Diacritic

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(Redirected from
Diacritical mark
)
Latin letter A with multiple diacritics

A diacritic (also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign, or accent) is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek διακριτικός (diakritikós, "distinguishing"), from διακρίνω (diakrínō, "to distinguish"). The word diacritic is a noun, though it is sometimes used in an attributive sense, whereas diacritical is only an adjective. Some diacritics, such as the acute ⟨á⟩, grave ⟨à⟩, and circumflex ⟨â⟩ (all shown above an 'a'), are often called accents. Diacritics may appear above or below a letter or in some other position such as within the letter or between two letters.

The main use of diacritics in Latin script is to change the sound-values of the letters to which they are added. Historically, English has used the diaeresis diacritic to indicate the correct pronunciation of ambiguous words, such as "coöperate", without which the <oo> letter sequence could be misinterpreted to be pronounced /ˈkuːpəreɪt/. Other examples are the acute and grave accents, which can indicate that a vowel is to be pronounced differently than is normal in that position, for example not reduced to /ə/ or silent as in the case of the two uses of the letter e in the noun résumé (as opposed to the verb resume) and the help sometimes provided in the pronunciation of some words such as doggèd, learnèd, blessèd, and especially words pronounced differently than normal in poetry (for example movèd, breathèd).

Most other words with diacritics in English are

cedille in façade. All these diacritics, however, are frequently omitted in writing, and English is the only major modern European language that does not have diacritics in common usage.[a]

In

Early Cyrillic titlo stroke ( ◌҃ ) and the Hebrew gershayim ( ״ ), which, respectively, mark abbreviations or acronyms, and Greek diacritical marks, which showed that letters of the alphabet were being used as numerals. In Vietnamese and the Hanyu Pinyin official romanization system for Mandarin in China, diacritics are used to mark the tones
of the syllables in which the marked vowels occur.

In orthography and collation, a letter modified by a diacritic may be treated either as a new, distinct letter or as a letter–diacritic combination. This varies from language to language and may vary from case to case within a language.

In some cases, letters are used as "in-line diacritics", with the same function as ancillary glyphs, in that they modify the sound of the letter preceding them, as in the case of the "h" in the English pronunciation of "sh" and "th".[2] Such letter combinations are sometimes even collated as a single distinct letter. For example, the spelling sch was traditionally often treated as a separate letter in German. Words with that spelling were listed after all other words spelled with s in card catalogs in the Vienna public libraries, for example (before digitization).

Types

Among the types of diacritic used in alphabets based on the Latin script are:

The tilde, dot, comma, titlo, apostrophe, bar, and colon are sometimes diacritical marks, but also have other uses.

Not all diacritics occur adjacent to the letter they modify. In the Wali language of Ghana, for example, an apostrophe indicates a change of vowel quality, but occurs at the beginning of the word, as in the dialects ’Bulengee and ’Dolimi. Because of vowel harmony, all vowels in a word are affected, so the scope of the diacritic is the entire word. In abugida scripts, like those used to write Hindi and Thai, diacritics indicate vowels, and may occur above, below, before, after, or around the consonant letter they modify.

The tittle (dot) on the letter i or the letter j, of the Latin alphabet originated as a diacritic to clearly distinguish i from the minims (downstrokes) of adjacent letters. It first appeared in the 11th century in the sequence ii (as in ingeníí), then spread to i adjacent to m, n, u, and finally to all lowercase is. The j, originally a variant of i, inherited the tittle. The shape of the diacritic developed from initially resembling today's acute accent to a long flourish by the 15th century. With the advent of Roman type it was reduced to the round dot we have today.[3]

Several languages of eastern Europe use diacritics on both consonants and vowels, whereas in western Europe digraphs are more often used to change consonant sounds. Most languages in Europe use diacritics on vowels, aside from English where there are typically none (with some exceptions).

Diacritics specific to non-Latin alphabets

Arabic

Greek

These diacritics are used in addition to the acute, grave, and circumflex accents and the diaeresis:

  • ◌ͺiota subscript (ᾳ, εͅ, ῃ, ιͅ, οͅ, υͅ, ῳ)
  • ῾◌
    Latin
    : spīritus asper): aspiration
  • ᾿◌
    Latin
    : spīritus lēnis): lack of aspiration

Hebrew

Genesis 1:9 "And God said, Let the waters be collected".
Letters in black, niqqud in red, cantillation in blue

Korean

Hangul, the Korean alphabet

The diacritics and  , known as Bangjeom (방점; 傍點), were used to mark pitch accents in Hangul for Middle Korean. They were written to the left of a syllable in vertical writing and above a syllable in horizontal writing.

Sanskrit and Indic

Devanagari scripts (from Brahmic family) compound letters, which are vowels combined with consonants, have diacritics. Here, (k) is shown with vowel diacritics. That is: ा, ि, े, ु, ौ ़, ः, etc.

