Diet (nutrition)

In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism.^[1] The word diet often implies the use of specific intake of

Complete nutrition requires ingestion and absorption of

A healthy diet can improve and maintain health, which can include aspects of mental and physical health.^[2] Specific diets, such as the DASH diet, can be used in treatment and management of chronic conditions.^[2] A 2024 review highlighted that bioactive compounds found in Mediterranean diet components (such as olive, grape, garlic, rosemary, and saffron) exhibit properties that may contribute to cardiovascular health.^[3]

Exclusionary diets are diets with certain groups or specific types of food avoided, either due to health considerations or by choice.^[2] Many do not eat food from animal sources to varying degrees (e.g. flexitarianism, pescetarianism, vegetarianism, and veganism) for health reasons, issues surrounding morality, or to reduce their personal impact on the environment^[4] (e.g. environmental vegetarianism). People on a balanced vegetarian or vegan diet can obtain adequate nutrition, but may need to specifically focus on consuming specific nutrients, such as protein, iron, calcium, zinc, and vitamin B₁₂.^[5][2][6] Raw foodism and intuitive eating are other approaches to dietary choices. Education, income, local availability, and mental health are all major factors for dietary choices.^[2]

A particular diet may be chosen to promote weight loss or weight gain. Changing a person's dietary intake, or "going on a diet", can change the energy balance, and increase or decrease the amount of fat stored by the body.

An eating disorder is a mental disorder that interferes with normal food consumption. It is defined by abnormal eating habits, and thoughts about food that may involve eating much more or much less than needed.^[12] Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.^[13] Eating disorders affect people of every gender, age, socioeconomic status, and body size.^[13]

See also:

soil degradation and pollution. The food system as a whole – including refrigeration, food processing, packaging, and transport – accounts for around one-quarter of greenhouse gas emissions.^[14] More sustainable dietary choices can be made to reduce the impact of the food system on the environment. These choices may involve reducing consumption of meat and dairy products and instead eating more plant-based foods, and eating foods grown through sustainable farming practices.^[15]

Religious and cultural dietary choices

Some cultures and religions have restrictions concerning what foods are acceptable in their diet. For example, only

Buddhists are generally vegetarians, the practice varies and meat-eating may be permitted depending on the sects.^[16] In Hinduism, vegetarianism is the ideal. Jains

are strictly vegetarian and in addition to that the consumption of any roots (ex: potatoes, carrots) is not permitted.

In Christianity there is no restriction on the kinds of animals that can be eaten,^[17][18] though various groups within Christianity have practiced specific dietary restrictions for various reasons.^[19] The most common diets used by Christians are Mediterranean and vegetarianism.^{[20][21][22][23][24]}

Diet classification table

Food type	Omnivorous	Carnivorous	Pescetarian	Pollotarian	Semi-vegetarian	Vegetarian	Vegan	Fruitarian	Paleo	Ketogenic	Jewish	Islamic	Hindu	Jain
Alcoholic drinks	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Maybe	Maybe	No	Maybe	No
Fruit	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe
Berries	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Vegetables	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No[a]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Greens	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe
Legumes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nuts	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	Yes	Maybe	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe
Tubers	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Maybe[b]	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe
Grains	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Honey	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Dairy	Yes	Maybe[c]	Maybe	Maybe	Maybe	Maybe[d]	No	No	No	Maybe	Yes[e]	Yes	Yes	Yes
Eggs	Yes	Yes	Maybe	Yes	Maybe	Maybe[f]	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	No
Insects	Yes	Yes	No	No	Sometimes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No[g]	No[g]	Maybe	No
Shellfish	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Sometimes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Maybe[h]	Maybe	No
Fish	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Sometimes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	No
Poultry	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Sometimes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	No
Mutton	Yes	Yes	No	No	Sometimes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	No
Venison	Yes	Yes	No	No	Sometimes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	No
Pork	Yes	Yes	No	No	Sometimes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Maybe	No
Beef	Yes	Yes	No	No	Sometimes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	No

