctive feature of diacetyl (and other vicinal diketones) is the long C–C bond linking the carbonyl centers. This bond distance is about 1.54 Å, compared to 1.45 Å for the corresponding C–C bond in

1,3-butadiene. The elongation is attributed to repulsion between the polarized carbonyl carbon centers.[2]

Occurrence and biosynthesis

Diacetyl arises naturally as a byproduct of

acetyl CoA.[3] Sour (cultured) cream, cultured buttermilk, and cultured butter are produced by inoculating pasteurized cream or milk with a lactic starter culture, churning (agitating) and holding the milk until a desired pH drop (or increase in acidity) is attained. Cultured cream, cultured butter, and cultured buttermilk owe their tart flavour to lactic acid bacteria and their buttery aroma and taste to diacetyl. Malic acid can be converted to lactic acid to make diacetyl.[4][5]

Production

Diacetyl is produced industrially by

2,3-butanediol. Acetoin is an intermediate.[6]

Applications

In food products

Diacetyl and

beta-carotene for the yellow color) to make the final product butter-flavored, because it would otherwise be relatively tasteless.[7]

Electronic cigarettes

Diacetyl is used as a flavoring agent in some liquids used in electronic cigarettes.[8] People nearby may be exposed to it in the exhaled aerosol at levels near the limit set for occupational exposure.[9]

In alcoholic beverages

In some styles of beer (e.g. in many beer styles produced in the United Kingdom, such as stouts, English bitters, and Scottish ales), the presence of diacetyl can be acceptable or desirable at low or, in some cases, moderate levels. In other styles, its presence is considered a flaw or undesirable.[10]

Diacetyl is produced during fermentation as a byproduct of

α-acetolactate, which escapes the cell and is spontaneously decarboxylated into diacetyl. The yeast then absorbs the diacetyl, and reduces the ketone groups to form acetoin and 2,3-butanediol.[citation needed
]

Beer sometimes undergoes a "diacetyl rest", in which its temperature is raised slightly for two or three days after fermentation is complete, to allow the yeast to absorb the diacetyl it produced earlier in the fermentation cycle. The makers of some wines, such as chardonnay, deliberately promote the production of diacetyl because of the feel and flavor it imparts.[11] Diacetyl is present in some chardonnays known as "butter bombs", although there is a trend back toward the more traditional French styles.[12]

Concentrations from 0.005 mg/L to 1.7 mg/L were measured in chardonnay wines, and the amount needed for the flavor to be noticed is at least 0.2 mg/L.[13][14]

Use as butter flavoring

Main article: Artificial butter flavoring
Butter-Vanilla flavor, a combination of butter flavor and vanilla flavor

Butter-flavoring controversy

Chronic industrial exposure to diacetyl fumes, such as in the microwave popcorn production industry, has been associated with bronchiolitis obliterans, a rare and life-threatening form of non-reversible obstructive lung disease in which the bronchioles (small airway branches) are compressed and narrowed by fibrosis (scar tissue) and/or inflammation.[15][16]

Regulation

The

flavouring substance in all EU states.[17] As a diketone, diacetyl is included in the EU's flavouring classification Flavouring Group Evaluation 11 (FGE.11). A Scientific Panel of the EU Commission evaluated six flavouring substances (not including diacetyl) from FGE.11 in 2004.[18] As part of this study, the panel reviewed available studies on several other flavourings in FGE.11, including diacetyl. Based on the available data, the panel reiterated the finding that there were no safety concerns for diacetyl's use as a flavouring.[citation needed
]

In 2007, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the EU's food safety regulatory body, stated its scientific panel on food additives and flavourings (AFC) was evaluating diacetyl along with other flavourings as part of a larger study.[19]

In 2007, the

ConAgra Foods (maker of Orville Redenbacher's and Act II) began removing diacetyl as an ingredient from their products.[21][22]

A 2010 U.S. OSHA Safety and Health Information Bulletin and companion Worker Alert recommend employers use safety measures to minimize exposure to diacetyl or its substitutes.[23]

In 2016, diacetyl was banned in e-liquids/e-cigarettes in the EU under the EU Tobacco Products Directive.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ Merck Index (11th ed.). p. 2946.
  2. doi:10.1021/ja00350a032
    .
  3. PMID 5636815
    .
  4. ^ "Scott Labs | Managing Diacetyl Production During MLF". Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  5. OCLC 42692251
    .
  6. ISBN 978-3527306732
    .
  7. ISBN 978-0-495-28069-9
    .
  8. PMID 29894118. Archived
    from the original on 2020-01-07. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
  9. PMID 29894118. Archived
    from the original on 2018-11-18. Retrieved 2018-11-17.
  10. ISBN 978-0-88266-940-3
    .
  11. ^ "Diacetyl". E. coli Metabolome Database. ECMDB. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  12. ^ "Trends in Chardonnay". Sonoma-Cutrer Vineyards. Retrieved December 2, 2015. [dead link]
  13. PMID 9925610
    .
  14. S2CID 88263667. Archived
    from the original on 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  15. ^ Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary > bronchiolitis obliterans Archived 2017-08-01 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on August, 2010
  16. S2CID 42169510
    .
  17. ^ "Adopting a register of flavouring substances used in or on foodstuffs drawn up in application of Regulation (EC) No 2232/96 of the European Parliament and of the Council" (PDF). 28 October 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 19, 2007.
  18. ^ "Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC) on a request from the Commission" (PDF). The EFSA Journal. 166: 1–44. 2004.
  19. ^ "Europe takes 'wait-and-see' stance on diacetyl flavouring". foodnavigator.com. October 31, 2007. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
  20. ^ "Comments of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States on New Information on Butter Flavored Microwave Popcorn" (PDF) (press release). FEMA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-18. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
  21. ^ Weaver Popcorn Company. Press Release: Pop Weaver introduces first microwave popcorn with flavoring containing no diacetyl Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ ConAgra Foods Press Release ConAgra Foods press release announcing removal of added diacetyl Archived 2015-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ OSHA Recommends Safety Measures to Protect Workers from Diacetyl Exposure Archived 2010-12-21 at the Wayback Machine, EHS Today, December 10, 2010.
  24. ^ "European Commission – Press Releases – 10 key changes for tobacco products sold in the EU". Archived from the original on 2018-10-20. Retrieved 2018-11-17.

Further reading

  • Harber P, Saechao K, Boomus C (2006). "Diacetyl-induced lung disease". Toxicological Reviews. 25 (4): 261–272.
    S2CID 42169510
    .

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diacetyl&oldid=1188222195"