Syriac

  • A dot above and a dot below a letter represent [a], transliterated as a or ă,
  • Two diagonally-placed dots above a letter represent [ɑ], transliterated as ā or â or å,
  • Two horizontally-placed dots below a letter represent [ɛ], transliterated as e or ĕ; often pronounced [ɪ] and transliterated as i in the
    East Syriac dialect
    ,
  • Two diagonally-placed dots below a letter represent [e], transliterated as ē,
  • A dot underneath the Beth represent a soft [v] sound, transliterated as v
  • A tilde (~) placed under Gamel represent a [dʒ] sound, transliterated as j
  • The letter Waw with a dot below it represents [u], transliterated as ū or u,
  • The letter Waw with a dot above it represents [o], transliterated as ō or o,
  • The letter Yōḏ with a dot beneath it represents [i], transliterated as ī or i,
  • A tilde (~) under Kaph represent a [t͡ʃ] sound, transliterated as ch or č,
  • A semicircle under Peh represents an [f] sound, transliterated as f or ph.

In addition to the above vowel marks, transliteration of Syriac sometimes includes ə, or superscript e (or often nothing at all) to represent an original Aramaic schwa that became lost later on at some point in the development of Syriac.[4] Some transliteration schemes find its inclusion necessary for showing spirantization or for historical reasons.[5][6]

Non-alphabetic scripts

Some non-alphabetic scripts also employ symbols that function essentially as diacritics.

  • Non-pure abjads (such as Hebrew and Arabic script) and abugidas use diacritics for denoting vowels. Hebrew and Arabic also indicate consonant doubling and change with diacritics; Hebrew and Devanagari use them for foreign sounds. Devanagari and related abugidas also use a diacritical mark called a virama to mark the absence of a vowel. In addition, Devanagari uses the moon-dot chandrabindu () for vowel nasalization.
  • ring above
    indicates a long vowel with a [j] off-glide. Another diacritic, the "inner ring" is placed at the glyph's head to modify [p] to [f] and [t] to [θ]. Medials such as the "w-dot" placed next to the Syllabics glyph indicates a [w] being placed between the syllable onset consonant and the nucleus vowel. Finals indicate the syllable coda consonant; some of the syllable coda consonants in word medial positions, such as with the "h-tick", indicate the fortification of the consonant in the syllable following it.
  • The Japanese
    voiced consonants
    or other phonetic changes.
  • imageboards
    .

Alphabetization or collation

Different languages use different rules to put diacritic characters in alphabetical order. French and Portuguese treat letters with diacritical marks the same as the underlying letter for purposes of ordering and dictionaries.

The

Scandinavian languages and the Finnish language
, by contrast, treat the characters with diacritics å, ä, and ö as distinct letters of the alphabet, and sort them after z. Usually ä (a-umlaut) and ö (o-umlaut) [used in Swedish and Finnish] are sorted as equivalent to æ (ash) and ø (o-slash) [used in Danish and Norwegian]. Also, aa, when used as an alternative spelling to å, is sorted as such. Other letters modified by diacritics are treated as variants of the underlying letter, with the exception that ü is frequently sorted as y.

Languages that treat accented letters as variants of the underlying letter usually alphabetize words with such symbols immediately after similar unmarked words. For instance, in German where two words differ only by an umlaut, the word without it is sorted first in German dictionaries (e.g. schon and then schön, or fallen and then fällen). However, when names are concerned (e.g. in phone books or in author catalogues in libraries), umlauts are often treated as combinations of the vowel with a suffixed e; Austrian phone books now treat characters with umlauts as separate letters (immediately following the underlying vowel).

In Spanish, the grapheme ñ is considered a new letter different from n and collated between n and o, as it denotes a different sound from that of a plain n. But the accented vowels á, é, í, ó, ú are not separated from the unaccented vowels a, e, i, o, u, as the acute accent in Spanish only modifies stress within the word or denotes a distinction between homonyms, and does not modify the sound of a letter.

For a comprehensive list of the collating orders in various languages, see

Collating sequence
.

Generation with computers

German keyboard with umlaut letters

Modern computer technology was developed mostly in English-speaking countries, so data formats, keyboard layouts, etc. were developed with a bias favoring English, a language with an alphabet without diacritical marks. Efforts have been made to create

internationalized domain names
that further extend the English alphabet (e.g., "pokémon.com").

Depending on the keyboard layout, which differs amongst countries, it is more or less easy to enter letters with diacritics on computers and typewriters. Some have their own keys; some are created by first pressing the key with the diacritic mark followed by the letter to place it on. Such a key is sometimes referred to as a dead key, as it produces no output of its own but modifies the output of the key pressed after it.

In modern Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems, the keyboard layouts US International and UK International feature

Apple Macintosh computers, there are keyboard shortcuts for the most common diacritics; ⌥ Option+E followed by a vowel places an acute accent, ⌥ Option+U followed by a vowel gives an umlaut, ⌥ Option+C gives a cedilla, etc. Diacritics can be composed in most X Window System
keyboard layouts, as well as other operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, using additional software.

