Modern Greek Enlightenment
The Modern Greek Enlightenment (
The educational center for the Greek community was Italy where many of the priests were educated and the leadership of the Rum Millet was controlled by Orthodox Christian priests. The education of the Greek community was subjugated by a strict observance of Kordalism which was taught by priests and sanctioned by the Catholic and Orthodox Church's. Korydalism was created by Theophilos Corydalleus and it followed Aristotle and Plato's secular philosophical teachings.[9] A central figure in the schism from Kordalism was Methodios Anthrakites who fought to introduce updated European philosophical thought to Greek education. He was persecuted in Constantinople by the church fathers and a debate ensued among Greek scholars during the later part of the 18th century to change education. Nonetheless, Greek priest and astronomer Chrysanthus of Jerusalem had an active relationship with Giovanni Domenico Cassini.[10][11][12]
The American War of Independence sent shockwaves throughout the world and most people demanded liberty or death. Between the date of American independence and the dawn of the Greek War of Independence roughly eleven countries fought for independence beginning with the French War of Independence and eventually The Pamphlet of Rigas Feraios was published in 1797. The pamphlet was an instrument to awaken Greek national consciousness which led to the Greek War of Independence. Another important pamphlet was Hellenic Nomarchy published in 1806 and advocated the ideals of freedom, social justice, and social equality for the Greek people. By 1814, the Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) formed in Odessa, whose purpose was to overthrow the Ottoman rule of Greece and establish an independent Greek State. Another society called the Philomuse Society was formed with the aim of educating the Greeks and promoting philhellenism.[13]
Eventually, the Greek community fought in the
Regrettably, slavery still overshadowed the Greek people living in the empire. The Greek slave movement began in the United States with Garafilia Mohalbi and people learned about the horrors of Greek slavery.[16][17] Eventually Hiram Powers sculpted The Greek Slave statue which was exhibited all over the world. The Dance of Zalongo also became a popular movement in art during the Greek Enlightenment and reminded people of the mass suicide of roughly 60 women and children from a cliff in Zalongo in 1803 to avoid capture, enslavement, rape and lifelong torture by Ottoman forces during the Souliote War (1803). The Ottomans implemented the Tanzimat reforms to slow nationalistic sentiment but Greek oppression continued until they were fully liberated and wars ensued for over 100 years. Rhodes, together with the other islands of the Dodecanese, were united with Greece in February 1947.
Origins
The Greek Enlightenment was given impetus by the Greek predominance in trade and education in the
Role of the Phanariotes
The
This environment was in general a special attraction for young, ambitious and educated Greek people from the Ottoman Empire, contributing to their national enlightenment. The Princely Academies of
Aftermath
One effect was the creation of an
The transmission of Enlightenment ideas into Greek thought also influenced the development of a national consciousness. The publication of the journal Hermes o Logios encouraged the ideas of the Enlightenment. The journal's objective was to advance Greek science, philosophy and culture. Two of the main figures of the Greek Enlightenment, Rigas Feraios and Adamantios Korais, encouraged Greek nationalists to pursue contemporary political thought.[23]
The Greek Enlightenment concerned not only language and the
Art
The Greek Enlightenment also included the art of the
There were many artists associated with the era that were not from the Ionian Islands. These artists were in different parts of the Ottoman Empire or Venetian Empire. Some artists were active in the Cyclades such Christodoulos Kalergis and Emmanuel Skordilis. Ioannis Koronaros migrated from Crete to Egypt and finally settled in Cyprus. Although the Cretan Renaissance ended, there were still few active workshops on the island. Many of these artists belonged to the Neo Hellinkos Diafotismos.
The Modern Greek Enlightenment in Art did not only belong to the Heptanese School but all of the Greek communities or the so-called ancestors of Ancient Greek Civilization. This group lived throughout what is now considered modern Greece. There were also countless Greek artists active in Constantinople, now called Istanbul. Research is constantly underway by the Neohellenic Institute, hundreds of Greek painters and other artists have been cataloged from the 15th century until the Greek War of Independence.
Notable people and societies
-
Greek Language Dictionary (1835 edition) by Anthimos Gazis
- Neophytos Doukas (1760–1845), a scholar and prolific writer, who wrote about 70 books and rendered many ancient texts into Modern Greek.
- Rigas Feraios, Greek emigre to Vienna. He was an admirer of the French Revolution and hoped to transplant its humanistic ideas to the Greek world. He imagined a pan-Balkan uprising against the Ottomans.
- Adamantios Korais, witness of the French Revolution, Korais took his primary intellectual inspiration from the Enlightenment, and he borrowed ideas copiously from the philosophers Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
- French Enlightenment and critical to the Eastern Orthodox Church. He founded a pietistic revivalist movement, known as Theosebism, inspired by the French revolutionary cults, radical Protestantism and deism which was anathematised by the Synod of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. He had a very different vision for the independent Greece, one that was based upon the concept of separation of church and state.
- Theoklitos Farmakidis, inspired by the French Revolution, strongly pro-West and critical to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
- Filomousos Eteria, the name of two (Athens and Vienna) philological and philhellene organizations.
- PhanariotGreeks were among its members.
See also
- French Enlightenment
- Athanasios Psalidas
- Neophytos Vamvas
- Ellinoglosso Xenodocheio
- Greek War of Independence
References
- ^ Patiniotis M. (2015) "Neo-Hellenic Enlightenment: In Search of a European Identity," in Arabatzis T., Renn J., Simões A. (eds), Relocating the History of Science. Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science, vol 312. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14553-2_9
- ^ Speake 2021, p. 443.
- ^ Hatzidakis 1987, p. 191.
