Dieric Bouts

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Dieric Bouts
Portrait engraving of Bouts
Bornc. 1415
Haarlem
Died6 May 1475
Leuven
NationalityFlemish
EducationRogier van der Weyden (possibly)
Known forpainting
MovementEarly Netherlandish painting, Northern Renaissance

Dieric Bouts

Early Netherlandish painter. Bouts may have studied under Rogier van der Weyden, and his work was influenced by van der Weyden and Jan van Eyck. He worked in Leuven from 1457 (or possibly earlier) until his death in 1475.[3]

Bouts was among the first northern painters to demonstrate the use of a single vanishing point (as illustrated in his Last Supper).

Works

Early works (before 1464)

Bouts' earliest work is the

Prado (Madrid), dated about 1445. The Deposition Altarpiece in Granada (Capilla Real) probably also dates to this period, around 1450–1460.[4] A dismembered canvas altarpiece—now in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium (Brussels),[5] the J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles),[6] National Gallery (London),[7] Norton Simon Museum (Pasadena),[8] and a Swiss private collection—with the same dimensions as the Altarpiece of the Holy Sacrament may belong to this period. The Louvre Lamentation (Pietà)[9]
is another early work.

Documented works

Last Supper, 1464–1467

The Last Supper is the central panel of

orthogonals (lines imagined to be behind and perpendicular to the picture plane that converge at a vanishing point) lead to a single vanishing point in the centre of the mantelpiece above Christ's head. However the small side room has its own vanishing point, and neither it nor the vanishing point of the main room falls on the horizon of the landscape seen through the windows. The Last Supper is the second dated work (after Petrus Christus' Virgin and Child Enthroned with St. Jerome and St. Francis in Frankfurt, dated 1457) to display an understanding of Italian linear perspective
.

Scholars also have noted that Bouts' Last Supper was the first

Catholic Mass. This contrasts strongly with other Last Supper depictions, which often focused on Judas's betrayal or on Christ's comforting of John.[10] Bouts also added to the complexity of this image by including four servants (two in the window and two standing), all dressed in Flemish attire. Although once identified as the artist himself and his two sons, these servants are most likely portraits of the confraternity's members responsible for commissioning the altarpiece. The Last Supper was the central part of the altarpiece in the St. Peter's Church, Leuven
.

The Altarpiece of the Holy Sacrament has four additional panels, two on each side. Because these were taken to the museums in Berlin and Munich in the 19th century, the reconstruction of the original altarpiece has been difficult. Today it is thought that the panel with Abraham and Melchizedek is above the Passover Feast on the left wing, while the Gathering of the Manna is above Elijah and the Angel on the right wing. All of these are typological precursors to the Last Supper in the central panel.

Justice of Emperor Otto III, 1471–1475, Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels.

After attaining the rank of city painter of Leuven in 1468, Bouts received a commission to paint two more works for the

Otto III.[10] These pieces can now be seen in the Brussels Museum. The remaining two Justice panels were never completed.[10]

Devotional panels and portraits

The Virgin and Child (c. 1465), National Gallery, London

Many of Bouts' authentic works are small devotional panels, usually of the Virgin and Child. An early example is the Davis Madonna[14] in New York (Metropolitan Museum of Art), excellent copies of which exist in the Bargello in Florence and the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. This composition follows the formula of the miraculous icon of Notre-Dame-des-Grâces, which was installed in the cathedral of Cambrai (France) in 1454. The Virgin and Child in the National Gallery (London) is the largest and most ambitious of these Marian pictures.

Portrait of a Man (Jan van Winckele?) (1462), National Gallery, London

In the realm of portraiture, Bouts expanded upon the tradition established by

Royal Museum of Fine Arts
), are more problematic.

Other works

See also: Category:Paintings by Dieric Bouts
Lamentation, c. 1455-1460. Louvre

The Last Supper and Justice Panels are the only works known to be definitely done by Bouts. The remaining panels from the Last Judgment Altarpiece (datable to 1468–1470) and the triptych The Martyrdom of St Erasmus (before 1466) are also fairly secure attributions. Aside from these, a number of other paintings have been attributed to him.

These are: Christ in the House of Simon, Christ in the House of Simon and Nativity fragment with the Virgin at Prayer in the

National Gallery holds The Entombment, the Virgin Enthroned with St. Peter and St. Paul,[17] and The Virgin and Child.[18]

Others are Saint James the Greater

Norton Simon Museum of Art. Two are in the Louvre – a Nativity fragment with St. Joseph and the Virgin and Child Enthroned in a Niche.[23]

Two Boutsian works in the

dendrochronological
evidence now places them around the time of his death in 1475. Schone's 1938 invention of a "Master of the Munich Betrayal" is a more appropriate attribution.

Family

Bouts was married twice and had four children. One of his weddings was in Leuven about 1447. His two daughters went to convents, and his two sons became painters who carried the Bouts workshop into the mid-16th century. Little is known of the elder son, Dieric the Younger, although he appears to have continued in his father's style until his early death in 1491. The younger brother, Aelbrecht (or Albert), did likewise, but in a style that is unmistakably his own. His distinctive work propelled Boutsian imagery into the 16th century.