On computers, the availability of code pages determines whether one can use certain diacritics. Unicode solves this problem by assigning every known character its own code; if this code is known, most modern computer systems provide a method to input it. With Unicode, it is also possible to combine diacritical marks with most characters. However, as of 2019, very few fonts include the necessary support to correctly render character-plus-diacritic(s) for the Latin, Cyrillic and some other alphabets (exceptions include Andika).

Languages with letters containing diacritics

The following languages have letters with diacritics that are orthographically distinct from those without diacritics.

Latin/Roman letters

Baltic

Celtic

Finno-Ugric

  • loanwords
    . Also these are distinct letters, placed in the alphabet between s and t.
  • Finnish
    uses dotted (umlauted) vowels (ä and ö). As in Swedish and Estonian, these are regarded as individual letters, rather than vowel + umlaut combinations (as happens in German). It also uses the characters å, š and ž in foreign names and loanwords. In the Finnish and Swedish alphabets, å, ä and ö collate as separate letters after z, the others as variants of their base letter.
  • ű
    are collated in dictionaries as the same letter.
  • ȭ
    , ŗ, š, ț, ū, ž.

Germanic

Romance

  • In
    Spanish, the character ñ
    is a letter and collated between n and o.
  • Catalan uses the acute accent é, í, ó, ú, the grave accent à, è, ò, the diaeresis ï, ü, the cedilla ç, and the interpunct l·l. In Valencian, the circumflex â, ê, î, ô, û may also be used.
  • Corsican uses the following in its alphabet: À/à, È/è, Ì/ì, Ò/ò, Ù/ù.
  • French uses four diacritics appearing on vowels (circumflex, acute, grave, diaeresis) and the cedilla appearing in "ç".
  • Italian uses two diacritics appearing on vowels (acute, grave)
  • nn
    .
  • Portuguese uses a tilde with the vowels ⟨a⟩ and ⟨o⟩ and a cedilla with c.
  • Romanian uses a breve on the letter a (ă) to indicate the sound schwa /ə/, as well as a circumflex over the letters a (â) and i (î) for the sound /ɨ/. Romanian also writes a comma below the letters s (ș) and t (ț) to represent the sounds /ʃ/ and /t͡s/, respectively. These characters are collated after their non-diacritic equivalent.
  • Spanish uses acute accents (á, é, í, ó, ú) to indicate stress falling on a different syllable than the one it would fall on based on default rules, and to distinguish certain one-syllable homonyms (e.g. el (masculine singular definite article) and él "he"). Diaeresis is used on u only, to distinguish the combinations gue, gui /ge/, /gi/ from güe, güi /gwe/, /gwi/, e.g. vergüenza, lingüística. The tilde on ⟨ñ⟩ is not considered a diacritic as ⟨ñ⟩ is considered a distinct letter from ⟨n⟩, not a mutated form of it.

Slavic

Turkic

Other

Cyrillic letters

  • Belarusian and Uzbek Cyrillic have a letter ў.
  • Belarusian,
    й
    .
  • Belarusian and Russian have the letter ё. In Russian, this letter is usually replaced by е, although it has a different pronunciation. The use of е instead of ё does not affect the pronunciation. Ё is always used in children's books and in dictionaries. A minimal pair is все (vs'e, "everybody" pl.) and всё (vs'o, "everything" n. sg.). In Belarusian the replacement by е is a mistake; in Russian, it is permissible to use either е or ё for ё but the former is more common in everyday writing (as opposed to instructional or juvenile writing).
  • The
    Latynka
    has many more.
  • Macedonian has the letters ќ and ѓ.
  • In Bulgarian and Macedonian the possessive pronoun ѝ (ì, "her") is spelled with a grave accent in order to distinguish it from the conjunction и (i, "and").
  • The acute accent  ́ above any vowel in Cyrillic alphabets is used in dictionaries, books for children and foreign learners to indicate the word stress, it also can be used for disambiguation of similarly spelled words with different lexical stresses.

Diacritics that do not produce new letters

Blackboard used in class at Harvard shows students' efforts at placing the ü and acute accent diacritic used in Spanish orthography.

English

English is one of the few European languages that does not have many words that contain diacritical marks. Instead, digraphs are the main way the Modern English alphabet adapts the Latin to its phonemes. Exceptions are unassimilated foreign loanwords, including borrowings from French (and, increasingly, Spanish, like jalapeño and piñata); however, the diacritic is also sometimes omitted from such words. Loanwords that frequently appear with the diacritic in English include café, résumé or resumé (a usage that helps distinguish it from the verb resume), soufflé, and naïveté (see English terms with diacritical marks). In older practice (and even among some orthographically-conservative modern writers), one may see examples such as élite, mêlée and rôle.

