Perspiration
This article about biology may be excessively human-centric. |
Perspiration | |
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Other names | Sweating, hidrosis, diaphoresis |
Antiperspirant |
Perspiration, also known as sweat, is the fluid secreted by sweat glands in the skin of mammals.[1]
Two types of
In
Although sweating is found in a wide variety of mammals,
Definitions
- The words diaphoresis and hidrosis can both mean either perspiration (in which sense they are synonymous with sweating)[11][12] or excessive perspiration (in which sense they can be either synonymous with hyperhidrosisor differentiable from it only by clinical criteria involved in narrow specialist senses of the words).
- Hypohidrosis is decreased sweating from whatever cause.[13]
- Focal hyperhidrosis is increased or excessive sweating in certain regions such as the underarm, palms, soles, face, or groin.
- generalized hyperhidrosis).[13]
- Hidromeiosis is a reduction in sweating that is due to blockages of sweat glands in humid conditions.[14]
- A substance or medicine that causes perspiration is a sudorific or sudatory.
Signs and symptoms
Sweat contributes to body odor when it is metabolized by bacteria on the skin. Medications that are used for other treatments and diet also affect odor. Some medical conditions, such as kidney failure and diabetic ketoacidosis, can also affect sweat odor.[citation needed]
Causes
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2016) |
Diaphoresis is a
The vast majority of sweat glands in the body are innervated by sympathetic cholinergic neurons.[15] Sympathetic postganglionic neurons typically secrete norepinephrine and are named sympathetic adrenergic neurons; however, the sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat glands secrete acetylcholine and hence are termed sympathetic cholinergic neurons. Sweat glands, piloerector muscles, and some blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic cholinergic neurons.
Pathological sweating and symptoms
Diaphoresis may be associated with some abnormal conditions, such as
, and chest discomfort, it suggests serious illness.Diaphoresis is also seen in an acute
Diabetics relying on
Drugs (including
Infantile acrodynia (childhood mercury poisoning) is characterized by excessive perspiration. A clinician should immediately consider acrodynia in an afebrile child who is sweating profusely.
Some people can develop a sweat allergy.[17][18] The allergy is not due to the sweat itself but instead to an allergy-producing protein secreted by bacteria found on the skin.[18]: 52 Tannic-acid has been found to suppress the allergic response along with showering.[17]
Hyperhidrosis
Millions of people are affected by
Night sweats
Night sweats, also known as nocturnal hyperhidrosis, is the occurrence of excessive sweating during sleep. The person may or may not also perspire excessively while awake.
One of the most common causes of night sweats in women over 40 is the hormonal changes related to menopause and perimenopause. This is a very common occurrence during the menopausal transition years.
While night sweats might be relatively harmless, it can also be a sign of a serious underlying disease. It is important to distinguish night sweats due to medical causes from those that occur simply because the sleep environment is too warm, either because the bedroom is unusually hot or because there are too many covers on the bed. Night sweats caused by a medical condition or infection can be described as "severe hot flashes occurring at night that can drench sleepwear and sheets, which are not related to the environment". Some of the underlying medical conditions and infections that cause these severe night sweats can be life-threatening and should promptly be investigated by a medical practitioner.[citation needed]
Mechanism
Sweating allows the body to regulate its temperature. Sweating is controlled from a center in the preoptic and anterior regions of the brain's hypothalamus, where thermosensitive neurons are located. The heat-regulatory function of the hypothalamus is also affected by inputs from temperature receptors in the skin. High skin temperature reduces the hypothalamic set point for sweating and increases the gain of the hypothalamic feedback system in response to variations in core temperature. Overall, however, the sweating response to a rise in hypothalamic ('core') temperature is much larger than the response to the same increase in average skin temperature.[citation needed]
Sweating causes a decrease in core temperature through evaporative cooling at the skin surface. As high energy molecules evaporate from the skin, releasing energy absorbed from the body, the skin and superficial vessels decrease in temperature. Cooled venous blood then returns to the body's core and counteracts rising core temperatures.[citation needed]
There are two situations in which the nerves will stimulate the sweat glands, causing perspiration: during physical heat and during emotional stress. In general, emotionally induced sweating is restricted to
