Digital recording

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In digital recording, an

• October 3, 1938: British telephone engineer
  French Patent Office the first patent describing the technique known today as pulse-code modulation (PCM). On November 22, 1939, Reeves files also in the US.^[1][2] It was first proposed as a telephony technology.^[3]
• 1943:
  Bell Telephone Laboratories develops the first PCM-based digital scrambled speech transmission system, SIGSALY,^[4] in response to German interception of military telephone traffic during World War II
  . The twelve transmission points were retired after the war.
• June 1950: Differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) developed by C. Chapin Cutler at Bell Labs.^[5]
• 1957: Max Mathews of Bell Labs recorded the first computer-generated music, a 17-second piece called "The Silver Scale" composed by his co-worker Newman Guttman.^[6]
• 1967: The first commercial PCM encoder (
  compander (similar to DBX Noise Reduction) to extend the dynamic range, and stored the signals on a video tape recorder
  .
• 1969: NHK expands the PCM encoder's capabilities to two-channel
  stereo and 32 kHz 13-bit resolution.^[3]
• 1969: The
  MOS capacitor technology.^[8]
• 1970:
  Compact Disc
  .
• January 1971: Using NHK's experimental PCM recording system, Dr. Takeaki Anazawa, an engineer at
  Stomu Yamash'ta (January 11, 1971)^[3] and Something by Steve Marcus
  & Jiro Inagaki (January 25, 1971). Both had to be recorded live, without edits. Marcus is released first (on LP, in February 1972), making it the first released digital recording. On January 27 Yamash'ta records Metempsychosis in the Nippon Columbia studio, Tokyo, with percussion and a brass section.
• 1972: Using lessons learned from the NHK encoder,
  Mozart's String Quartets K.458 and K.421, recorded in Tokyo April 24–26 and released that October. At least six other Denon-recorded digital LP records are released in October, including jazz, classical and traditional Japanese music.^[10][3][11]
• 1973: Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM) developed by P. Cummiskey, Nikil Jayant and James L. Flanagan at Bell Labs.^[12]
• December 2–3, 1974: The Paillard Chamber Orchestra records the first digital recording outside Japan, in Paris' Notre Dame Cathedral, using Denon's newly developed second-generation compact DN-023RA. Bach's "The Musical Offering" (BWV 1079) is released on LP May 1975.^[3]
• December 12–19, 1974: Helmuth Rilling records three Bach organ works inside the Gedächtniskirche, Stuttgart Germany using the DN-023RA.^[13] Between 1974 and 1977 over 250 PCM recordings are made by Denon, the majority recorded in Japan.
• May 1975: University of Utah professor Thomas Stockham develops a PCM digital audio recorder of his own design, using computer tape drives as the storage system. He founds the company Soundstream to offer it commercially.^[14] Between 1977 and 1980 a total of eighteen 4-channel 50 kHz 16-bit units were manufactured, of which seven were sold at about US$150,000 (equivalent to $849,351 in 2023) each. Over 200 recordings were made on his equipment, almost as many as the Denon PCM.^[14][15]
• 1976: The prototype
  multi-track recorder, and the analog recording is deemed superior and thus used for the LP release. The backup digital tape was presented at the October 1976 AES
  Convention in New York, but never commercially released.