Exhibition Dieric Bouts, Creator of Images

In 2023, the museum of Leuven (Belgium), organised a retrospective exhibition[1] on the work of Bouts, entitled Dieric Bouts, Creator of Images, under the direction of Peter Carpreau. The main themes in the exhibition were Bouts's devotional work, his landscape painting, the use of perspective and the beauty of the banal in his paintings. Specific to this exhibition was the link made between Bouts' work and today's visual culture.

Notes

  1. ^ According to Karel van Mander in his Het Schilderboeck of 1604, Bouts was born in Haarlem and was mainly active in Leuven (Louvain), where he was city painter from 1468.[1] Van Mander confused the issue by writing biographies of both "Dieric of Haarlem" and "Dieric of Leuven," although he was referring to the same artist. The similarity last names led to the confusion of Bouts with Hubrecht Stuerbout, a prominent sculptor in Leuven.

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978 94 6466 681 6
    .
  2. ^ "Web Gallery of Art, image collection, virtual museum, searchable database of European fine arts (1000–1900)". Wga.hu. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  3. OCLC 1091880941
    .
  4. ISBN 9789464666663
    .
  5. ^ [1] Archived September 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "The Annunciation (Getty Museum)". Gett.edu. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  7. ^ "Dirk Bouts – The Entombment – NG664 – The National Gallery, London". Nationalgallery.org.uk. Archived from the original on 7 May 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  8. ^ [2] Archived October 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ "Louvre Museum Official Website". Cartelen.louvre.fr. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  10. ^ a b c Snyder, James. "Bouts". Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
  11. ^ [3] Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ [4] Archived September 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ [5] Archived September 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ [6] Archived October 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "Dirk Bouts – Portrait of a Man (Jan van Winckele?) – NG943 – The National Gallery, London". Nationalgallery.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  16. ^ "Página Não Encontrada". Museu.gulbenkian.pt. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  17. ^ "Workshop of Dirk Bouts – The Virgin and Child with Saint Peter and Saint Paul – NG774 – The National Gallery, London". Nationalgallery.org.uk. Archived from the original on 7 May 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  18. ^ "Key facts – Dirk Bouts – The Virgin and Child – NG2595 – The National Gallery, London". Nationalgallery.org.uk. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  19. ^ "Saint James the Greater : Attributed to Dieric Bouts : Second half of 15th century, Oil painting on oak, From the Socorro Church, Funchal, 107 cm (H) x 42 cm (W), MASF28". Museartesacrafunchal.org. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  20. ^ "pinakothek.de – Förderer und Partner". Pinakothek.de. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  21. ^ Philadelphia Museum of Art. "Philadelphia Museum of Art – Collections Object : Moses and the Burning Bush, with Moses Removing His Shoes". Philamuseum.org. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  22. ^ Bouts, Dirck (c. 1465), "Madonna and Child", National Gallery of Art Collections, retrieved 2023-02-12
  23. ^ "La Vierge à l' Enfant, assise dans une niche de pierre". Louvre Collections. Archived from the original on Oct 30, 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  24. ^ "Förderer und Partner". Pinakothek.de. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2014.

Sources

  • Paul Heiland, Dirk Bouts und die Hauptwerke seiner Schule (Potsdam, 1902).
  • Max J. Friedländer, Die altniederländische Malerei, vol. 3 (Berlin, 1925); Eng. trans. as Early Netherlandish Painting, vol. 3 (Leiden and Brussels, 1968).
  • Ludwig von Baldass, "Die Enwicklung des Dieric Bouts," Jahrbuch der Kunsthist. Samml. Wien, n.s., 6 (1932): 77–114.
  • Wolfgang Schöne, Dieric Bouts und seine Schule (Berlin and Leipzig, 1938).
  • M. J. Schretlen, Dirck Bouts (Amsterdam, 1946).
  • J. Francotte, Dieric Bouts (Leuven, 1951–52).
  • Erwin Panofsky, Early Netherlandish Painting (Cambridge, MA, 1953).
  • Valentin Denis, Thierry Bouts (Brussels and Amsterdam, 1957).
  • Dieric Bouts, exh. cat. (Brussels and Delft, 1957–58).
  • Dieric Bouts en zijn Tijd, exh. cat. (Leuven, 1975).
  • Dirk Bouts (ca. 1410–1475): Een Vlaams primitief te Leuven, exh. cat. (Leuven, 1998).
  • Maurits Smeyers, Dirk Bouts, Schilder van de Stilte (Leuven, 1998).
  • Anna Bergmans, ed., Dirk Bouts: Het Laatste Avondmaal (Tielt, 1998).
  • Catheline Périer-D'Ieteren, Dieric Bouts: The Complete Works (Brussels, 2006).
  • Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Bouts, Dirk" . Encyclopedia Americana.
  • Peter Carpreau, e.a., Dieric Bouts, Creator of Images, exh. cat., Leuven, 2023

External links

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