Notes

1. ^ Some plants traditionally considered to be vegetables—such as tomatoes, eggplants, capsicums, and zucchinis—are permitted.
2. sweet potatoes
   are.
3. ^ Some variants of the diet are paleolithic-oriented and exclude dairy while other variants may include dairy products provided that they are ketogenic. Less strict approaches allow all animal sourced foods.
4. ovo-lacto vegetarians, and Jain vegetarians
   permit dairy.
5. ^ Dairy is permitted but is not to be cooked or consumed with any meats. Dairy may be prepared and eaten alongside pareve foods.
6. ovo-lacto vegetarians
   permit eggs.
7. ^ ^{a b} Locusts are sometimes permitted, depending on the religious denomination.
8. crustaceans like crab are prohibited according to the Shi'a branch of Islam. The acceptability of shrimp/prawn
   is debated

See also

• Diet food
• Dieting
• Dessert crop
• Intuitive eating
• Nutrition psychology

References

1. ^ noun, def 1 Archived 2010-01-07 at the Wayback Machine – askoxford.com
2. ^
   S2CID 249022627. Archived
   from the original on 2023-07-02. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
3. doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2024.105487
   . Retrieved December 23, 2024.
4. ^ United Nations. "Food and Climate Change: Healthy diets for a healthier planet". United Nations. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
5. S2CID 4984228
   .
6. ^ "Vegetarian diet: How to get the best nutrition". Mayo Clinic. 2020-08-20. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
7. ^ "Healthy Eating: How do you get started on healthy eating?". Webmd.com. 2009-10-12. Archived from the original on 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
8. PMID 20646282
   .
9. ^ "Diets". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
10. PMID 35016648
    .
11. ^ "Body Weight". MedlinePlus. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
12. ^ "Eating Disorders". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-04-10. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
13. ^ ^{a b} "NIMH » Eating Disorders". www.nimh.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-05-23. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
14. ^ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (2020-05-11). "CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Our World in Data.
15. ^ Nations, United. "Food and Climate Change: Healthy diets for a healthier planet". United Nations. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
16. ISBN 9780191579172. Archived
    from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
17. ^ Marcos 7:14 Archived 2021-11-04 at the Wayback Machine-23 Archived 2021-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
18. ^ Mateo 15:10 Archived 2021-11-05 at the Wayback Machine-20 Archived 2021-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
19. ^ "Code of Canon Law". vatican.va. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
20. ^ James Tabor, The Jesus Dynasty p. 134 and footnotes p. 335, p. 134 – "The Greek New Testament gospels says John's diet consisted of "locusts and wild honey" but an ancient Hebrew version of Matthew insists that "locusts" is a mistake in Greek for a related Hebrew word that means a cake of some type, made from a desert plant, similar to the "manna" that the ancient Israelites ate in the desert on the days of Moses.(ref 9) Jesus describes John as "neither eating nor drinking," or "neither eating bread nor drinking wine." Such phrases indicate the lifestyle of one who is strictly vegetarian, avoids even bread since it has to be processed from grain, and shuns all alcohol.(ref 10) The idea is that one would eat only what grows naturally.(ref 11) It was a way of avoiding all refinements of civilization."
21. ISBN 978-0-19-514183-2
    . p. 102 – "Probably the most interesting of the changes from the familiar New Testament accounts of Jesus comes in the Gospel of the Ebionites description of John the Baptist, who, evidently, like his successor Jesus, maintained a strictly vegetarian cuisine."
22. ISBN 978-3-16-148460-5
    , pp. 19–21.
23. OCLC 7179913381. Retrieved December 2, 2024. By itself, the ancient Greek méli, like the Hebrew דבש or mel in Latin, can refer equally to honey produced by bees or to any number of other sweet substances, including dates, figs, pods, or sap/gum from carob or other trees. (to be compared to the Latin word mel in the Rosenberg & Sellier's Dizionario Georges-Calonghi
    : Latino-Italiano)
24. ISBN 978-1-60506-210-5. Archived
    from the original on 2020-03-13. Retrieved 2021-11-01. p. 104 – "And when he had been brought to Archelaus and the doctors of the Law had assembled, they asked him who he is and where he has been until then. And to this he made answer and spake: I am pure; [for] the Spirit of God hath led me on, and [I live on] cane and roots and tree-food."

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Diet.

• The dictionary definition of diet at Wiktionary