People have an average of two to four million sweat glands, but how much sweat is released by each gland is determined by many factors, including sex, genetics, environmental conditions, age and fitness level. Two of the major contributors to sweat rate are an individual's fitness level and weight. If an individual weighs more, sweat rate is likely to increase because the body must exert more energy to function and there is more body mass to cool down. On the other hand, a fit person will start sweating earlier and more readily. As someone becomes fit, the body becomes more efficient at regulating the body's temperature and sweat glands adapt along with the body's other systems.[22]
Human sweat is not pure
Horses have a thick, waterproofed, hairy coat that would normally block the rapid translocation of sweat water from the skin to the surface of the hair required for evaporative cooling. To solve this, horses have evolved a detergent-like protein, latherin, that they release at high concentrations in their sweat.[10] Their perspiration unlike humans is created by apocrine glands.[9] This protein, by wetting the horses' coat hairs facilitate water flow for cooling evaporation. The presence of this protein can be seen in the lathering that often occurs on the coats of sweating horses, especially when rubbed.[10] In hot conditions, horses during three hours of moderate-intensity exercise can loss 30 to 35 litres (6.6 to 7.7 imp gal; 7.9 to 9.2 US gal) of water and 100 grams (3.5 oz) of sodium, 198 grams (7.0 oz) of chloride and 45 grams (1.6 oz) of potassium.[9]
Composition
Sweat is mostly water. A microfluidic model of the eccrine sweat gland provides details on what solutes partition into sweat, their mechanisms of partitioning, and their fluidic transport to the skin surface.[23] Dissolved in the water are trace amounts of
Relative to the plasma and extracellular fluid, the concentration of Na+ ions is much lower in sweat (~40 mM in sweat versus ~150 mM in plasma and extracellular fluid). Initially, within
Many other
Sweat contains many glycoproteins.[30]
Other functions
Antimicrobial
Sweat may serve an antimicrobial function, like that of earwax or other secretory fluids (e.g., tears, saliva, and milk).[clarification needed] It does this through a combination of glycoproteins that either bind directly to, or prevent the binding of microbes to, the skin and seem to form part of the innate immune system.[30]
In 2001, researchers at
Society and culture
Artificial perspiration
Artificial skin capable of sweating similar to natural sweat rates and with the surface texture and wetting properties of regular skin has been developed for research purposes.[33][34] Artificial perspiration is also available for in-vitro testing, and contains 19 amino acids and the most abundant minerals and metabolites in sweat.[citation needed]
Diagnostics
There is interest in its use in wearable technology. Sweat can be sampled and sensed non-invasively and continuously using electronic tattoos, bands, or patches.[35] However, sweat as a diagnostic fluid presents numerous challenges as well, such as very small sample volumes and filtration (dilution) of larger-sized hydrophilic analytes. Currently the only major commercial application for sweat diagnostics is for infant cystic fibrosis testing based on sweat chloride concentrations.[citation needed]
See also
References
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- ^ Wolters Kluwer, Stedman's Medical Dictionary, Wolters Kluwer.
- ^ a b "Academy of Hyperhidrosis". Allaboutsweat.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-27. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
- PMID 20052377.
- ^ Boron, Walter F., and Emile L. Boulpaep. "Sweating." Medical Physiology. Updated 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2012. 1260–264. Print.
- ^ Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome~clinical at eMedicine
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- ^ a b c "Hyperhidrosis". MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
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- ^ Hansen J (22 May 2013). "The Science of Sweat". American College of Sports Medicine. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
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- ^ Saraymen R, Kılıç E, Yazar S (2004). "Sweat Copper, Zinc, Iron, Magnesium and Chromium Levels in National Wrestler". İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 11 (1): 7–10. Archived from the original on 2011-08-20.
- ^ Aurora, David "Lactarius fragilis" Mushrooms Demystified 1986 Ten Speed Press, Berkeley California
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- ^ "DCD dermcidin [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
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Further reading
- Ferner S, Koszmagk R, Lehmann A, Heilmann W (1990). "[Reference values of Na(+) and Cl(-) concentrations in adult sweat]". Zeitschrift für Erkrankungen der Atmungsorgane (in German). 175 (2): 70–5. PMID 2264363.
- Nadel ER, Bullard RW, Stolwijk JA (July 1971). "Importance of skin temperature in the regulation of sweating". Journal of Applied Physiology. 31 (1): 80–7. PMID 5556967.
- Sato K, Kang WH, Saga K, Sato KT (April 1989). "Biology of sweat glands and their disorders. I. Normal sweat gland function". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 20 (4): 537–63. PMID 2654204.
External links
- Media related to Perspiration at Wikimedia Commons