English speakers and writers once used the diaeresis more often than now in words such as coöperation (from Fr. coopération), zoölogy (from Grk. zoologia), and seeër (now more commonly see-er or simply seer) as a way of indicating that adjacent vowels belonged to separate syllables, but this practice has become far less common. The New Yorker magazine is a major publication that continues to use the diaeresis in place of a hyphen for clarity and economy of space.[12]

A few English words, often when used out of context, especially in isolation, can only be distinguished from other words of the same spelling by using a diacritic or modified letter. These include exposé, lamé, maté, öre, øre, résumé and rosé. In a few words, diacritics that did not exist in the original have been added for disambiguation, as in maté (from Sp. and Port. mate), saké (the standard Romanization of the Japanese has no accent mark), and Malé (from Dhivehi މާލެ), to clearly distinguish them from the English words mate, sake, and male.

The acute and grave accents are occasionally used in poetry and lyrics: the acute to indicate stress overtly where it might be ambiguous (rébel vs. rebél) or nonstandard for metrical reasons (caléndar), the grave to indicate that an ordinarily silent or elided syllable is pronounced (warnèd, parlìament).

In certain personal names such as Renée and Zoë, often two spellings exist, and the person's own preference will be known only to those close to them. Even when the name of a person is spelled with a diacritic, like Charlotte Brontë, this may be dropped in English-language articles, and even in official documents such as passports, due either to carelessness, the typist not knowing how to enter letters with diacritical marks, or technical reasons (California, for example, does not allow[clarification needed] names with diacritics, as the computer system cannot process such characters). They also appear in some worldwide company names and/or trademarks, such as Nestlé and Citroën.

Other languages

The following languages have letter-diacritic combinations that are not considered independent letters.

Transliteration

Several languages that are not written with the Roman alphabet are transliterated, or romanized, using diacritics. Examples:

Limits

Orthographic

Possibly the greatest number of combining diacritics required to compose a valid character in any Unicode language is 8, for the "well-known grapheme cluster in Tibetan and Ranjana scripts" or HAKṢHMALAWARAYAṀ.[14]

It consists of

  1. U+0F67 TIBETAN LETTER HA
  2. U+0F90 TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER KA
  3. U+0FB5 TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER SSA
  4. U+0FA8 TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER MA
  5. U+0FB3 TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER LA
  6. U+0FBA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER FIXED-FORM WA
  7. U+0FBC TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER FIXED-FORM RA
  8. U+0FBB TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER FIXED-FORM YA
  9. U+0F82 TIBETAN SIGN NYI ZLA NAA DA

An example of rendering, may be broken depending on browser:

ཧྐྵྨླྺྼྻྂ

Unorthographic/ornamental

Some users have explored the limits of rendering in web browsers and other software by "decorating" words with excessive nonsensical diacritics per character to produce so-called Zalgo text.

List of diacritics in Unicode

Diacritics for Latin script in Unicode:

