Telephony
Telephony (.
Telephony is commonly referred to as the construction or operation of telephones and telephonic systems and as a system of telecommunications in which telephonic equipment is employed in the transmission of speech or other sound between points, with or without the use of wires.
Overview
The first telephones were connected directly in pairs. Each user had a separate telephone wired to each locations to be reached. This quickly became inconvenient and unmanageable when users wanted to communicate with more than a few people. The invention of the telephone exchange provided the solution for establishing telephone connections with any other telephone in service in the local area. Each telephone was connected to the exchange at first with one wire, later one wire pair, the local loop. Nearby exchanges in other service areas were connected with trunk lines, and long-distance service could be established by relaying the calls through multiple exchanges.
Initially, exchange switchboards were manually operated by an attendant, commonly referred to as the "switchboard operator". When a customer cranked a handle on the telephone, it activated an indicator on the board in front of the operator, who would in response plug the operator headset into that jack and offer service. The caller had to ask for the called party by name, later by number, and the operator connected one end of a circuit into the called party jack to alert them. If the called station answered, the operator disconnected their headset and completed the station-to-station circuit. Trunk calls were made with the assistance of other operators at other exchangers in the network.
Until the 1970s, most telephones were permanently wired to the telephone line installed at customer premises. Later, conversion to installation of jacks that terminated the
In the second half of the 20th century, fax and data became important secondary applications of the network created to carry voices, and late in the century, parts of the network were upgraded with
Today, telephony uses digital technology (
Since the advent of personal computer technology in the 1980s,
Digital telephony
Digital telephony is the use of
Starting with the development of
History
The earliest end-to-end analog telephone networks to be modified and upgraded to transmission networks with
Practical
MOS SC circuits led to the development of PCM codec-filter chips in the late 1970s.
Uncompressed PCM
The development of transmission methods such as
IP telephony
The field of technology available for telephony has broadened with the advent of new communication technologies. Telephony now includes the technologies of Internet services and mobile communication, including video conferencing.
The new technologies based on Internet Protocol (IP) concepts are often referred to separately as voice over IP (VoIP) telephony, also commonly referred to as IP telephony or Internet telephony. Unlike traditional phone service, IP telephony service is relatively unregulated by government. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates phone-to-phone connections, but says they do not plan to regulate connections between a phone user and an IP telephony service provider.[15]
A specialization of digital telephony, Internet Protocol (IP) telephony involves the application of digital networking technology that was the foundation to the
IP telephony uses an Internet connection and hardware
Social impact research
Direct person-to-person communication includes non-verbal cues expressed in facial and other bodily articulation, that cannot be transmitted in traditional voice telephony.
Various communication cues are lost with the usage of the telephone. The communicating parties are not able to identify the body movements, and lack touch and smell. Although this diminished ability to identify social cues is well known, Wiesenfeld, Raghuram, and Garud point out that there is a value and efficiency to the type of communication for different tasks.[17] They examine work places in which different types of communication, such as the telephone, are more useful than face-to-face interaction.
The expansion of communication to mobile telephone service has created a different filter of the social cues than the
Another social theory supported through telephony is the Media Dependency Theory. This theory concludes that people use media or a resource to attain certain goals. This theory states that there is a link between the media, audience, and the large social system.[19] Telephones, depending on the person, help attain certain goals like accessing information, keeping in contact with others, sending quick communication, entertainment, etc.
See also
- Extended area service
- History of the telephone
- Invention of the telephone
- List of telephony terminology
- Stimulus protocol
References
- ^ Dictionary.com Telephony Definition
- ^ "The Communications Museum Trust - eMuseum - History of Digital Switching -ISDN". www.communicationsmuseum.org.uk. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
- ^ "Why ISDN telephones are in decline - Sussex, Surrey, Brighton | Ingenio". ingeniotech.co.uk. 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
- ^ What is CTI? TechTarget
- ^ ISBN 9781420041163.
- ^ ISBN 9788793609860. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
- ISBN 9780387285238.
- ISBN 9788793609860. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
- U.S. Government Printing Office. 1974. p. 46.
- S2CID 27580722.
- S2CID 25112828.
- (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
- S2CID 212485331. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2019-10-18. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- Fraunhofer IIS. Audio Engineering Society. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
- ^ "Microsoft word - 37716" (PDF). docs.fcc.gov.
- ^ Sheridan, Barrett. "Newsweek - National News, World News, Health, Technology, Entertainment and more... - Newsweek.com". MSNBC. Archived from the original on January 18, 2005. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
- ^ "Hosted PBX". Retrieved 5 December 2017.
- S2CID 144874874.
- ^ "Media Dependency Theory". 2012-02-12.