• January 1977: Denon develops a smaller fully-portable PCM recording system, the DN-034R. Like the DN-023R and DN-023RA it records 8 channels at 47.25 kHz on a 2-inch video tape recorder (VTR) running at 38.1 cm/s, but it uses 14-bits "with emphasis, making it equivalent to 15.5 bits," yielding 89 dB signal-to-noise ratio. It also allowed for overdubbing for the first time with the use of a second VTR, crucial for professional recording.^[3]
• September 1977: Sony introduces the PCM-1 Audio Unit ($4400 street price equivalent to $6,985 in 2019)^[16] (44.056 kHz, 14-bit), the first consumer PCM encoder. It required the use of a home video tape recorder for storage.^[17]
• November 4–7, 1977: 3M demonstrates a prototype 2-channel 50.4 kHz 16-bit digital recorder running on 1-inch tape at 45 ips at the New York AES Convention.^[3] As no true 16-bit converters were available, it combined separate 12-bit and 8-bit converters to create 16-bit performance.^[18]
• November 28, 1977: Denon brings their DN-034R to New York City's Sound Ideas Studios and records Archie Shepp's On Green Dolphin Street, making it America's first released digitally-recorded commercial album.^[3] The following two days, November 29–30, Frank Foster records Manhattan Fever which is released April 1978.^[3] Five other jazz albums are recorded with the DN-034R in New York before it returns to Japan in December.^{[19][failed verification]}
• February 1978: Soundstream's first commercial release, Diahann Carroll With the Duke Ellington Orchestra Under The Direction Of Mercer Ellington – A Tribute To Ethel Waters, is recorded.^[20]
• March 1978: Sony introduces the professional-grade
  PCM-1600 at a list price of US$40,000 (equivalent to $186,857 in 2023)^[21] used with an external U-matic tape drive, making digital recording commercially available to recording studios for the first time. PCM-1610 and PCM-1630 follow.^[22][23][24]
• April 4–5, 1978: Telarc uses Soundstream's PCM system to record Frederick Fennell and his Eastman Wind Ensemble playing Gustav Holst's Suites for Military Band and George Frideric Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks. When released on LP this became the first US-recorded digital classical release.^[25]
• June 2, 1978:
  Grammy Awards, winning "Best Chamber Music Performance" (1980),^[18][28]
  making it the first digital recording to win a Grammy.
• Early June 1978:
  Compact Disc
  release is possible. The compact disc release of the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra, which used the same machine, is unexplained.
• March 8, 1979: The first prototype
  Compact Disc player is demonstrated by Philips in Eindhoven, Netherlands.^[29][30][31] Prototype CDs played on the unit were a pressing of Antonio Vivaldi's Le quattro stagioni played by Vittorio Negri and the Kammerorchester Berlin (Philips 9500 100, recorded analog 1976), and Joseph Haydn's String Quartet No. 31(?).^[31] A third prototype disc, on Archiv Produktion is pictured but the details are not legible. The text indicates it might be Franz Schubert's Unfinished Symphony. Herbert von Karajan and the Berlin Philharmonic's recording of Richard Strauss's Eine Alpensinfonie is also mentioned as a contender for earliest test pressing of a CD,^{[citation needed]} but it was not recorded until December 1–3, 1980.^[32]
• July 11, 1979: The first U.S.-recorded digitally-recorded LP of
  Warner Bros. Records. The album was recorded in Los Angeles on a 32-track digital machine built by the 3M corporation.^[33][18]
• August 27, 1979: Giorgio Moroder's E=MC² is released, the first electronic live-to-digital LP recorded on Soundstream PCM.
• September 4, 1979: Scoring begins for Star Trek The Motion Picture soundtrack, recorded to multitrack analog, mastered to digital stereo tape for LP release to coincide with film debut December 6, 1979.^[34]
• October 12, 1979: Fleetwood Mac's Tusk is released on LP. It, and Live, December 8, 1980, were mastered on the Soundstream PCM from analog multi-tracks.^[14]
• October 30, 1979: Stevie Wonder releases his soundtrack album, Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants" recorded onto U-matic video tapes using a Sony PCM-1600 digital adapter, and assembled into album form with a digital editing controller.^[35]
• December 1, 1979: The Grammy Award-winning self-titled Christopher Cross album is released. Cross' album becomes the first digitally recorded album to chart (recorded on the 3M system) in the United States, eventually winning 5 Grammys. Digital recording is now mainstream.
• 1980: The
  Red Book standard (44.1 kHz, 16-bit)^[36] is established for Compact Disc Digital Audio
  .