Diacritics in Unicode for Latin script
Character Character name
Unicode code point
Mark General category
Script
◌̀
  • COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT
  • U+0300
Grave Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌́
  • COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT
  • U+0301
Acute Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̂
  • COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
  • U+0302
Circumflex Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̃
  • COMBINING TILDE
  • U+0303
Tilde Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̄
  • COMBINING MACRON
  • U+0304
Macron Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̅
  • COMBINING OVERLINE
  • U+0305
Overline Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̆
  • COMBINING BREVE
  • U+0306
Breve Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̇
  • COMBINING DOT ABOVE
  • U+0307
Dot Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̈
  • COMBINING DIAERESIS
  • U+0308
Diaeresis Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̉
  • COMBINING HOOK ABOVE
  • U+0309
Hook Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̊
  • COMBINING RING ABOVE
  • U+030A
Ring Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̋
  • COMBINING DOUBLE ACUTE ACCENT
  • U+030B
Double acute Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̌
  • COMBINING CARON
  • U+030C
Caron Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̍
  • COMBINING VERTICAL LINE ABOVE
  • U+030D
Vertical line Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̎
  • COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE ABOVE
  • U+030E
Double vertical line Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̏
  • COMBINING DOUBLE GRAVE ACCENT
  • U+030F
Double grave Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̐
  • COMBINING CANDRABINDU
  • U+0310
Candrabindu Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̑
  • COMBINING INVERTED BREVE
  • U+0311
Inverted breve Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̒
  • COMBINING TURNED COMMA ABOVE
  • U+0312
Turned comma Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̓
  • COMBINING COMMA ABOVE
  • U+0313
Comma Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̔
  • COMBINING REVERSED COMMA ABOVE
  • U+0314
Reversed comma Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̕
  • COMBINING COMMA ABOVE RIGHT
  • U+0315
Comma right Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̖
  • COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT BELOW
  • U+0316
Grave Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̗
  • COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT BELOW
  • U+0317
Acute Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̘
  • COMBINING LEFT TACK BELOW
  • U+0318
Left tack Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̙
  • COMBINING RIGHT TACK BELOW
  • U+0319
Right tack Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̚
  • COMBINING LEFT ANGLE ABOVE
  • U+031A
Left angle Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̛
  • COMBINING HORN
  • U+031B
Horn Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̜
  • COMBINING LEFT HALF RING BELOW
  • U+031C
Left half ring Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̝
  • COMBINING UP TACK BELOW
  • U+031D
Up tack Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̞
  • COMBINING DOWN TACK BELOW
  • U+031E
Down tack Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̟
  • COMBINING PLUS SIGN BELOW
  • U+031F
Plus sign Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̠
  • COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW
  • U+0320
Minus sign Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̡
  • COMBINING PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW
  • U+0321
Palatalized hook Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̢
  • COMBINING RETROFLEX HOOK BELOW
  • U+0322
Retroflex hook Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̣
  • COMBINING DOT BELOW
  • U+0323
Dot Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̤
  • COMBINING DIAERESIS BELOW
  • U+0324
Diaeresis Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̥
  • COMBINING RING BELOW
  • U+0325
Ring Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̦
  • COMBINING COMMA BELOW
  • U+0326
Comma Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̧
  • COMBINING CEDILLA
  • U+0327
Cedilla Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̨
  • COMBINING OGONEK
  • U+0328
Ogonek Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̩
  • COMBINING VERTICAL LINE BELOW
  • U+0329
Vertical line Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̪
  • COMBINING BRIDGE BELOW
  • U+032A
Bridge Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̫
  • COMBINING INVERTED DOUBLE ARCH BELOW
  • U+032B
Double arch Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̬
  • COMBINING CARON BELOW
  • U+032C
Caron Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̭
  • COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT BELOW
  • U+032D
Circumflex Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̮
  • COMBINING BREVE BELOW
  • U+032E
Breve Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̯
  • COMBINING INVERTED BREVE BELOW
  • U+032F
Inverted breve Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̰
  • COMBINING TILDE BELOW
  • U+0330
Tilde Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̱
  • COMBINING MACRON BELOW
  • U+0331
Macron Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̲
  • COMBINING LOW LINE
  • U+0332
Low line Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̳
  • COMBINING DOUBLE LOW LINE
  • U+0333
Double low line Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̴
  • COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY
  • U+0334
Tilde overlay Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̵
  • COMBINING SHORT STROKE OVERLAY
  • U+0335
Short stroke overlay Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̶
  • COMBINING LONG STROKE OVERLAY
  • U+0336
Long stroke overlay Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̷
  • COMBINING SHORT SOLIDUS OVERLAY
  • U+0337
Short solidus overlay Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̸
  • COMBINING LONG SOLIDUS OVERLAY
  • U+0338
Long solidus overlay Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̹
  • COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING BELOW
  • U+0339
Right half ring Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̺
  • COMBINING INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW
  • U+033A
Inverted bridge Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̻
  • COMBINING SQUARE BELOW
  • U+033B
Square Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̼
  • COMBINING SEAGULL BELOW
  • U+033C
Seagull Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̽
  • COMBINING X ABOVE
  • U+033D
X Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̾
  • COMBINING VERTICAL TILDE
  • U+033E
Vertical tilde Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̿
  • COMBINING DOUBLE OVERLINE
  • U+033F
Double overline Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌̀
  • COMBINING GRAVE TONE MARK
  • U+0340
Grave tone Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌́
  • COMBINING ACUTE TONE MARK
  • U+0341
Acute tone Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͆
  • COMBINING BRIDGE ABOVE
  • U+0346
Bridge Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͇
  • COMBINING EQUALS SIGN BELOW
  • U+0347
Equals sign Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͈
  • COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW
  • U+0348
Double vertical line Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͉
  • COMBINING LEFT ANGLE BELOW
  • U+0349
Left angle Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͊
  • COMBINING NOT TILDE ABOVE
  • U+034A
Not tilde Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͋
  • COMBINING HOMOTHETIC ABOVE
  • U+034B
Homothetic Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͌
  • COMBINING ALMOST EQUAL TO ABOVE
  • U+034C
Almost equal to Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͍
  • COMBINING LEFT RIGHT ARROW BELOW
  • U+034D
Left right arrow Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͎
  • COMBINING UPWARDS ARROW BELOW
  • U+034E
Upwards arrow Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͐
  • COMBINING RIGHT ARROWHEAD ABOVE
  • U+0350
Right arrowhead Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͑
  • COMBINING LEFT HALF RING ABOVE
  • U+0351
Left half ring Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͒
  • COMBINING FERMATA
  • U+0352
Fermata Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͓
  • COMBINING X BELOW
  • U+0353
X Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͔
  • COMBINING LEFT ARROWHEAD BELOW
  • U+0354
Left arrowhead Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͕
  • COMBINING RIGHT ARROWHEAD BELOW
  • U+0355
Right arrowhead Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͖
  • COMBINING RIGHT ARROWHEAD AND UP ARROWHEAD BELOW
  • U+0356
Right arrowhead and up arrowhead Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͗
  • COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING ABOVE
  • U+0357
Right half ring Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͘
  • COMBINING DOT ABOVE RIGHT
  • U+0358
Dot right Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͙
  • COMBINING ASTERISK BELOW
  • U+0359
Asterisk Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͚
  • COMBINING DOUBLE RING BELOW
  • U+035A
Double ring Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͛
  • COMBINING ZIGZAG ABOVE
  • U+035B
Zigzag Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͜◌
  • COMBINING DOUBLE BREVE BELOW
  • U+035C
Double breve Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͝◌
  • COMBINING DOUBLE BREVE
  • U+035D
Double breve Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͞◌
  • COMBINING DOUBLE MACRON
  • U+035E
Double macron Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͟◌
  • COMBINING DOUBLE MACRON BELOW
  • U+035F
Double macron Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͠◌
  • COMBINING DOUBLE TILDE
  • U+0360
Double tilde Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͡◌
  • COMBINING DOUBLE INVERTED BREVE
  • U+0361
Double inverted breve Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌͢◌
  • COMBINING DOUBLE RIGHTWARDS ARROW BELOW
  • U+0362
Double rightwards arrow Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ͣ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER A
  • U+0363
Latin small letter a Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ͤ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER E
  • U+0364
Latin small letter e Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ͥ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER I
  • U+0365
Latin small letter i Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ͦ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER O
  • U+0366
Latin small letter o Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ͧ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER U
  • U+0367
Latin small letter u Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ͨ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER C
  • U+0368
Latin small letter c Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ͩ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER D
  • U+0369
Latin small letter d Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ͪ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER H
  • U+036A
Latin small letter h Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ͫ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER M
  • U+036B
Latin small letter m Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ͬ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER R
  • U+036C
Latin small letter r Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ͭ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER T
  • U+036D
Latin small letter t Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ͮ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER V
  • U+036E
Latin small letter v Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ͯ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER X
  • U+036F
Latin small letter x Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᪰
  • COMBINING DOUBLED CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
  • U+1AB0
Doubled circumflex Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᪱
  • COMBINING DIAERESIS-RING
  • U+1AB1
Diaeresis-ring Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᪲
  • COMBINING INFINITY
  • U+1AB2
Infinity Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᪳
  • COMBINING DOWNWARDS ARROW
  • U+1AB3
Downwards arrow Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᪴
  • COMBINING TRIPLE DOT
  • U+1AB4
Triple dot Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᪵
  • COMBINING X-X BELOW
  • U+1AB5
X-x Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᪶
  • COMBINING WIGGLY LINE BELOW
  • U+1AB6
Wiggly line Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᪷
  • COMBINING OPEN MARK BELOW
  • U+1AB7
Open mark Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᪸
  • COMBINING DOUBLE OPEN MARK BELOW
  • U+1AB8
Double open mark Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᪹
  • COMBINING LIGHT CENTRALIZATION STROKE BELOW
  • U+1AB9
Light centralization stroke Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᪺
  • COMBINING STRONG CENTRALIZATION STROKE BELOW
  • U+1ABA
Strong centralization stroke Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᪻
  • COMBINING PARENTHESES ABOVE
  • U+1ABB
Parentheses Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᪼
  • COMBINING DOUBLE PARENTHESES ABOVE
  • U+1ABC
Double parentheses Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᪽
  • COMBINING PARENTHESES BELOW
  • U+1ABD
Parentheses Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᪿ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER W BELOW
  • U+1ABF
Latin small letter w Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᫀ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED W BELOW
  • U+1AC0
Latin small letter turned w Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷀
  • COMBINING DOTTED GRAVE ACCENT
  • U+1DC0
Dotted grave Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷁
  • COMBINING DOTTED ACUTE ACCENT
  • U+1DC1
Dotted acute Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷂
  • COMBINING SNAKE BELOW
  • U+1DC2
Snake Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷃
  • COMBINING SUSPENSION MARK
  • U+1DC3
Suspension mark Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷄
  • COMBINING MACRON-ACUTE
  • U+1DC4
Macron-acute Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷅
  • COMBINING GRAVE-MACRON
  • U+1DC5
Grave-macron Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷆
  • COMBINING MACRON-GRAVE
  • U+1DC6
Macron-grave Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷇
  • COMBINING ACUTE-MACRON
  • U+1DC7
Acute-macron Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷈
  • COMBINING GRAVE-ACUTE-GRAVE
  • U+1DC8
Grave-acute-grave Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷉
  • COMBINING ACUTE-GRAVE-ACUTE
  • U+1DC9
Acute-grave-acute Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷊
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER R BELOW
  • U+1DCA
Latin small letter r Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷋
  • COMBINING BREVE-MACRON
  • U+1DCB
Breve-macron Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷌
  • COMBINING MACRON-BREVE
  • U+1DCC
Macron-breve Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷍◌
  • COMBINING DOUBLE CIRCUMFLEX ABOVE
  • U+1DCD
Double circumflex Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷎
  • COMBINING OGONEK ABOVE
  • U+1DCE
Ogonek Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷏
  • COMBINING ZIGZAG BELOW
  • U+1DCF
Zigzag Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷐
  • COMBINING IS BELOW
  • U+1DD0
Is Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷑
  • COMBINING UR ABOVE
  • U+1DD1
Ur Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷒
  • COMBINING US ABOVE
  • U+1DD2
Us Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷓ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER FLATTENED OPEN A ABOVE
  • U+1DD3
Latin small letter flattened open a Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷔ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER AE
  • U+1DD4
Latin small letter ae Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷕ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER AO
  • U+1DD5
Latin small letter ao Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷖ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER AV
  • U+1DD6
Latin small letter av Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷗ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER C CEDILLA
  • U+1DD7
Latin small letter c cedilla Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷘ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR D
  • U+1DD8
Latin small letter insular d Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷙ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH
  • U+1DD9
Latin small letter eth Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷚ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER G
  • U+1DDA
Latin small letter g Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷛ
  • COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G
  • U+1DDB
Latin letter small capital g Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷜ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER K
  • U+1DDC
Latin small letter k Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷝ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER L
  • U+1DDD
Latin small letter l Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷞ
  • COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L
  • U+1DDE
Latin letter small capital l Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷟ
  • COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL M
  • U+1DDF
Latin letter small capital m Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷠ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER N