- ^ Speake 2021, pp. 64, 190, 198, 242, 335, 406 478, 480, 481, 547, 548, 630–631, 649, 683, 692–694, 718, 736, 766–767, 779, 796, 865.
- ^ Drakopoulou 2010, pp. 272–274.
- ^ Kitromilides 2013, pp. 1–60.
- ^ Ricks & Beaton 2016, pp. 1–16.
- ^ Pizanias 2020, pp. 124–174.
- ^ Speake 2021, pp. 405–406.
- ^ Plested 2012, pp. 161–162.
- ^ McGuckin 2011, pp. 364–365.
- ^ Israel 2006, pp. 321–322.
- ^ Speake 2021, p. 1264.
- ^ Savaidou 2010, p. 50.
- ^ Stefanidou 1952, p. 62-66.
- ^ Staff Writers (September 8, 1829). "The Slave Market at Constantinople" (PDF). Vermont Gazette Volume 20 No 39 September 8, 1829 Page 1. Genealogy Bank. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
- ^ Demetrios Constantinos Andrianis (October 21, 2022). "Greek Slave Movement". Worldhistories.org. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
- ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica, Greek history, Intellectual Revival, 2008 ed.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Greek history, The mercantile middle class, 2008 ed.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Greek history, Transformation toward emancipation, The Phanariotes, 2008 ed.
- ISBN 978-963-7326-52-3.
- ISBN 978-0-89357-146-7.
- ^ M. Kitromilides, Paschalis (1979). The Dialectic of Intolerance: Ideological Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict. Journal of the Hellnice Diaspora. p. 4. Archived from the original on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 2011-02-07.
Bibliography
- Speake, Graham (2021). Modern Greek Enlightenment Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition. London And New York: Rutledge Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 9781135942069.
- Kitromilides, Paschalis M. (2013). Enlightenment and Revolution The Making of Modern Greece. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674727663.
- Ricks, David; Beaton, Roderick (2016). The Making of Modern Greece Nationalism, Romanticism, and the Uses of the Past (1797–1896). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317024736.
- Pizanias, Petros T. (2020). The Making of the Modern Greeks 1400-1820. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781527562486.
- Hatzidakis, Manolis (1987). Έλληνες Ζωγράφοι μετά την Άλωση (1450-1830). Τόμος 1: Αβέρκιος - Ιωσήφ [Greek Painters after the Fall of Constantinople (1450-1830). Volume 1: Averkios - Iosif]. Athens: Center for Modern Greek Studies, National Research Foundation. ISBN 960-7916-01-8.
- Hatzidakis, Manolis; Drakopoulou, Evgenia (1997). Έλληνες Ζωγράφοι μετά την Άλωση (1450-1830). Τόμος 2: Καβαλλάρος - Ψαθόπουλος [Greek Painters after the Fall of Constantinople (1450-1830). Volume 2: Kavallaros - Psathopoulos]. Athens: Center for Modern Greek Studies, National Research Foundation. ISBN 960-7916-00-X.
- Drakopoulou, Evgenia (2010). Έλληνες Ζωγράφοι μετά την Άλωση (1450–1830). Τόμος 3: Αβέρκιος - Ιωσήφ [Greek Painters after the Fall of Constantinople (1450–1830). Volume 3: Averkios - Joseph]. Athens, Greece: Center for Modern Greek Studies, National Research Foundation. ISBN 978-960-7916-94-5.
- Israel, Jonathan I. (2006). Enlightenment Contested Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670-1752. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199279227.
- McGuckin, John Anthony, ed. (2011). "Philosophy". The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. A-M. Vol. 1. West Sussex, United Kingdom: Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-75933-2. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
- Plested, Marcus (2012). Orthodox Readings of Aquinas. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199650651.
- Stefanidou, Micheal K. (1952). Εθνικόν και Καποδιστριακόν Πανεπιστήμιον Αθηνών Εκατονταετηρίς 1837-1937 Ιστορία της Φυσικομαθηματικής Σχολής [National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Centenary 1837-1937 History of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics] (PDF). Athens, Greece: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.
- Savaidou, Irini Mergoupi (2010). Δημόσιος Λόγος περί Επιστήμης στην Ελλάδα, 1870–1900: Εκλαϊκευτικά Εγχειρήματα στο Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών, στους Πολιτιστικούς Συλλόγους και στα Περιοδικά [Public Discourse about Science in Greece, 1870-1900: Population Projects at the University of Athens, in Cultural Associations and Magazines] (PDF). Athens, GR: Department of History and Philosophy of Science of the University of Athens. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
Further reading
- Dimitris Michalopoulos, "Aristotle vs Plato. The Balkans' Paradoxical Enlightenment", Bulgarian Journal of Science and Education Policy (BJSEP), 1 (2007), pp. 7–15. ISSN 1313-1958.
- Anna Tabaki, "Enlightenment", Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition, Editor Graham Speake, Volume vol.1 A-K, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, London-Chicago, 2000, pp. 547–551.
- Anna Tabaki, "Greece", Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment, Alan Charles Kors Editor in Chief, Volume 2, Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 157–160.
- Anna Tabaki,[1]
- Anna Tabaki, "Les Lumières néo-helléniques. Un essai de définition et de périodisation", The Enlightenment in Europe, Les Lumières en Europe, Aufklärung in Europa. Unity and Diversity, Unité et Diversité, Einheit und Vielfalt. Edited by /édité par / hrsg. von Werner Schneiders avec l’introduction générale de Roland Mortier, [European Science Foundation] Concepts et Symboles du Dix-huitième Siècle Européen, Concepts and Symbols of the Eighteenth Century in Europe, BWV • Berliner Wissenschafts - Verlag, 2003, pp. 45–56.