• 1980: Mitsubishi Electric introduces the X-80 ProDigi open reel 1/4" tape 15 ips 50.4 kHz 16-bit digital recorder ($5000 equivalent to $18,489 in 2023). Only 200 are sold worldwide.^[37]
• 1980: Soundstream merges with Digital Recording Corporation, becoming DRC/Soundstream, to develop and market 50 kHz PCM recording to an optical card. This is subsequently eclipsed by the rise of the 44.1 kHz
  Compact Disc and the company is out of business after 1983.^[14]
• 1981: Sony releases the PCM-F1 Digital Audio Processor ($1900 equivalent to $6,368 in 2023) (44.056 kHz, 16-bit) and matching SL-2000 Betamax VCR ($700 equivalent to $2,346 in 2023) as a complete affordable portable (with optional batteries) home digital recording system^[38]
• 1981: Technics releases the SV-P100 digital audio recorder suitable for both professional (digital mastering) and consumer (home use) recording. It used PCM 14-bit recording on a VHS format cassette tape, resulting in an up to 3 hours programme of 2-channel stereo recording.
• 1982: Sony releases the PCM-501ES PCM adaptor (44.1 kHz, 16-bit) ($895 list price) which is used with an external VHS or Betamax video recorder.^{[citation needed]}
• August 17, 1982:
  Frederic Chopin waltzes (Philips 400 025) becomes the first classical Compact Disc ever commercially manufactured.^[39][40] It is made by the Philips plant in Langenhagen, Hanover Region Germany
  . Arrau himself was invited to press the button to start the manufacture. This CD was not actually released until 1983 so it presumably ran into manufacturing problems like the ABBA release (below).
• August 17, 1982: The first popular Compact Disc ever manufactured, ABBA's 1981 album The Visitors (selected because it was "mostly digitally recorded")^[41] is produced at the same plant. However, due to production problems with it the third version didn't actually hit stores until March 1983.
• September 5, 1982:
  Security in North America and Peter Gabriel IV elsewhere).^[42] When released on CD in October 1984 it becomes the first full-digital DDD release. It was recorded on Sony's Mobile One digital studio^[43] and mixed to a Sony PCM-1610.^[44]
• October 1, 1982: The first compact disc players are marketed by Sony (CDP-101, $900 equivalent to $2,842 in 2023) and Philips (CD-100, $700 equivalent to $2,210 in 2023).^[45]
• October 1, 1982: Billy Joel's analog-recorded 52nd Street becomes the first CD to hit the market in Japan, beating out ABBA's The Visitors and Claudio Arrau's Chopin Waltzes.^[46][47] Forty-nine other CDs are released in Japan on the same day including Toto's Turn Back, Pink Floyd's Wish You Were Here and Michael Jackson's Off the Wall.^[40]
• October 1982:
  hard disk recording system.^[48]
• November 26–28, 1982: Flim & the BB's record their second studio album, Tricycle. Released in early 1983, it becomes the first non-classical fully digital CD to be released. (Later given a SPARS code of DD).
• March 2, 1983: CD players and 16 CDs from CBS Records are introduced in the United States.^{[citation needed]}
• September 1984: Bruce Springsteen's Born in the U.S.A. becomes the first US-manufactured CD to be released.^{[citation needed]}
• 12 November 1984: American singer
  Madonna's second studio album Like a Virgin is released. It became the first digitally-recorded album that topped the Billboard 200
  chart.
• 13 May 1985: English rock band Dire Straits' fifth studio album Brothers in Arms is released. It became the best-selling digitally-recorded album of the 80s, and the first album whose CDs' sales outsold LPs'.
• 1987: Sony develops Digital Audio Tape.
• 1989: Test broadcasts for
  NICAM stereo
  digital audio for broadcast TV began in the UK.
• 1990:
  L-Band.^[49]
• 1991: Alesis Digital Audio Tape (
  VCRs. The product was announced in January 1991 at the NAMM Show. The first ADAT recorders shipped over a year later in February or March 1992.^[50]
• 1993: Random Access Digital Audio Recorder (RADAR) is the first single box device used for simultaneously recording 24 tracks of digital audio at once, onto hard disk drives. The product, manufactured by Creation Technologies was announced in October 1993 at the AES convention in New York. The first RADAR recorders shipped in August 1994.
• 1996: Optical discs and DVD players begin selling in Japan.
• 1999: Ricky Martin's "Livin' la Vida Loca" becomes the first No. 1 single to be recorded, edited, and mixed fully within a digital audio workstation. Produced by Charles Dye and Desmond Child using Pro Tools.^[51]