  • U+1DE0
Latin small letter n Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷡ
  • COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL N
  • U+1DE1
Latin letter small capital n Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷢ
  • COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R
  • U+1DE2
Latin letter small capital r Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷣ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER R ROTUNDA
  • U+1DE3
Latin small letter r rotunda Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷤ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER S
  • U+1DE4
Latin small letter s Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷥ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S
  • U+1DE5
Latin small letter long s Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷦ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER Z
  • U+1DE6
Latin small letter z Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷧ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER ALPHA
  • U+1DE7
Latin small letter alpha Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷨ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER B
  • U+1DE8
Latin small letter b Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷩ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER BETA
  • U+1DE9
Latin small letter beta Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷪ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER SCHWA
  • U+1DEA
Latin small letter schwa Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷫ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER F
  • U+1DEB
Latin small letter f Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷬ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOUBLE MIDDLE TILDE
  • U+1DEC
Latin small letter l with double middle tilde Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷭ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH LIGHT CENTRALIZATION STROKE
  • U+1DED
Latin small letter o with light centralization stroke Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷮ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER P
  • U+1DEE
Latin small letter p Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷯ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH
  • U+1DEF
Latin small letter esh Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷰ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH LIGHT CENTRALIZATION STROKE
  • U+1DF0
Latin small letter u with light centralization stroke Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷱ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER W
  • U+1DF1
Latin small letter w Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷲ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS
  • U+1DF2
Latin small letter a with diaeresis Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷳ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS
  • U+1DF3
Latin small letter o with diaeresis Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌ᷴ
  • COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS
  • U+1DF4
Latin small letter u with diaeresis Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷵
  • COMBINING UP TACK ABOVE
  • U+1DF5
Up tack Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷸
  • COMBINING DOT ABOVE LEFT
  • U+1DF8
Dot left Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷹
  • COMBINING WIDE INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW
  • U+1DF9
Wide inverted bridge Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷻
  • COMBINING DELETION MARK
  • U+1DFB
Deletion mark Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷼◌
  • COMBINING DOUBLE INVERTED BREVE BELOW
  • U+1DFC
Double inverted breve Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷽
  • COMBINING ALMOST EQUAL TO BELOW
  • U+1DFD
Almost equal to Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷾
  • COMBINING LEFT ARROWHEAD ABOVE
  • U+1DFE
Left arrowhead Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌᷿
  • COMBINING RIGHT ARROWHEAD AND DOWN ARROWHEAD BELOW
  • U+1DFF
Right arrowhead and down arrowhead Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃐◌
  • COMBINING LEFT HARPOON ABOVE
  • U+20D0
Left harpoon Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃑◌
  • COMBINING RIGHT HARPOON ABOVE
  • U+20D1
Right harpoon Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃒
  • COMBINING LONG VERTICAL LINE OVERLAY
  • U+20D2
Long vertical line overlay Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃓
  • COMBINING SHORT VERTICAL LINE OVERLAY
  • U+20D3
Short vertical line overlay Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃔◌
  • COMBINING ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW ABOVE
  • U+20D4
Anticlockwise arrow Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃕◌
  • COMBINING CLOCKWISE ARROW ABOVE
  • U+20D5
Clockwise arrow Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃖◌
  • COMBINING LEFT ARROW ABOVE
  • U+20D6
Left arrow Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃗◌
  • COMBINING RIGHT ARROW ABOVE
  • U+20D7
Right arrow Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃘
  • COMBINING RING OVERLAY
  • U+20D8
Ring overlay Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃙
  • COMBINING CLOCKWISE RING OVERLAY
  • U+20D9
Clockwise ring overlay Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃚
  • COMBINING ANTICLOCKWISE RING OVERLAY
  • U+20DA
Anticlockwise ring overlay Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃛◌
  • COMBINING THREE DOTS ABOVE
  • U+20DB
Three dots Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃜◌
  • COMBINING FOUR DOTS ABOVE
  • U+20DC
Four dots Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃡◌
  • COMBINING LEFT RIGHT ARROW ABOVE
  • U+20E1
Left right arrow Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃥
  • COMBINING REVERSE SOLIDUS OVERLAY
  • U+20E5
Reverse solidus overlay Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃦
  • COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE OVERLAY
  • U+20E6
Double vertical stroke overlay Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃧
  • COMBINING ANNUITY SYMBOL
  • U+20E7
Annuity symbol Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃨
  • COMBINING TRIPLE UNDERDOT
  • U+20E8
Triple underdot Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃩◌
  • COMBINING WIDE BRIDGE ABOVE
  • U+20E9
Wide bridge Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃪
  • COMBINING LEFTWARDS ARROW OVERLAY
  • U+20EA
Leftwards arrow overlay Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃫
  • COMBINING LONG DOUBLE SOLIDUS OVERLAY
  • U+20EB
Long double solidus overlay Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃬
  • COMBINING RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWNWARDS
  • U+20EC
Rightwards harpoon with barb downwards Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃭
  • COMBINING LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWNWARDS
  • U+20ED
Leftwards harpoon with barb downwards Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃮
  • COMBINING LEFT ARROW BELOW
  • U+20EE
Left arrow Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃯
  • COMBINING RIGHT ARROW BELOW
  • U+20EF
Right arrow Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌⃰◌
  • COMBINING ASTERISK ABOVE
  • U+20F0
Asterisk Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌︠
  • COMBINING LIGATURE LEFT HALF
  • U+FE20
Ligature left half Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌︡
  • COMBINING LIGATURE RIGHT HALF
  • U+FE21
Ligature right half Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌︢
  • COMBINING DOUBLE TILDE LEFT HALF
  • U+FE22
Double tilde left half Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌︣
  • COMBINING DOUBLE TILDE RIGHT HALF
  • U+FE23
Double tilde right half Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌︤
  • COMBINING MACRON LEFT HALF
  • U+FE24
Macron left half Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌︥
  • COMBINING MACRON RIGHT HALF
  • U+FE25
Macron right half Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌︦◌
  • COMBINING CONJOINING MACRON
  • U+FE26
Conjoining macron Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌︧
  • COMBINING LIGATURE LEFT HALF BELOW
  • U+FE27
Ligature left half Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌︨
  • COMBINING LIGATURE RIGHT HALF BELOW
  • U+FE28
Ligature right half Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌︩
  • COMBINING TILDE LEFT HALF BELOW
  • U+FE29
Tilde left half Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌︪
  • COMBINING TILDE RIGHT HALF BELOW
  • U+FE2A
Tilde right half Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌︫
  • COMBINING MACRON LEFT HALF BELOW
  • U+FE2B
Macron left half Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌︬
  • COMBINING MACRON RIGHT HALF BELOW
  • U+FE2C
Macron right half Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited
◌︭
  • COMBINING CONJOINING MACRON BELOW
  • U+FE2D
Conjoining macron Mn: Mark, nonspacing Inherited

