Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene

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Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
1,1′-(2,2-Dichloroethene-1,1-diyl)bis(4-chlorobenzene)
Other names
  • Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
  • 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
Abbreviations p,p'-DDE
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard
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KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C14H8Cl4/c15-11-5-1-9(2-6-11)13(14(17)18)10-3-7-12(16)8-4-10/h1-8H checkY
    Key: UCNVFOCBFJOQAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C14H8Cl4/c15-11-5-1-9(2-6-11)13(14(17)18)10-3-7-12(16)8-4-10/h1-8H
    Key: UCNVFOCBFJOQAL-UHFFFAOYAE
  • Clc2ccc(\C(=C(/Cl)Cl)c1ccc(Cl)cc1)cc2
Properties
C14H8Cl4
Molar mass 318.02 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) is a

organochlorines; thus, it is rarely excreted from the body, and concentrations tend to increase throughout life. The major exception is the excretion of DDE in breast milk, which transfers a substantial portion of the mother's DDE burden to the young animal or child.[3]
Along with accumulation over an organism's lifetime, this stability leads to bioaccumulation in the environment, which amplifies DDE's negative effects.

Synthesis

DDE is created by dehydrohalogenation of DDT. The loss of HCl results in a double bond on the central (previously quaternary) carbon atoms.

Degradation of DDT to form DDE by an elimination of HCl

Toxicity

DDE has been shown to be toxic to rats at 79.6 mg/kg.

waterfowl, and song birds are more susceptible to eggshell thinning than chickens and related species, and DDE appears to be more potent than DDT.[7]

A research shows that an elevated blood levels of DDEs (also of other toxic molecule from nonstick cookware, and fire retardants) have been tied to an increased risk for celiac disease in young people.[9] DDE has also been shown to be present in increased concentrations in the tumors of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.[10]

Mechanism

The biological mechanism for the thinning is not entirely known, but it is believed that p,p'-DDE impairs the mother bird's glands ability to excrete calcium carbonate onto the developing egg.[7][11][12][13][14] Multiple mechanisms may be at work, or different mechanisms may operate in different species.[7] Some studies have shown that although DDE levels have fallen dramatically, eggshell thickness remains 10–12 percent thinner than before DDT was first used.[15]

Some studies have indicated that DDE is an endocrine disruptor[16] and contributes to breast cancer, but more recent studies provide strong evidence that there is no relationship between DDE exposure and breast cancer.[17] What is more clear is that DDE is a weak androgen receptor antagonist and can produce male genital tract abnormalities.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ ATSDR – Public Health Statement: DDT, DDE, and DDD
  2. .
  3. .
  4. ^ "NIST DDE MSDS" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-13. Retrieved 2015-04-30.
  5. S2CID 5051469
    .
  6. ^ "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-Month Petition Finding and Proposed Rule To Remove the Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife; Proposed Rule," Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, February 20, 2008. 73 FR 9407
  7. ^ a b c d ATSDR - Toxicological Profile: DDT, DDE, DDD
  8. ^ "California Wild Spring 1994 – Peregrine Falcons". Archived from the original on 2007-06-16. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
  9. ^ "Celiac disease linked to common chemical pollutants".
  10. PMID 32771296
    .
  11. ^ Recovery Plan for the California Condor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, April 1996, page 23
  12. ^ "DDE concentration and percent eggshell thinning in Double-crested Conmorant eggs(North Channel, Lake Huron, Ont.)". Archived from the original on 2007-06-28. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  13. ^ Guillette, Louis J. Jr. (2006). "Endocrine Disrupting Contaminants" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
  14. PMID 9490182
    .
  15. ^ Division of Environmental Quality Archived 2008-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Chemical fact sheet: Organochlorine – The Breast Cancer Fund Archived 2006-10-09 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Questions about Endocrine Disruptors
  18. PMID 17272288
    .