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The New Yorker is reported as being unique in its continuing usage of them.[1]

References

  1. ^ Baum, Dan (16 December 2010). "The New Yorker's odd mark — the diaeresis". dscriber. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Among the many mysteries of The New Yorker is that funny little umlaut over words like coöperate and reëlect. The New Yorker seems to be the only publication on the planet that uses it, and I always found it a little pretentious until I did some research. Turns out, it's not an umlaut. It's a diaeresis.
  2. ^ Sweet, Henry (1877). A Handbook of Phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 174–175. Even letters with accents and diacritics [...] being only cast for a few founts, act practically as new letters. [...] We may consider the h in sh and th simply as a diacritic written for convenience on a line with the letter it modifies.
  3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary
  4. ^ Nestle, Eberhard (1888). Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar. Berlin: H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung. [translated to English as Syriac grammar with bibliography, chrestomathy and glossary, by R. S. Kennedy. London: Williams & Norgate 1889].
  5. .
  6. ^ Michaelis, Ioannis Davidis (1784). Grammatica Syriaca.
  7. ISBN 84-8168-310-8. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  8. ^ http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/psp2000/psp.pdf page 12, section I.2
  9. ^ Grønlands sprognævn (1992)
  10. ^ Petersen (1990)
  11. ^ S.P. Brock, "An Introduction to Syriac Studies", in J.H. Eaton (Ed.,), Horizons in Semitic Studies (1980)
  12. ^ Norris, Mary (26 April 2012). "The Curse of the Diaeresis". The New Yorker. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  13. ^ van Geloven, Sander (2012). Diakritische tekens in het Nederlands (in Dutch). Utrecht: Hellebaard. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29.
  14. ^ Steele, Shawn (2010-01-25). "Most combining characters in a Unicode glyph/character/whatever". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2019-05-16. Retrieved 2019-11-25.

External links